Pa Julayi 5, 1943, nkhondo yayikulu kwambiri ya Great Patriotic War inayamba - Nkhondo ya Kursk Bulge. M'mapiri a Russian Black Earth Region, asitikali ankhondo ndi mamiliyoni zikwizikwi a zida zapansi ndi mpweya adalowa kunkhondo. Pankhondo yomwe idatenga mwezi ndi theka, Red Army idakwanitsa kugonjetsa magulu ankhondo a Hitler.
Mpaka pano, olemba mbiri adalephera kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali komanso kutayika kwa zipani kukhala zochulukirapo kapena zochepa. Izi zimangogogomezera kukula ndi kuwopsa kwa nkhondoyi - ngakhale aku Germany omwe anali ndi zoyenda nawo nthawi zina sanamve kuwerengera, zinthu zidasintha mwachangu. Ndipo kuti luso lokhalo la akazembe aku Germany komanso ulesi wa anzawo ku Soviet Union zidalola kuchuluka kwa asitikali aku Germany kuti asagonjetsedwe, monga ku Stalingrad, sikuchepetsa kufunika kwa chigonjetso cha Red Army ndi Soviet Union yonse.
Ndipo tsiku lomaliza la Nkhondo ya Kursk - Ogasiti 23 - lidakhala Tsiku la Ulemerero Wankhondo Ya Russia.
1. Kukonzekera kale kwa oyipa pafupi ndi Kursk kunawonetsa momwe Germany inali itatopa pofika 1943. Mfundoyi siyotengera kukakamizidwa kwa Ostarbeiters komanso ngakhale kuti azimayi aku Germany adapita kukagwira ntchito (kwa Hitler kunali kugonja kwamphamvu kwambiri kwamkati). Ngakhale zaka 3-4 zapitazo, Great Germany m'mapulani ake adalanda mayiko onse, ndipo mapulaniwa anali kukwaniritsidwa. Ajeremani anaukira Soviet Union ndi zipolowe zamphamvu zosiyanasiyana, koma kudutsa m'lifupi lonse la malire aboma. Mu 1942, asitikali adapeza mphamvu kuti amenye, ngakhale anali amphamvu kwambiri, koma phiko limodzi lakumaso. Mu 1943, kunyanyala pogwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi magulu onse ankhondo ndi ukadaulo waposachedwa kumakonzedwa kokha pamzere wopapatiza, womwe udakutidwa ndi gawo limodzi ndi theka la Soviet. Germany idafooka mosasunthika ngakhale ndimphamvu zonse ku Europe ...
2. M'zaka zaposachedwa, pazifukwa zodziwika bwino zandale, udindo wa oyang'anira zankhondo mu Great Patriotic War wafotokozedwa mwanjira yovomerezeka. Zolinga ndi malangizo a lamulo laku Germany adatsikira pa tebulo la Stalin kutatsala pang'ono kuti asayinidwe ndi Hitler, ndi zina zotero, ma scout, nawonso adawerengera Nkhondo ya Kursk. Koma madetiwo samachulukana. Stalin adasonkhanitsa akazembe pamsonkhano pa Epulo 11, 1943. Kwa masiku awiri, Mtsogoleri Wamkulu anafotokozera Zhukov, Vasilevsky ndi atsogoleri ena ankhondo zomwe akufuna kwa iwo m'chigawo cha Kursk ndi Orel. Ndipo Hitler adasaina lamulo lokonzekera zoyipa mdera lomwelo pa Epulo 15, 1943. Ngakhale, zowonadi, padalankhulidwa zoyipa zisanachitike. Zina zatulutsidwa, zidasamutsidwa kupita ku Moscow, koma sipangakhale chilichonse chotsimikizika. Ngakhale pamsonkhano womwe udachitika pa Epulo 15, Field Marshal Walter Model adalankhulapo motsutsa otsutsawo. Adadzipereka kudikirira kupita patsogolo kwa Red Army, kuyibweza ndi kugonjetsa mdaniyo pomenya nkhondo. Magulu a Hitler okha ndi omwe amathetsa chisokonezo komanso kusokonekera.
