Zimakhala zovuta kulingalira anthu omwe amathandiza mosiyanasiyana kuposa mahatchi. Amatha kunyamula anthu ndi katundu, kuthandiza kulima nthaka ndikukolola, kupereka nyama ndi mkaka, khungu ndi ubweya. Munthu adayamba kukhala wopanda akavalo mzaka zapitazi za 50, atasinthanitsa abwenzi amiyendo inayi ndimagalimoto osafunikira oats kapena chikondi cha eni.
Hatchi ndi mitundu yazing'ono kwambiri, ndipo nyamayi yakhala ndi munthu posachedwa. Komabe, akavalo atenga gawo lofunikira pakukula kwa anthu. Anthu amabwera ndi maudindo atsopano komanso maudindo ambiri kwa iwo, ndipo akavalo amalimbana nawo bwino.
Udindo wa kavalo m'miyoyo ya anthu umatsindika ndi chikhalidwe chawo. Akavalo anali otchulidwa muzojambula ndi zolembalemba. Mayina ambiri a akavalo asintha kukhala mayina apanyumba, monga ali ndi mawu ena ambiri monga "workhorse" kapena "bitug wathanzi". Pali miyambi yambiri ndi mwambi onena za akavalo. Ndipo komabe, ngati mukufuna, mutha kuphunzira chilichonse chosadziwika kwambiri za akavalo.
1. Komwe akavalo adayamba kukhala ziweto sikudziwika. Inde, palibe asayansi amene angayerekeze kuyankha kulunjika koteroko. Kafukufuku wamakono ogwiritsa ntchito zomwe paleontology idachita, kuphunzira za DNA ndi zotsalira zakale za makolo ndi ziwonetsero za akavalo sizikutsimikizira chilichonse. Analogs a akavalo amakono, mwachidziwikire, amakhala ku America ndipo adasamukira ku Eurasia kuwoloka kamtunda, komwe tsopano kamasiyanitsa Bering Strait. Koma zosiyana ndizotheka - mankhusu achoka ku Eurasia kupita ku America, bwanji mahatchi akuipiraipira? Kapena kunena izi: "Akavalo anali owetedwa zaka 5 kapena 6 zapitazo. Izi zidachitika kwinakwake pakati pa Dniester ndi Altai ”. Mukayang'ana pamapu, ndiye kuti "pakati pa Dniester ndi Altai" pali theka la kontrakitala wokhala ndimalo osiyanasiyana anyengo ndi achilengedwe. Ndiye kuti, malinga ndi sayansi, kavalo amatha kuphunzitsidwa ndi mwayi wokwanira kumapiri, madambo, zipululu, zipululu zazing'ono, nkhalango zosakanikirana ndi taiga. Koma kafukufuku wasayansi sikofunikira kwenikweni kuti atero.
2. Ntchito yoyamba yotsalira pamahatchi, kuweta ndi kuwasamalira - "Chithandizo cha Kikkuli". Amatchulidwa ndi wolemba ndipo adapezeka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20 kudera lamakono la Turkey. Zomwe zidalembedwa pamapale adalembedwa ndi Ahiti, ndiye kuti zitha kulembedwa kuti 1800 - 1200 BC. e. Potengera lembalo, Kikkuli anali woweta mahatchi odziwa zambiri. Sakulongosola kuphunzitsidwa kwenikweni kwa akavalo, komanso zakudya zawo, kutikita minofu, kapangidwe ka zofunda ndi zina zodzikongoletsera. Ahiti anayamikira mgwirizanowu - unaphatikizidwa mulaibulale yachifumu. Mkazi wamahatchi waku Australia a Anne Nyland adayesa njira yophunzitsira mahatchi a Kikkuli ndikuwonetsa kuti ndiwothandiza pamahatchi okwera magaleta.
