Zolinga zilizonse ndi gawo la chozizwitsa chosamveka. Chifukwa chiyani anthu masauzande ambiri ajambula, pomwe Ivan Aivazovsky adatenga ola limodzi kupenta nyanja yaying'ono, koma yapadera? Chifukwa chiyani mabuku masauzande ambiri amalembedwa za nkhondo iliyonse, pomwe "War and Peace" imapezeka ndi Leo Tolstoy, komanso "In the Trenches of Stalingrad" okha ndi Viktor Nekrasov? Kodi Mulungu amawotchera ndani, ndipo ndi liti, lomwe timati talente? Nanga n'chifukwa chiyani nthawi zina mphatso imangosankhidwa? Mozart, mwachidziwikire, anali m'modzi mwa anthu anzeru kwambiri omwe adayenda pamtunda wathu, ndipo anamupatsa luso lotani? Zochenjera zopanda malire, mikangano ndi nkhondo ya tsiku ndi tsiku ya chidutswa cha mkate, kwakukulukulu, yotayika.
Mbali inayi, kuphunzira mbiri ya wolemba wotchuka, mfundo za moyo umene tikambirana m'munsimu, inu mukumvetsa kuti palibe munthu ali mlendo kwa iwo kwambiri kuposa anthu wamba. Pafupifupi wolemba aliyense mu mbiri yake alibe, ayi, ndipo ngakhale zidutswa "zidakondana ndi mkazi wa womuyang'anira" (ndiye kuti, munthu yemwe ndi banal kapena sanakulole kuti ufe ndi njala kapena kukupulumutsa kuti usayesenso kulemba maola 12 patsiku), "adakondana 15 mwana wamkazi wazaka zambiri wa Mfumukazi NN ", kapena" adakumana ndi woimba waluso XX, yemwe, mwatsoka, adakonda ndalama kwambiri ".
Ndipo zikanakhala bwino zinali zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha nthawi. Koma nthawi yomweyo monga oimba, omwe adaberedwa pakhungu ndi anzawo ndi omwe adalemba ngongole, panali anzawo omwe adalipira luso lawo bwino, ndikupangitsa nsanje ya omwe adawazungulira. Jean-Baptiste Lully, ngakhale "Sun King" atataya chidwi ndi iye, adatsogoza moyo wa munthu wolemera, ngakhale wodwala, wachuma. Nthawi zambiri amatembereredwa ndi mphekesera, koma wosalakwa pakufa kwa Mozart, Antonio Salieri adamaliza moyo wake atakalamba kwambiri. Olemba achichepere aku Italy alandirabe Mphoto ya Rossini. Mwachiwonekere, luso la wolemba limafunikira chimango cha tsiku ndi tsiku chanzeru komanso luso.
1. Mbiri ya opera yapadziko lonse lapansi idayamba ndi Claudio Monteverdi. Wolemba nyimbo wodziwika ku Italiya adabadwa mu 1567 ku Cremona, mzinda womwe ambuye odziwika Guarneri, Amati ndi Stradivari amakhala ndikugwira ntchito. Ali mwana, Monteverdi adawonetsa talente yolemba. Adalemba opera yake Orpheus mu 1607. Mwachisangalalo chochepa kwambiri, Monteverdi adakwanitsa kupanga sewero lakuya. Anali Monteverdi yemwe anali woyamba kuyesa kufotokoza zamkati mwa munthu kudzera munyimbo. Kuti achite izi, amayenera kugwiritsa ntchito zida zambiri kuti adziwonetsere kuti ndi katswiri wazida zoimbira.
2. Woyambitsa nyimbo yaku France a Jean-Baptiste Lully anali ochokera ku Italiya, koma a Louis XIV adakonda ntchito yake kotero kuti king king adasankha Lully "woyang'anira nyimbo" (tsopano udindo uzitchedwa "minister of music"), adamukweza kukhala olemekezeka ndikumupatsa ndalama ... Tsoka, ngakhale mafumu akulu alibe mphamvu yodziwikiratu - Lully adamwalira ndi zilonda, atamenyedwa ndi ndodo ya ochititsa.