3. Lamulo laku Soviet Union lidakonzekera bwino kwambiri zaku Germany. Asitikali ndi nzika zomwe zidakhudzidwa adapanga zodzitchinjiriza mpaka 300 kilometres. Uwu ndi mtunda wochokera kumabwalo a Moscow kupita ku Smolensk, wokumbidwa ndi ngalande, ngalande ndikuthiridwa ndi migodi. Mwa njira, sanadandaule chifukwa cha migodi. Kuchulukitsa kwapakati pamigodi kunali mphindi 7,000 pa kilomita, ndiye kuti, mita iliyonse yakutsogolo idakutidwa ndi mphindi 7 (zachidziwikire, sizinali zozungulira, koma zinali zozama, koma chiwerengerocho ndichodabwitsa). Mfuti 200 zotchuka pa kilomita imodzi yakutsogolo zinali zikadali kutali, koma adatha kuphulitsa mfuti 41 pa kilomita. Kukonzekera chitetezo cha Kursk Bulge kumadzetsa ulemu komanso kukhumudwa. Mu miyezi ingapo, pafupifupi m'chigwa chopanda kanthu, chitetezo champhamvu chinapangidwa, chomwe, Ajeremani adagwidwa. Ndi kovuta kudziwa kutsogolo kwa chitetezo, popeza chinali cholimba kulikonse komwe kuli kotheka, koma magawo omwe anali pachiwopsezo chachikulu anali kutsogolo ndi mulifupi wathunthu osachepera 250-300 km. Koma poyambilira kwa Great Patriotic War, tinafunika kulimbitsa makilomita 570 okha kumalire akumadzulo. M'nthawi yamtendere, kukhala ndi chuma cha USSR yonse. Umu ndi m'mene akazitape amakonzekera nkhondo ...
4. Maola ochepa pasanafike 5:00 pa Julayi 5, 1943, asitikali aku Soviet Union adachita masewera olimbitsa thupi - kuwombera zipolopolo zakale zomwe zidawonekeranso ndikukhala ndi ziweto ndi zida. Pali malingaliro osiyanasiyana pamagwiridwe ake: kuyambira kuwonongeka koopsa kwa mdani mpaka kudya zopanda zipolopolo. Zikuwonekeratu kuti kutsogolo kwa ma kilomita mazana ambiri, zida zankhondo zankhondo sizingakhale zofananira kulikonse. M'malo otetezera a Central Front, kukonzekera zida zankhondo kunachedwetsa kukhumudwitsako kwa maola osachepera awiri. Ndiye kuti, Ajeremani amakhala ndi maola ochepa masana ndi maola awiri. M'dera la Voronezh Front, zida zankhondo za mdani zinasunthidwa usiku wotsatira, kotero mfuti zaku Soviet zidawombera zida zomwe zidagundika. Mulimonsemo, maphunziro owerengera adawonetsa akazembe aku Germany kuti anzawo aku Soviet Union samangodziwa za malo okhumudwitsa, komanso nthawi yake.
5. Dzinalo "Prokhorovka", zachidziwikire, limadziwika kwa aliyense yemwe sadziwa zambiri kapena mbiri yakale ya Great Patriotic War. Koma malo ena okwerera njanji, Ponyri, omwe ali mdera la Kursk, akuyeneranso kulemekezedwa. Ajeremani adamuukira kwa masiku angapo, akumangowonongeka kwakukulu. Kangapo konse adakwanitsa kulowa kunja kwa mudziwo, koma zigawengazo zidabwezeretsa momwe zinthu ziliri. Asitikali ndi zida zawo adaziponya pansi pa Ponyri mwachangu kotero kuti m'maperekedwe a mphothoyo mutha kupeza, mwachitsanzo, mayina a zida zankhondo zochokera kumagulu osiyanasiyana omwe adachita zofananira pamalo omwewo ndikusiyana kwamasiku angapo - batri limodzi lokhalo losweka lidasinthidwa ndi lina. Tsiku lovuta pansi pa Ponyri linali Julayi 7. Panali zida zambiri, ndipo zidawotcha - komanso nyumba zakunja - zochulukirapo kotero kuti ma sappers aku Soviet sanathenso kuvutikira kukwirira migodi - adangoponyedwa pansi panjanji za akasinja olemera. Ndipo tsiku lotsatira, nkhondo yayikulu idachitika - asitikali ankhondo aku Soviet adalola a Ferdinands ndi Tiger, omwe amayenda mgulu loyamba laku Germany, kudzera m'malo obisika. Choyamba, chida chonyamula zida zankhondo chidadulidwa ku heavyweights zaku Germany, kenako zatsopano zanyumba zaku Germany zidayendetsedwa mgodi wa mabomba ndikuwonongedwa. Ajeremani adakwanitsa kuthana ndi magulu ankhondo olamulidwa ndi Konstantin Rokossovsky, makilomita 12 okha.