3. Akavalo ndi osokoneza bongo. Akavalo amakonda makomedwe acorns kwambiri kotero kuti sangathe kusiya kuwadya. Ndipo ma tannins ndi zinthu zina zomwe zili mu ma acorn zimawononga chiwindi cha kavalo, ndipo kavalo amafa mwachangu. Kutchire, mahatchi amtchire ndi thundu nthawi zambiri sizikhala pafupi, koma zoopsa zimachitika m'mapaki. Mu 2013, ku England, ku New Forest National Park, mahatchi ambiri odyetserako ziweto adamwalira. Chifukwa cha imfa chinali "zokolola" zazikulu za zipatso. Mu zaka zachizolowezi, nkhumba zamtchire zomwe zimakhala paki yamtunduwu zimadya zipatso ndipo zimalepheretsa kuti mahatchi asafike. Koma mu 2013 panali zipatso zambiri kotero, mwatsoka, zinali "zokwanira" gawo la akavalo ang'onoang'ono.
4. Mfumu ya Roma Nero anali "wobiriwira". Ayi, sanalimbane ndi carbon dioxide komanso sanateteze nyama zosawerengeka. "Nero" anali m'gulu la okonda "obiriwira". Mafaniwa anali kufunafuna mipikisano yamahatchi pa hippodrome yayikulu yotchedwa "Circus Maximus", ndipo gulu lawo limasankhidwa ndi mtundu wa zovala zawo. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, ophunzirawo, omwe mafani "achikuda" adayamba, adayamba kuvala zovala zawo zamitundu yofananira. Poyamba, maguluwo ankapikisana wina ndi mnzake mu mpanda wolimba wa nkhonya ndi zibakera, kenako nkukhala gulu linalake lomwe andale angagwiritse ntchito pokomera iwo.
5. Mahatchi a akavalo akhala opanda ungwiro kalekale. Mwachitsanzo, ngakhale ku Greece wakale ndi Roma wakale, samadziwa kolayo. Kugwiritsa ntchito goli m'malo kolala kunachepetsa "kutaya kulemera" kwa kavalo kanayi. Ndipo chida chomangiririka, chowoneka ngati, chachingwe, monga zotumphukira (mapazi amatsutsana nawo), chinawonekera cha m'ma 5 AD. Chowona kuti umboni wakale kwambiri wopezeka kwa ziphuphu unayambira m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi AD. e., imasokoneza kwambiri malingaliro a akatswiri "azikhalidwe" pokambirana ndi omwe akutsatira matembenuzidwe ena. Popanda zovuta, aliyense amene wayesa ulendo woopsawu atsimikizira, ndizovuta kuti angokhalabe pachishalo. Palibe funso kulumpha, ndewu komanso ngakhale mapangidwe oyambira a mapangidwe. Chifukwa chake, nkhani zonse zonena za armada za zikwi zambiri zamahatchi olemera zimawoneka ngati zopeka. Kutsutsana komwe kumayambika kunali kofala kwambiri kotero kuti palibe amene amatchula sikugwiranso ntchito. Ku Roma wakale, pomanga misewu, amayenera kuyika miyala yayitali m'mbali mwa msewu pamiyambo ina - popanda kuthandizidwa koteroko, wokwerayo samangokwera chishalo. Pakhoza kukhala zipolowe - miyala iyi sichidzafunika.
6. Destrie, inde, hakne, palefroy ndi mayina ena omwe amapezeka m'mabuku onena za Middle Ages si mayina amtundu wamahatchi. Awa ndi mayina amtundu wamahatchi kutengera malamulo. Obereketsa odziwa bwino ntchito yawo mwachangu amadziwitsa cholinga chimene mwana wa mbuzi angakondere akadzakula. Destrie ananenepetsedwa ndikuphunzitsidwa pansi pa lamba wankhondo, maphunzirowo anali ofanana ndi magalimoto omenyera oyenda apano - pa iwo omenyerawo adafika kunkhondo, ndipo adasamukira komwe amapita. Hakne - akavalo wamba, opanda mphamvu, koma osadzichepetsa. Palefroy ndi akavalo olimba pamaulendo ataliatali. Kusankhidwa kwenikweni ndi kuswana kwa mitundu yamahatchi kunayamba mozungulira pakusintha kwa mafakitale, pomwe akavalo amphamvu amafunikira makampani, ndipo kukula kwake, kudzichepetsa komanso kusuntha kosunthika kunasiya kugwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri.