3. Nzeru Antonio Vivaldi, monga mukudziwa, adamwalira ali wosauka, chuma chake chidafotokozedwa ngati ngongole, ndipo wolemba adayikidwa m'manda aulele aumphawi. Komanso, ntchito zake zambiri zidatayika kwanthawi yayitali. M'zaka za m'ma 1920 zokha, pulofesa wa Turin Conservatory, Alberto Gentili, yemwe anali kufunafuna ntchito za Vivaldi moyo wake wonse, adapeza m'malo osungira zakale aku koleji ya San Martino kuchuluka kwa mawu, ma konsati 300 ndi ma opera 19 wolemba wamkulu. Zolemba pamanja za Vivaldi zidapezekabe, ndipo ntchito yodzipereka ya Amitundu ndi yomwe ili mu buku la Frederico Sardelia "The Vivaldi Affair".
4. Johann Sebastian Bach, wopanda ntchito zake ngakhale maphunziro oyambira a woyimba piano sangaganiziridwe, nthawi yonse ya moyo wake sanalandire ngakhale zana limodzi lakuzindikira kuti ndi wolemba nyimbo. Iye, walimba kwambiri, nthawi zonse amayenera kuchoka mumzinda ndi mzinda. Zaka zomwe Bach amalandila malipiro abwino zimawerengedwa kuti ndi nthawi yopambana, ndipo sanapeze cholakwika ndi ntchito zomwe adalemba pantchito. Mwachitsanzo, ku Leipzig, adamufunsira ntchito zomwe sizinali zazitali kwambiri, osati ngati zisudzo, komanso kuti "zimakopa chidwi cha omvera." M'mabanja awiri, Bach anali ndi ana 20, ndipo 7 okha ndi omwe adapulumuka. Zaka 100 zokha atamwalira wolemba, chifukwa cha ntchito za oimba komanso ofufuza, anthu wamba adayamikira luso la Bach.
5. Munthawi yazaka zantchito ya wolemba nyimbo waku Germany Christoph Willibald Gluck ku Paris (1772 - 1779), kunabuka mkangano, womwe umatchedwa "nkhondo ya a Gluckists ndi ma Picchinists". Mbali inayi idapangidwa ndi wolemba nyimbo waku Italiya Piccolo Piccini. Mfundo yotsutsanayi inali yosavuta: Gluck anali kuyesa kusintha opera kuti nyimbo zomwe zili mmenemo zizimvera seweroli. Otsatira opera achikhalidwe anali otsutsana, koma analibe ulamuliro wa Gluck. Chifukwa chake, adapanga Piccini chikwangwani chawo. Adalemba ma opera oseketsa aku Italiya ndipo anali asanamvepo za nkhondo asanafike ku Paris. Mwamwayi, Piccini adakhala munthu wathanzi ndipo amakhala ndiubwenzi wabwino ndi Gluck.
6. "Tate wa Symphony ndi Quartet" Joseph Haydn anali wopanda mwayi kwa amayi. Mpaka zaka 28, iye, makamaka chifukwa cha umphawi wadzaoneni, amakhala ngati bachelor. Kenako adakondana ndi mwana wamkazi womaliza wa mnzake, koma pafupifupi tsiku lomwe Haydn akufuna kumukwatira, mtsikanayo adathawa kwawo. Abambo adauza woimbayo kuti akwatire mwana wake wamkazi wamkulu, wazaka 32. Haydn adavomera ndipo adagwidwa ukapolo. Mkazi wake anali mkazi wowononga komanso wokonda kukangana, ndipo koposa zonse, adanyoza zomwe mwamunayo amayimba, ngakhale anali ndalama zokhazokha pabanjapo. Maria akadatha kugwiritsa ntchito chinsalu ngati pepala lokutira kapena zopindika. Haydn mwiniwake adati atakalamba sanasamale ngakhale atakwatiwa ndi wojambula kapena wopanga nsapato. Pambuyo pake, akugwira ntchito Prince Esterhazy, Haydn adakumana ndi Antonio ndi Luija Polzelli, oimba zeze komanso oyimba. Luigi anali ndi zaka 19 zokha, koma, zikuwoneka, anali kale ndi moyo wabwino. Anamupatsa Haydn, yemwe anali ndi zaka 47, kuti amukonde, koma mobwerezabwereza adayamba kutulutsa ndalama mwa iye mopanda manyazi. Kutchuka ndi kutukuka zidabwera kwa Haydn ngakhale pomwe anali, kwakukulu, osafunikira.
