Mwachidziwikire, vinyo amaperekeza munthu kuyambira pomwe m'modzi mwa makolo athu akale adadya zipatso zowola ndikumva chisangalalo kwakanthawi pambuyo pake. Atagawana chisangalalo chake ndi anthu amtundu mnzake, ngwazi yosadziwika iyi idakhala kholo la opanga vinyo.
Anthu adayamba kumwa msuzi wamphesa wofesa (wothira) pambuyo pake. Komabe osati mochedwa kwambiri kuti mudziwe komwe dzina lakumwa limachokera. Onse aku Armenia, aku Georgia komanso Aroma akuti ndi omwe amapambana. M'chilankhulo cha Chirasha, mawu oti "vinyo", mwina, adachokera ku Chilatini. Kubwereka kwachidziwikire ku Russia kwapeza kutanthauzira kwakukulu, momwe zingathere: vinyo adayamba kutchedwa chilichonse chakumwa champhamvu kuposa mowa. Wopambana pa nkhani "Ng'ombe Wagolide" adatcha botolo la vodka "kotala la vinyo wa mkate". Ndipo komabe, tiyeni tikumbukire mafuta onena za vinyo m'mamasulidwe ake akale ngati chakumwa chopangidwa kuchokera ku mphesa zofufumitsa.
1. Moyo wa mpesa umapambana nthawi zonse. Kutentha kotentha, mizu yake imapita mozama (nthawi zina makumi a mamitala). Mizu ikamazika, ndikamamamera mitundu yomwe amakula, ndizamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mchere wa zipatso zamtsogolo. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakatenthedwe ndi umphawi wa nthaka kumawerengedwa kuti ndiwothandiza. Izi ndizonso zosakaniza za vinyo wabwino.
2. M'manda a Tutankhamun, adapeza amphorae wosindikizidwa ndi vinyo omwe adalembedwa za nthawi yopanga chakumwa, wopanga winayo komanso kuwunika kwa mankhwalawo. Ndipo chifukwa cha vinyo wachinyengo ku Egypt wakale, olakwirawo adamizidwa mumtsinje wa Nailo.
3. Kutolera gulu la "Massandra" ku Crimea kuli ndimabotolo 5 a vinyo wokolola mu 1775. Vinyo uyu ndi Jerez de la Frontera ndipo amadziwika kuti ndiwakale kwambiri padziko lapansi.
4. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, opanga vinyo ku Europe adayamba kuvuta. Mbande zomwe zili ndi mphesa phylloxera, tizilombo tomwe timadya mizu ya mphesa, tinabwera kuchokera ku America. Phyloxera inafalikira ku Europe konse mpaka ku Crimea ndipo idawononga kwambiri olima vinyo, ambiri mwa iwo adasamukira ku Africa. Zinali zotheka kuthana ndi phylloxera pokhapokha podutsa mitundu yamphesa yaku Europe ndi mitundu yaku America, yomwe idalibe kachiromboka. Koma sikunali kotheka kupambana kwathunthu - olima vinyo akadali kukulabe hybrids kapena kugwiritsa ntchito herbicides.
5. Vinyo woyera ali ndi mphamvu yolimbana ndi bakiteriya, yomwe makina ake sakudziwika. Ndizosatheka kufotokoza malowa ndi mowa womwe uli mu vinyo - kuchuluka kwake ndikotsika kwambiri. Chotheka kwambiri, nkhaniyi ili pamaso pa ma tannins kapena utoto mu vinyo woyera.
6. Chidontho mu doko lamphesa sichizindikiro chakuti mwabvekedwa zinyalala. Pa doko labwino, ayenera kuwonekera mchaka chachinayi chakukalamba. Chachikulu ndikuti musatsanulire vinyo mu botolo. Iyenera kuthiridwa mu decanter (njirayi imatchedwa "decantation"), kenako ndikutsanulira mu magalasi. Mu vinyo wina, matope amawonekera pambuyo pake ndikuwonetsanso mtundu wa malonda.
7. Ndi ma vinyo ochepa kwambiri omwe amakula msinkhu. Mwambiri, vinyo wokonzeka kumwa samasintha pakukalamba.
8. Zifukwa zomwe voliyumu ya botolo la vinyo mulingo wake ndi ndendende 0.75 malita sikukhazikitsidwa ndendende. Limodzi mwa mitundu yotchuka kwambiri limanena kuti potumiza vinyo kuchokera ku England kupita ku France, migolo yokhala ndi malita 900 idagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba. Mukamasinthana ndi mabotolo, pamapezeka mabokosi 100 mabotolo 12 iliyonse. Malinga ndi mtundu wachiwiri, "Bordeaux" yaku France ndi "Rioja" yaku Spain adatsanulidwira m'migolo yamalita 225. Izi ndi chimodzimodzi mabotolo 300 a 0,75 lililonse.
9. Chifukwa chachikulu chodziwonetsera nokha ngati waluso ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "maluwa" ndi "fungo" molondola. Kunena mwachidule, "fungo" ndi fungo la mphesa ndi vinyo wachinyamata; muzinthu zoyipa kwambiri komanso zokhwima, fungo limatchedwa "maluwa".