7. Nyumba Yamalamulo yaku Iceland imawerengedwa kuti ndi bungwe loyimira akale kwambiri m'maiko aku Europe - kapangidwe kake koyamba kanasankhidwa mu 930. Ana a Vikings anasankha wina ndi mzake, okhawo olemera omwe anatha kunyamula kuchokera ku Scandinavia osati chakudya ndi ziwiya zapakhomo, komanso akavalo. Pofuna kuteteza izi, mu 982 Althing idaletsa kulowetsa akavalo. Lamuloli likugwirabe ntchito, ndipo ku Iceland, ngati kuli kotheka, ng'ombe zamavuto ang'onoang'ono zimavalidwa, zomwe zazitali kwambiri zimakula mpaka masentimita 130 zikamauma.
8. Ngakhale kutamandidwa komwe kumadziwika chifukwa cha kuthekera kwa mahatchi ndi nkhani zokhudzana ndi ubale wapadera pakati pa kavalo ndi wokwera kapena kavaloyo ndi mwini wake, chabwino - pakumvetsetsa kavalo - malingaliro ake pakati pa anthu "otukuka" ndizosowa. Akavalo ophunzitsidwa kuvala zovala amakhala ndi "chitsulo" mkamwa mwawo, chida chachitsulo chomwe chimakanikiza pakamwa, milomo, mano ndi lilime, kuwakakamiza kuchita zinthu zina. Mahatchi othamanga atopa chifukwa cha maphunziro komanso okutidwa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo (zikuwoneka kuti pali nkhondo naye, koma nkhondoyi imalimbana ndi omwe akupikisana nawo kuposa thanzi la nyama). Ngakhale mahatchi omwe amakwera masewerawa, kuyenda ola limodzi ndimavuto akulu. Tsogolo la mahatchi ankhondo limamveka - adamwalira mazana masauzande ngakhale pankhondo zazing'ono. Koma ngakhale munthawi yamtendere, akavalo ankanyozedwa ndi chilakolako choyenera kugwiritsa ntchito bwino. Munthawi ya mafashoni amtundu wa "maapulo" maapulo omwewo adapangidwa mothandizidwa ndi zopsereza - zobwerezedwa - ndi asidi. Akavalo anali atadula mphuno zawo - panali mafashoni apadera a mphuno, ndipo mahatchi othamanga amakhulupirira kuti amatha kupuma mpweya motere. Maonekedwe a makutu adasinthidwa powadula, ndipo zaka zimabisika mwa kutsuka mano ndi chisel chapadera. Ndipo chithunzi chaubusa cha ubale wapakati pa munthu ndi kavalo chinafotokozedwa ndi kudekha kodabwitsa kwa womaliza. Ngati kavalo akuwonetsa kupweteka, ndiye kuti kupweteka kumeneku sikungamupirire, kumakhala koopsa.
9. Lingaliro ndilotchuka kwambiri kuti mtundu wamahatchi aku Arabia ndiwopambana kwambiri komanso wakale kwambiri. Koma, mwachitsanzo, akavalo sanatchulidwe konse mu Korani. Aarabu omwe amakhala ku Arabia Peninsula analibe akavalo. Ngakhale magulu achiarabu achifumu a Mfumu Ahasiwero ankakwera ngamila. Koma pomwe Chisilamu chidalowetsedwa komanso kupembedza kavalo, nyama zomwe zidabwera ku Arabia Peninsula kuchokera ku Central ndi Western Asia zidasinthidwa bwino ndikuyenera kutchuka padziko lonse lapansi. Anthu aku Europe adaperekanso gawo lawo. M'zaka za zana la 18 - 19, Aluya ku Europe adawonedwa ngati abwino, ndipo magazi awo adasakanizidwa m'mitundu yonse. Zotsatira zoyipa - kutsika kwa kutalika kwa masentimita 150 - zidadziwika mochedwa.