7. Nthano, yotchuka ku Russia, yoti Antonio Salieri adyetsa Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart chifukwa chansanje ndi luso lake ndikuchita bwino kwake, adapezeka ku Italy m'ma 1980 okha, pomwe sewero la Peter Schaeffer Amadeus adawonetsedwa ku Italy. Masewerowa adachitidwa potengera tsoka la Alexander Pushkin "Mozart ndi Salieri" ndipo adadzetsa mphepo yamkuntho ku Italy. Miseche yonena za mkangano pakati pa Mozart ndi Salieri idawonekera m'moyo wam'mbuyomu. Salieri, makamaka, amadziwika kuti anali ndi zibwenzi komanso zokopa. Koma ngakhale mphekeserazi zidatengera kalata imodzi yokha kuchokera kwa Mozart kupita kwa abambo ake. Mmenemo, Mozart adadandaula zagulitsa ndi kugulitsa za oimba onse aku Italiya omwe adagwira ntchito ku Vienna. Ubale pakati pa Mozart ndi Salieri anali, ngati sanali abale, anali ochezeka, anachita mosangalala ntchito za "mnzake". Pofuna kuchita bwino, Salieri anali wolemba nyimbo wodziwika bwino, wochititsa komanso mphunzitsi, munthu wolemera, moyo wa kampani iliyonse, osati wachisoni, kuwerengera misanthrope. Mozart, wokhala wopanda ndalama, wolowerera m'mabanja osokonekera, osatha kukonza ntchito zake, akadayenera kusilira Salieri.
8. Wopanga konsati ya tsitsi loyera Dmitry Bortnyansky, akuphunzira ku Italy, adakonzedwa kuti athandize ku Motherland. Count Alexei Grigorievich Orlov, yemwe adafika ku Venice panthawi yomwe Dmitry Stepanovich Bortnyansky anali komweko, adalemba nawo wolemba nyimboyo mwachinsinsi ndi kazembe wa ku Italy Marutsi. Bortnyansky anakambirana bwino kotero kuti Orlov anamuuza anthu apamwamba. Bortnyansky adachita ntchito yabwino kwambiri, mpaka adakhala khansala waboma weniweni (wamkulu wamkulu). Ndipo "Ngati Ambuye wathu ali ndi ulemerero mu Ziyoni" adalemba asanalandire udindo wa kazembe.
9. Abambo Ludwig van Beethoven amafunitsitsa kuti mwana wawo azitsatira a Mozart. Woimba wa chapeliko la khothi adaphunzira ndi mwana wamwamuna kwa maola angapo patsiku. Nthawi zina, modabwitsa amayi ake, adakonza zophunzitsira usiku. Komabe, atachita konsati yoyamba ya mwana wawo wamwamuna, a Johann Beethoven adataya chidwi ndi luso lake loimba. Komabe, chidwi chachikulu chomwe adapereka pa nyimbo chidakhudza maphunziro a Ludwig. Sanaphunzire kuchulukitsa manambala ndipo samadziwa zopumira zochepa zaku Germany.
10. Nthano yoti pomwe Niccolo Paganini adayamba kuswa zingwe za zeze wake, ndipo adatha kumaliza ntchito yake, akusewera chingwe chimodzi chokha, pali mizu iwiri. Mu 1808, woyimba zeze komanso wolemba nyimbo amakhala ku Florence, komwe anali woyimba khothi la Princess Eliza Bonaparte, mlongo wake wa Napoleon. Kwa mwana wamkazi wamfumu, yemwe Paganini anali pachibwenzi naye, wolemba analemba ntchito zingapo, zomwe zinalembedwa kuti "Love Scene", zolembedwa ndi zingwe ziwiri. Wokondedwayo amafunsa wolemba kuti alembe china chake pa chingwe chimodzi. Paganini adakwaniritsa zofuna zake polemba ndikupanga sonata wankhondo waku Napoleon. Apa, ku Florence, Paganini anali atachedwa ku konsatiyo. Mofulumira kwambiri, adapita kwa omvera osayang'ana kuyimba kwa zeze. Omvera adakondwera kumvera "Sonata" ya Haydn, yochitidwa, monga nthawi zonse, yopanda chilema. Pokhapokha pambuyo pa konsati pomwe zidadziwika kuti vayolini idakonzedwa mokweza kuposa piyano - Paganini, pomwe anali kuchita, adasintha chala chonse cha Sonata.