6. Pankhondo yomenyera kummwera, zigamba zosaganizirika nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa osati magulu ake okhaokha, komanso kuwonekera kosayembekezereka kwa adani, komwe sakanakhalako. Mtsogoleri wa gulu lina lankhondo lomwe limateteza Prokhorovka adakumbukira momwe gulu lawo lankhondo, lomwe linali pomenya nkhondo, linawononga mpaka asirikali makumi asanu. Ajeremani adadutsa tchire osabisala konse, kotero kuti kuchokera pazenera adafunsa patelefoni chifukwa chomwe alonda sanawombere. Ajeremani amangololedwa kuyandikira ndikuwononga aliyense. Zomwezi ndizomwe zidachitika pa Julayi 11. Mkulu wa ogwira ntchito ku tank brigade komanso wamkulu wa dipatimenti yandale yamagulu a matanki adasuntha ndi mapu mgalimoto yonyamula anthu kudutsa gawo lawo "lawo". Galimoto idakonzedwa, apolisiwo adaphedwa - adakhumudwa ndi kampani yolimbitsa mdani.
7. Chitetezo chokonzedwa ndi Red Army sichinalole kuti Ajeremani agwiritse ntchito zomwe amakonda kuchita posunthira komwe akuukira wamkulu ngati akukana mwamphamvu. M'malo mwake, njira iyi idagwiritsidwa ntchito, koma sinagwire - poyesa chitetezo, Ajeremani adatayika kwambiri. Ndipo pamene adakwanitsa kupyola mizere yoyamba yodzitchinjiriza, analibe chilichonse choti aponyedwe. Umu ndi momwe Field Marshal Manstein adataya chigonjetso chake chotsatira (buku loyamba la zolemba zake limatchedwa "Kugonjetsedwa Kwotayika"). Ataponya mphamvu zake zonse kunkhondo ku Prokhorovka, Manstein anali pafupi kuchita bwino. Koma lamulo la Soviet lidapeza asitikali awiri oti athane nawo, pomwe Manstein ndi wamkulu wa Wehrmacht analibe chilichonse chosungidwa. Atayima pafupi ndi Prokhorovka kwa masiku awiri, Ajeremani adayamba kubwerera ndipo adabwerera ku gombe lamanja la Dnieper. Kuyesera kwamakono kofalitsa nkhondoyi ku Prokhorovka ngati kupambana kwa Ajeremani kumawoneka kopusa. Nzeru zawo zidasowa kupezeka kwa magulu ankhondo osachepera awiri mdani (analipo ochulukirapo). Mmodzi mwa atsogoleri awo opambana adachita nawo nkhondo yankhondo pamunda, zomwe Ajeremani anali asanachitepo kale - Manstein adakhulupirira "Panthers" ndi "Tigers". Magawo abwino kwambiri a Reich sanathe kumenya nkhondo, amayeneradi kulengedwa mwatsopano - izi ndi zotsatira za nkhondo ku Prokhorovka. Koma kumunda, Ajeremani adamenya nkhondo mwaluso ndikupweteketsa kwambiri Red Army. Asitikali a General Pavel Rotmistrov a Guards Tank Army adataya matanki ambiri kuposa omwe anali pandandanda - matanki ena owonongeka adakonzedwa, ndikuponyedwanso kunkhondo, adagonjetsedwanso, ndi zina zambiri.
8. Panthawi yodzitchinjiriza ya Nkhondo ya Kursk, magulu akuluakulu aku Soviet Union anazingidwa pafupifupi kanayi. Zonse pamodzi, mukawonjezerapo, panali gulu lankhondo lonse pazowotcha. Komabe, izi sizinalinso 1941 - ndipo atazunguliridwa ndi mayunitsi adapitilizabe kumenya nkhondo, osaganizira zokhazokha, koma pakupanga chitetezo ndikuwononga mdani. Zolemba za ogwira ntchito ku Germany zatchulapo milandu yakudzipha pa akasinja aku Germany ndi asitikali osakwatiwa okhala ndi ma cocktails a Molotov, mitolo ya ma grenade komanso migodi yolimbana ndi akasinja.