10. Zomwe tinkazitcha "ndewu ya ng'ombe" ndiimodzi mwamipikisano yapakati pa ng'ombe yamphongo ndi mwamunayo, nkhondo yankhondo yaku Spain. Ndipo palinso nkhondo yankhondo ya Chipwitikizi. Ku Portugal, wankhondo wamphongo amagwira ntchito ndi ng'ombe, atakhala pa kavalo pachishalo chapadera - "a la jineta". Udindo wa kavalo pomenyera nkhondo ku Portugal ndiwopambana kwambiri - woponya ng'ombe ku Portugal alibe ufulu woukira poyamba. Chifukwa chake, kavalo wake amayenera kuthamanga ndi kuvina m'njira yoti aputitse ng'ombeyo. Ndipo si zokhazo! Wopha ng'ombe amatha kuvulaza ng'ombeyo pongodziteteza. Cholinga cha duel ndikukulunga ng'ombe kuti igwe. Nkhondo itatha, ng'ombe yamphongo imaphedwa patsogolo pa mzere wa omenyera omwe akufuna kupereka nyama yosangalatsa m'malo awo, kapena, ngati kuli linga lapadera, lotumizidwa ku fuko.
11. Chiwonetsero chamakono cha ku America chotchedwa "rodeo" nthawi zambiri chimakhala ngati chitsitsimutso cha luso lakale lovala akavalo amtchire - ma mustang. Komabe, izi sizili choncho konse. Chovala chenicheni cha mustang chinali kupezeka kwa anthu ochepa omwe samangokhala ndi mphamvu zoweta kavalo, komanso amadziwa momwe angayendere nyama. Zomwe tsopano zimaperekedwa ngati zovala ndizotukwana ndi chinyengo. Kukwera kwamahatchi koopsa kubwaloli sikukhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha nyama. Kungoti kavalo, nthawi ina isanachitike, adakokedwa mwamphamvu ndi chingwe chomwe chimapangitsa kuti chikhale chosiyana ndi mare. Ndipo atangotsala pang'ono kutuluka, amakokeranso chingwechi mwamphamvu. China chilichonse ndi momwe nyama imachitira ndikamamva kupweteka koopsa kuchokera magazi akutuluka mpaka mbali zina za thupi.
12. Padziko la mahatchi othamanga, lingaliro laumunthu la kugwirana chanza sikisi kumawoneka ngati choseketsa: taganizani, anthu onse amadziwana atagwirana chanza kasanu ndi kamodzi! Onse omwe amatenga nawo mbali pamasiku amipingo achingerezi amatenga mahatchi, amachokera kwa mahatchi atatu okha obadwa mkati mwa zaka za zana la 18: Heroda (1758), Eclipse (1764) ndi Matcham (1648).
13. Akavalo athandiza kwambiri pantchito zosangalatsa. Ma carousels oyamba anali ofanana ndi okwera. Iwo anali atakhala pamahatchi amtengo, kuyikidwa pa nsanja yozungulira, ndipo anaphunzitsidwa kumenya chandamale ndi mkondo panjira. Ma carousels oyamba anali, achidziwikire, akavalo. Circus yoyamba, yomwe idapangidwa pakati pa zaka za zana la 18 ku England ndi abambo ndi mwana wawo Astleys, idakhazikitsidwa ndimasewera a kavalo. Osewera ena onse adagwiritsidwa ntchito kupatsa akavalo mpumulo. Mfundo 24 zojambulira zidawonekera chifukwa mu 1872 kazembe wa boma la America ku California Leland Stanford adaganiza zowonetsetsa kuti akamathamanga, miyendo yonse ya kavalo nthawi zina imanyamuka pansi nthawi yomweyo. Mnzake Edward Muybridge adayika makamera 24 m'litali, akumangiriza zotseka zawo ndi ulusi wolumikizidwa pamsewu. Hatchi yothamanga idang'amba ulusi - kamera idagwira. Umu ndi momwe filimu yoyamba idawonekera. Otsatira abale a Lumière sayenera kukangana - ngwazi ya kanema woyamba waku France anali pony. Komabe, kayendedwe ka kavalo kanalibe zotsatira, kotero pakuwonetsa koyamba komwe adapanga, abale a Lumiere adasankha kanema "Kufika kwa Sitima".