11. Gioacchino waku Russia, ali ndi zaka 37, anali wolemba nyimbo wotchuka kwambiri, wachuma komanso wotchuka padziko lonse lapansi. Chuma chake chinawerengedwa mamiliyoni. Wolembayo amatchedwa "Italy Mozart" komanso "The Sun of Italy". Atafika kumapeto kwa ntchito yake, adasiya kulemba nyimbo zakudziko, amangodzipanikiza pakupita kutchalitchi ndikuphunzitsa. Mafotokozedwe osiyanasiyana afotokozedweratu chifukwa chakuwonekera kwakukulu kwa wolemba nyimboyu kuchokera kuzinthu zaluso, koma palibe imodzi mwazomwe zimapeza umboni wotsimikizira. Chomwe tikudziwa ndichakuti: Gioacchino Rossini adachoka padziko lino lapansi, kukhala wolemera kwambiri kuposa anzawo, omwe amagwira ntchito yoimba nyimbo mpaka kumanda. Ndi ndalama zomwe wolemba, wolemba adakhazikitsidwa mumzinda wakwawo wa Pesaro, mphotho zaopanga nyimbo achinyamata komanso omasulira ufulu wawo zidakhazikitsidwa, ndipo komwe Rossini adatchuka kwambiri, nyumba yosungirako okalamba idatsegulidwa.
12. Franz Schubert ankadziwika nthawi ya moyo wake ngati wolemba nyimbo kutengera mavesi a ndakatulo zodziwika zaku Germany. Nthawi yomweyo, adalemba ma opera 10 omwe sanawone bwaloli, ndi zisudzo 9 zomwe sizinachitikepo ndi oimba. Kuphatikiza apo, mazana a ntchito za Schubert sanasindikizidwe, ndipo zolembedwa zawo zidapitilizabe kupezeka patatha zaka makumi ambiri wolemba nyimboyo atamwalira.
13. Wolemba nyimbo komanso wolemba nyimbo wotchuka Robert Schumann adadwala schizophrenia moyo wake wonse. Mwamwayi, kuwonjezeka kwa matenda kunachitika kawirikawiri. Komabe, ngati matendawa adayamba kuwonekera, wolemba nyimboyo adayamba kukhala wowopsa. Adayesa kudzipha kangapo, kenako adapita kuchipatala cha amisala. Pambuyo pa zoyesayesa izi, Schumann sanatuluke mchipatala. Anali ndi zaka 46.
14. Franz Liszt sanavomerezedwe ku Paris Conservatory - sinavomereze akunja - ndipo gawo lachifalansa la wolemba nyimbo komanso woyimba limba linayamba ndi zisudzo mu salons. Otsatira talente wazaka 12 waku Hungary adamupatsa konsati ku Italy Opera House, yomwe inali ndi magulu oimba abwino kwambiri. Pakati pa nambala imodzi pambuyo pomwe Ferenc wachichepere adasewera payekha, orchestra sinalowemo munthawi yake - oyimbawo amamvera virtuoso wachichepere akusewera.
15. Opera yotchuka "Madame Butterfly" yolembedwa ndi Giacomo Puccini adatenga mawonekedwe ake apano kutali ndi nthawi yomweyo. Ntchito yoyamba ya Madame Butterfly, yomwe idachitika pa 17 February, 1904 ku Teatro alla Scala ku Milan, yalephera. Wolemba nyimboyu adasinthiratu ntchito yake miyezi iwiri, ndipo kale mu Meyi, Madame Butterfly adachita bwino kwambiri. Komabe, ichi sichinali chidziwitso choyamba cha Puccini pakukonzanso ntchito zake. M'mbuyomu, popanga sewero la "Tosca", adalowetsamo nkhani yatsopano - woimba wotchuka Darkla, yemwe adachita gawo lalikulu, amafuna kuyimba nyimbo yake, ndipo adapeza.
16. Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Schubert, wolemba nyimbo wotchuka ku Austria Anton Bruckner, wolemba nyimbo waku Czech Antonín Dvořák ndi wina waku Austria Gustav Mahler anamwalira atangomaliza kumene ntchito pa Ninth Symphonies.
17. Omwe amatchedwa. The Mighty Handful anali gulu la olemba Russia, omwe anali Modest Mussorgsky, Alexander Borodin, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov ndi ena olemba nyimbo opita patsogolo. Zochita za "Belyaevsky Circle" sizidziwika kwenikweni. Koma motsogozedwa ndi wopereka mphatso zachifundo wotchuka Mitrofan Belyaev, pafupifupi olemba nyimbo onse aku Russia akhala ogwirizana kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1880. Panali masabata oimba sabata iliyonse, masiku ano. maulendo a konsati, zolemba zidasindikizidwa pamalonda ambiri. Ku Leipzig kokha, Belyaev adasindikiza zolemba ndi omwe adalemba aku Russia pamiyeso yabwino kwambiri mu voliyumu ya 512, zomwe zidamupatsa mpaka ma ruble miliyoni. Mgodi wa golide waku Russia sanasiye olemba nyimbo ngakhale atamwalira. Maziko ndi nyumba yosindikiza yomwe adayambitsa idayang'aniridwa ndi Rimsky-Korsakov, Anatoly Lyadov ndi Alexander Glazunov.
18. Operetta wodziwika padziko lonse wa wolemba nyimbo waku Austria Franz Lehár "Mkazi Wamasiye" ayenera kuti sanawone kuwala kwa dzuwa. Woyang'anira zisudzo ku Vienna "an der Wien", momwe Lehár adachita ntchito yake, sanasangalale ndi seweroli ngakhale amalipira zoyeserera komanso zisudzo. Ma seti ndi zovala amapangidwa kuchokera kuzomwe zilipo; amayenera kuyeserera usiku. Zinafika poti patsiku loyamba la msonkhanowu, adadzipereka kupereka ndalama kwa Lehar kuti akane seweroli komanso kuti asanyoze zisudzo ndi sewero lotukwana. Wolemba anali wokonzeka kale kuvomereza, koma ochita sewerowo anasokoneza, omwe sanafune kuti ntchito yawo iwonongeke. Kanemayo adayamba. Chochita choyamba chidasokonekera ndikuwombera m'manja kangapo. Pambuyo pa yachiwiriyo, anthu adakondwera - omvera adayitana wolemba ndi ochita zisudzo. Palibe chododometsa, limodzi ndi Lehar ndi omwe adasewera, woyang'anira zisudzo adatuluka kukagwada.
19. Bolero, yomwe idakhala nyimbo yoyimbidwa ndi wolemba nyimbo waku France a Maurice Ravel mzaka za zana la 20, ndi ntchito yolembedwa. Wovina wodziwika Ida Rubinstein mzaka za 1920 adafunsa (maufulu ati omwe adafuna kuchokera kwa Ravel, mbiri siyikunena chilichonse) kuti akonze ntchito ya wolemba waku Spain Isaac Albeniz "Iveria" wovina. Ravel adayesa, koma adazindikira mwachangu kuti ndikosavuta kuti alembe nyimbo zomwe amafunikira payekha. Umu ndi momwe "Bolero" adabadwa.
20. Wolemba "Silva" ndi "Circus Princess" Imre Kalman adalemba nyimbo "yovuta" koyambirira kwa ntchito yake - symphony, ndakatulo za symphonic, ma opera, ndi zina zotero Omvera sanazilandire mwachidwi. Malinga ndi kuvomereza kwa wolemba waku Hungary, adayamba kulemba ma opereta ngakhale atakhala ndi zokonda zambiri - samakonda ma symphony anga, ndikhala wokonzeka kulemba ma opereta. Ndiyeno kupambana kunadza kwa iye. Nyimbo zochokera kwa operetta wolemba nyimbo waku Hungary zidayamba kukhala msewu ndi malo omwera mowa tsiku lotsatira. Operetta "Hollanda" yachita zisudzo zoposa 450 ku Vienna. mlandu wosowa kwambiri kwa olemba: banja la Kalman limakhala ku Vienna m'nyumba yachifumu yeniyeni yokhala ndi nyumba yotseguka. kulandira alendo tsiku lililonse.