9. Khalidwe lapadera lidatenga nawo gawo pa Nkhondo ya Kursk. Count Hyacinth von Strachwitz mu Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, pomwe anaukira kumbuyo kwa French, adatsala pang'ono kufika ku Paris - likulu la France lidawonekera kudzera pama binoculars. Achifalansa adamugwira ndipo adatsala pang'ono kumupachika. Mu 1942, pokhala lieutenant colonel, anali patsogolo pa gulu lankhondo lomwe likubwera la Paulus ndipo anali woyamba kufika ku Volga. Mu 1943, gulu lankhondo loyenda la Flower Count lidapita kutali kwambiri ndi nkhope yakumwera ya Kursk Bulge kulowera ku Oboyan. Kuchokera kumtunda komwe gulu lake lidagwira, Oboyan amatha kuwonekera kudzera pa ma binoculars monga momwe Paris adaliri kale, koma von Strachwitz sanafike mtawuni yakunja yaku Russia komanso likulu la France.
10. Chifukwa chakulimba ndi nkhanza zankhondo pa Kursk Bulge, palibe ziwerengero zenizeni za zotayika. Mutha kugwira molimba mtima ndi manambala molondola kwa akasinja makumi ndi anthu masauzande. Momwemonso, nkosatheka kuwunika momwe chida chilichonse chilili. M'malo mwake, munthu amatha kuwunika kusachita bwino - palibe mfuti imodzi yaku Soviet "Panther" yomwe idachita izi. Amuna okhala ndi zida zankhondo amayenera kuzemba kuti amenye akasinja olemera kuchokera kumbuyo kapena kumbuyo. Chifukwa chake, zida zambiri zimatayika. Chodabwitsa, sichinali mfuti zamphamvu zatsopano zomwe zinathandiza, koma zipolopolo zowonjezera zomwe zimalemera makilogalamu 2.5 okha. Wopanga TsKB-22 Igor Larionov adapanga projectile ya PTAB-2.5 - 1.5 (unyinji wa bomba lonse komanso zachiwawa, motsatana) koyambirira kwa 1942. Akuluakulu, monga gawo lake, adanyalanyaza zida zopanda pake. Pofika kumapeto kwa 1942, pomwe zidadziwika kuti akasinja atsopano atayamba kugwira ntchito ndi gulu lankhondo laku Germany, malingaliro a Larionov adayamba kupanga zambiri. Mwa dongosolo la JV Stalin, kugwiritsira ntchito kwa PTAB-2.5 - 1.5 kudasinthidwa mpaka nkhondo ya Kursk Bulge. Ndipo apa oyendetsa ndege adakolola zokolola zambiri - malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwina, Ajeremani adataya mpaka theka la matanki awo makamaka chifukwa cha bomba lomwe limagunda ndege zomwe zidagwera pazipilala ndi malo okhala anthu masauzande ambiri. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, ngati Ajeremani anatha kubweza matanki atatu mwa anayi omwe anamenyedwa ndi zipolopolo, ndiye atagundidwa ndi PTAB, thankiyo nthawi yomweyo idasokonekera - ndalama zomwe zidawumbidwa zidawotcha mabowo akulu. Omwe anakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi PTAB anali SS Panzer Division "Head of Death". Pa nthawi yomweyi, sanafike ngakhale pankhondo - oyendetsa ndege aku Soviet adagwetsa akasinja 270 ndi zida zodziyendetsa paulendo wawo komanso kuwoloka mtsinje wawung'ono.
11. Ndege zaku Soviet zikadatha kuyandikira Nkhondo ya Kursk, yomwe sinali yokonzeka. M'ngululu ya 1943, oyendetsa ndege anatha kupitilira kwa ine Stalin. Adawonetsera Wam'mwambamwamba zidutswa za ndegezo ndi nsalu yosenda bwino (nthawi imeneyo ndege zambiri zimakhala ndi matabwa, okutidwa ndi nsalu yopatsidwa pathupi). Opanga ndegewo adatsimikizira kuti atsala pang'ono kukonza zonse, koma pomwe zigoli za ndege zosalongosoka zidapita ambiri, asitikali adaganiza kuti asakhale chete. Zidapezeka kuti fakitale yopangira nsalu zapadera idaperekedwa. Koma anthu amayenera kukwaniritsa dongosololi osalandira chindapusa, chifukwa chake amadyetsa ndegezo ndi ukwati. Brigade wapadera adatumizidwa kudera la Kursk Bulge, lomwe linakwanitsa kusintha zokutira pa ndege 570. Magalimoto ena 200 sanalinso okonzanso. Utsogoleri wa People's Commissariat wa Aviation Industry adaloledwa kugwira ntchito mpaka kumapeto kwa nkhondo ndipo "adaponderezedwa mosaloledwa" itatha.