14. Gawo la Nyanja ya Atlantic pakati pa 30 ndi 35 yofananira kumpoto kumpoto nthawi zina amatchedwa oyendetsa sitima kuti "equine latitude". M'mayendedwe awa, ma anticyclone okhazikika amapezeka nthawi yotentha - malo akulu odekha. Sitima zapamadzi zochokera ku Europe kupita ku America zinali pachiwopsezo chokhazikika m'mayendedwe awa kwa milungu ingapo. Izi zikachitika, kusowa kwa madzi kumakhala kovuta. Poterepa, mahatchi omwe adatengedwa kupita ku Dziko Latsopano adaponyedwa m'madzi - mahatchi amafa mwachangu kwambiri popanda madzi. Ngakhale nthano idabadwa kuti kuchuluka kwa nyama izi kunayamba kukonzanso ku America komwe kunalibe mahatchi ndi mahatchi otayidwa otere omwe adakwanitsa kufikira gombe.
15. Wogonjetsa wotchuka Fernando Cortez mu 1524 adanyamuka kuchokera kudera lamakono la Mexico kukawona madera atsopano, pafupifupi kudera la Honduras wamakono. Kale panjira yobwerera, imodzi mwa akavalo a gulu lake idavulala mwendo. Cortez anamusiya ndi mtsogoleri wamba, akulonjeza kuti abwerera kunyama. Amwenyewo ankaopa akavalo ngakhale kuposa azungu, chifukwa chake El Morsillo - linali dzina loti hatchi yopanda mwayi - amamuchitira ulemu waukulu. Anadyetsedwa nyama yokazinga yokha ndi zipatso zosowa. Zakudya zoterezi, zachidziwikire, zidatumiza El Morsillo mwachangu ku paradiso wamahatchi. Amwenye omwe anali ndi manthawo adafanana ndi kavaloyo ndipo amayesetsa m'njira iliyonse kuti amusangalatse. Mu 1617, amonke, omwe adafika ku America kuti atenge Mawu a Mulungu, adaphwanya fanolo, ndipo pambuyo pake adalephera kuchoka kwa amwenye atakwiya chifukwa chakuchitira mwano. Ndipo zotsalira za kavalo zidasungidwa m'ma akachisi aku India mzaka za zana la 18.
16. Akavalo ali ndi chimfine chawo, chomwe chimakhala ndi zizindikilo zofananira ndi chimfine cha munthu - nyama zimayamba malungo ndikuyamba kufooka, akavalo amadwala chifuwa, kuthamanga mphuno ndi kuyetsemula. Mu 1872 - 1873 mavuto azachuma adayamba ku United States chifukwa cha chimfine. Chimfinecho chinakhudza magawo atatu a akavalo onse, ndipo mayendedwe onse mdzikolo anali olumala. Nthawi yomweyo, kuchuluka kwa anthu omwalira, ngakhale malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwakukulu, anali pafupifupi 10%. Ndipo ambiri mwa chiwerengerochi anali ndi akavalo, omwe, malinga ndi mwambi wachi Russia, adamwalira pantchito. Nyama zofooka sizinathe kugwira ntchito mwamphamvu ndipo zimafera pomwepo.
17. Mmodzi mwa okondedwa a Catherine II komanso wopha a Peter III, Alexei Orlov, amadziwika osati chifukwa chokha chokha pakusintha kwa amfumu, kupambana pa Nkhondo ya Chesme komanso kugwidwa kwa Mfumukazi Tarakanova. Orlov analinso wokonda woweta mahatchi. Pa malo ake pafupi ndi Voronezh, iye adalemba ma Orlov trotter ndi mitundu yamahatchi aku Russia. Woyambitsa mtundu wa trotter, Smetanka, adagulidwa pamtengo wokwana ma ruble 60,000. Sizomveka kuyerekezera mtengo wa Smetanka ndi akavalo wamba, omwe oimira ake okwera mtengo anali kugulitsa ma ruble makumi. Nachi chithunzi chofanizira: mchaka chogula stallion, msika wonse wamahatchi aboma ku Russia udalandira ma ruble 25,000. Nthawi yomweyo, akavalo aboma sanakhale opanda udzu ndi oats, okwera pamahatchi anali chinsinsi cha kupambana kwa asitikali, ndipo Russia idamenya pafupifupi mosalekeza. Ndipo pa chuma chonsechi cha atsogoleri masauzande ambiri, ogwira ntchito ndi mabwana amawononga ndalama zochepa kangapo kawiri pachaka kuposa mtengo wa stallion wapamwamba. Komabe, mitengo ya Smetanka inali yoyenera. Adagwa mwachangu - mwina chifukwa chanyengo, kapena adaswa mutu wake pachikho chomwera (wophunzitsidwayo adangokhala ngati adadzipachika nthawi yomweyo). Komabe, kuchokera ku stallion, ana amuna anayi ndi akazi amodzi adatsalira. Ndipo kuchokera kuzinthu zochepa izi Orlov adakwanitsa kupeza mtundu wabwino.