10. Ndizodziwika bwino kuti kumwa vinyo wofiira pafupipafupi kumachepetsa matenda a mtima. Kale m'zaka za zana la 21, zidapezeka kuti vinyo wofiira amakhala ndi resveratol - chinthu chomwe chimabzala kuti chimenye bowa ndi tiziromboti tina. Kafukufuku wazinyama awonetsa kuti resveratol imachepetsa shuga m'magazi, imalimbitsa mtima, ndipo imatalikitsa moyo. Zotsatira za resveratol mwa anthu sizinaphunzirebe.
11. Anthu okhala ku Caucasus, Spain, Italy ndi France mwachizolowezi amadya chakudya chokhala ndi mafuta owonjezera. Komanso, pafupifupi samadwala matenda amtima chifukwa cha cholesterol. Chifukwa chake ndichakuti vinyo wofiira amachotseratu cholesterol mthupi.
12. Chifukwa cha nyengo yovuta, kupanga vinyo mdziko lapansi mu 2017 kudatsika ndi 8% ndikufika ma hectolita 250 miliyoni (malita 100 mu hectolita 1). Izi ndiye zotsika kwambiri kuyambira 1957. Tidamwa mahekitala 242 padziko lonse lapansi kwa chaka chimodzi. Atsogoleri azopanga ndi Italy, France, Spain ndi United States.
13. Ku Russia, kupanga vinyo kwatsikanso kwambiri. Nthawi yomaliza yopanga ma winha ku Russia adatulutsa mahekitala ochepera 3.2 anali mu 2007. Chuma chimadzudzulidwanso chifukwa cha nyengo yovuta.
14. Botolo limodzi la vinyo (0.75 lita) limatenga pafupifupi 1.2 kg ya mphesa.
15. Vinyo aliyense wokoma amakhala ndi "mphuno" (kununkhiza), "disc" (ndege yakumwamba yakumwa mugalasi), "misozi" kapena "miyendo" (madontho oyenda pansi pamakoma a galasi pang'onopang'ono kuposa zakumwa zambiri) ndi "mphonje" (akunja m'mphepete mwa disc). Amanena kuti ngakhale pofufuza zigawozi, taster amatha kunena zambiri za vinyo osayesa.
16. Minda yamphesa ku Australia idawonekera kokha mkati mwa zaka za zana la 19, koma bizinesi idayenda bwino kwambiri kotero kuti tsopano olima omwe ali ndi minda yamahekitala 40 kapena ochepera amawerengedwa ndi lamulo kuti ndi amalonda ang'onoang'ono.
17. Vinyo wa Champagne amatchulidwa m'chigawo cha France cha Champagne, komwe amapangidwa. Koma doko silinatchulidwe dziko lomwe adachokera. Mosiyana ndi izi, Portugal idazungulira mzinda wa Portus Gale (masiku ano Porto), womwe unali ndi phiri lokhala ndi mapanga akulu omwe amasungira vinyo. Phirili limatchedwa "Port Wine". Ndipo vinyo weniweniyo adabatizidwa ndi wamalonda waku England, yemwe adazindikira kuti vinyo wolimba akhoza kubweretsedwa kudziko lophweka kuposa vinyo wabwino waku France.
18. Oyendetsa sitima a Christopher Columbus, amene anaphonya vinyo, ataona Nyanja ya Sargasso ndipo anafuula mokondwera kuti: “Sarga! Sarga! ”. Chifukwa chake ku Spain adayitanitsa zakumwa za anthu osauka - msuzi wamphesa wofufuma pang'ono. Imakhala ndi imvi imodzimodzi, ndipo imangotuluka ngati madzi omwe anali patsogolo pa amalinyero. Pambuyo pake zidapezeka kuti iyi sinali nyanja konse, ndipo ndere zomwe zimayandama sizikugwirizana ndi mphesa, koma dzinalo lidatsalira.
19. Oyendetsa sitima achingerezi adaperekedwadi paulendo wapanyanja, womwe udaphatikizidwa pazakudya. Komabe, chakudyachi chinali chochepa kwambiri: mwa lamulo la Admiralty, woyendetsa botiyo adapatsidwa painti 1 (pafupifupi 0,6 malita) a vinyo, osungunuka ndi 1: 7, kwa sabata. Ndiye kuti, vinyo ankathiridwa moyenera m'madzi kuti ateteze kuti zisawonongeke. Izi sizinali nkhanza zapadera zaku Britain - za vinyo "wothandizidwa" yemweyo kwa oyendetsa m'mabwalo onse. Zombozo zimafuna ogwira ntchito bwino. Sir Francis Drake iyemwini adamwalira ndi kamwazi wa banal woyambitsidwa ndi madzi amvula.
20. Zakudya zapamadzi zaku Soviet Union panthawi ya Great Patriotic War zidaphatikizira magalamu 250 a vinyo wofiira tsiku lililonse. Gawo ili linali lofunikira chifukwa chakuti sitima zapamadzi zanthawiyo zinali zopanikiza kwambiri, ndipo oyendetsa sitima analibe koti asamukire. Izi zidapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti mundawo m'mimba mugwire ntchito. Kuti matendawa abwerere, oyendetsa sitima zapamadzi adalandira vinyo. Chowonadi chakukhalapo kwachikhalidwe chotere chimatsimikiziridwa ndi zikumbutso zomwe omenyera ufulu wina adandaula kuti adapatsidwa mowa m'malo mwa vinyo, kapena adalandira "owuma owawa" m'malo mofiira.