12. Ntchito yaku Germany "Citadel" inatha mwalamulo pa Julayi 15, 1943. Asitikali aku Britain ndi America adafika kumwera kwa Italy, akuwopseza kuti atseguliranso mbali yachiwiri. Asitikali aku Italiya, monga Ajeremani adadziwira bwino pambuyo pa Stalingrad, anali osadalirika kwenikweni. Hitler adaganiza zosamutsa gulu lina lankhondo kuchokera ku Eastern Theatre kupita ku Italy. Komabe, sizolondola kunena kuti kutera kwa Allies kunapulumutsa Red Army pa Kursk Bulge. Pakadali pano, zinali zitawonekera kale kuti Citadel sinathe kukwaniritsa cholinga chake - kugonjetsa gulu la Soviet ndikusokoneza kwakanthawi koyang'anira ndi kuwongolera. Chifukwa chake, Hitler moyenerera adaganiza zokana nkhondo zakomweko ndikupulumutsa asitikali ndi zida.
13. Kukula kwakukulu komwe Ajeremani adakwanitsa kukwaniritsa ndikumenyera chitetezo cha asitikali aku Soviet kwa ma 30 - 35 km kumwera kwa Kursk Bulge pafupi ndi Prokhorovka. Udindo pantchitoyi udachitidwa ndi kuwunika kolakwika kwa lamulo la Soviet, omwe amakhulupirira kuti Ajeremani adzagunda kwambiri kumpoto. Komabe, ngakhale izi sizinali zovuta, ngakhale panali malo osungira ankhondo m'dera la Prokhorovka. Ajeremani sanalowe konse mu malo ogwirira ntchito, akudutsa kilomita iliyonse ndi nkhondo ndi zotayika. Ndipo kupambana koteroko ndi kowopsa kwa omwe akuwatsutsayo kuposa kwa omenyera kumbuyo - ngakhale kuwukira kwamphamvu kwambiri pamunsi poyambaku kumatha kutseka kulumikizana ndikupanga chiwopsezo chazungulira. Ndiye chifukwa chake Ajeremani, ataponda pomwepo, adabwerera.
14. Nkhondo ya Kursk ndi Orel inayamba kuchepa kwa ntchito ya wopanga ndege wodziwika bwino waku Germany Kurt Tank. Luftwaffe imagwiritsa ntchito ndege ziwiri zopangidwa ndi Tank: "FW-190" (wankhondo wankhondo) ndi "FW-189" (ndege zowonekera, "chimango" chodziwika bwino). Womenya nkhondoyo anali wabwino, ngakhale anali wolemera, ndipo amawononga ndalama zambiri kuposa omenyera nkhondo. "Rama" idatumikira bwino pakusintha, koma ntchito yake idali yothandiza pokhapokha pakukweza kwamlengalenga, komwe Ajeremani sanakhaleko kuyambira nkhondo ya Kuban. Thankiyo idayamba kupanga omenyera ndege, koma Germany idataya nkhondo, kunalibe nthawi yandege. Makampani opanga ndege aku Germany atayamba kuyambiranso, dzikolo linali kale membala wa NATO, ndipo Tank adalembedwa ntchito ngati mlangizi. M'zaka za m'ma 1960, adalembedwa ntchito ndi amwenye. Thankiyo ngakhale anakwanitsa kulenga ndege ndi dzina lachinyengo "Mzimu wa Mkuntho", koma owalemba ntchito atsopano amakonda kugula Soviet MiGs.
15. Nkhondo ya Kursk, komanso nkhondo ya Stalingrad, zitha kuonedwa ngati zosintha mu Great Patriotic War. Ndipo nthawi yomweyo, mutha kuchita popanda kufananitsa, nkhondo iti "ndiyotembenukira". Pambuyo pa Stalingrad, Soviet Union komanso dziko lonse lapansi zidakhulupirira kuti Red Army itha kuphwanya magulu ankhondo a Hitler. Pambuyo pa Kursk, zidadziwika kuti kugonjetsedwa kwa Germany ngati boma kudangokhala kanthawi kochepa. Zachidziwikire, padali magazi ambiri ndi imfa patsogolo, koma ambiri, Ulamuliro Wachitatu pambuyo poti Kursk awonongedwa.