18. "Troika" wotchuka waku Russia ndizopangidwa posachedwa. Ku Europe komanso ku Russia, ngoloyo imanyamulidwa ndi kavalo m'modzi, kapena maguluwo anali awiriwiri. "Troika" idatchuka m'zaka zoyambirira za 19th century. Kulumikiza koteroko kumafunikira kwambiri pamikhalidwe yamahatchi komanso luso la wophunzitsa.Chofunika kwambiri cha "troika" ndikuti akavalo ofananira nawo, othamangitsidwa ayenera, titero kunena kwake, kunyamula muzu, kuwalola kuti uzitha kuthamanga kwambiri. Poterepa, muzu wamahatchi umathamangira pomwepo, ndipo wokwera pamahatchi amamangika. "Troika" idalimbikitsa kwambiri alendo kwakuti oimira boma la Soviet adawapatsa kangapo pakuyendera mayiko akunja. Woyimira wina kudziko lina adachoka ku Russia mu troika, ndipo gulu lake limayenda maulendo 130 tsiku lililonse - liwiro lomwe silinachitikepo ku Russia mu 1812. Ndizokhudza Napoleon Bonaparte, yemwe "troika" yekhayo adathandizira kuchoka pakutsata a Cossacks.
19. Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "nkhondo yamagalimoto" - amatero, osati ngati Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, pomwe akavalo ambiri amawononga. Asitikali eniwo mzaka za m'ma 1930 amakhulupirira kuti okwera pamahatchi komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mahatchi kunkhondo, ngati sizikutha, zinali pafupi kwambiri ndi izi. Koma kenako nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse inabwera, ndipo zinapezeka kuti popanda akavalo pankhondo yankhondo, paliponse. Ku Soviet Union kokha, akavalo 3 miliyoni anamenya nkhondo. Chiwerengero chofananira cha akavalo anali mu Wehrmacht, koma pa nambalayi tiyenera kuwonjezerapo okwera pamahatchi amgwirizano ambiri a Hitler. Ndipo panalibe akavalo okwanira ndi okwera pamahatchi okwanira! Ndi makina onse ankhondo aku Germany, 90% ya zomwe adakakamira adachita ndi akavalo. Ndipo akazembe aku Germany adawona kuti kulakwitsa kwa magaleta ngati chimodzi mwazolakwika zazikulu.
20. Akavalo ambiri adamwalira pankhondo, koma zowonongekeratu zidachitikanso pakuswana kwamahatchi aku Soviet Union m'ma 1950. Motsogozedwa ndi N. Khrushchev, zosintha zambiri zimachitika nthawi imodzi kotero kuti nthawi zina zimadutsana ndikupereka mgwirizano. Monga mukudziwa, m'zaka zomwezo ankhondo adachepetsedwa mwachangu komanso mosaganizira, ndipo chimanga chimabzalidwa mwachangu komanso mosaganizira. Asitikali adasinthiratu osati maofesala mazana mazana okha, komanso apakavalo - Nikita Sergeevich adapeza mivi. Chifukwa chake, si anthu okha, komanso akavalo adachotsedwa pantchito yankhondo. Amatha kulumikizidwa pang'ono ndi mbeu zoswana, mwina zaulimi - zomwe zidachitika pakusintha kwa zaka za m'ma 2000 ndi 21 zidawonetsa kuti ngakhale panali ntchito ya akavalo kumidzi. Koma akavalo, monga mukudziwa, amafunika kudyetsedwa ndi oats. Ndizosatheka kukulitsa malo obzalidwa oats - ngakhale apolisi onse adabzalidwa kale ndi chimanga. Ndipo akavalo anali atayikidwa kwenikweni pansi pa mpeni. Inde, adatengeka kwambiri kotero kuti ngakhale okhala m'minda ina yoswana adagwa m'manja mwa okonzanso - mafakitale ena adatsekedwa.
