Mwamuna wokhala ndi mikono yambiri, atakhala pa mbewa kapena khoswe. Mwanjira ina, uyu ndi Ganesha - mulungu wanzeru ndi kulemera mu Chihindu. Chaka chilichonse, tsiku lachinayi la mwezi wa Bhadrapada, Ahindu amakhala ndi zikondwerero zolemekeza Ganesh masiku 10, akuyenda m'misewu ndi ziboliboli zake, zomwe zimamizidwa mumtsinjewo.
Kwa okhala ku India, njovu ndi nyama yodziwika bwino. Komabe, njovu imadziwika bwino zikhalidwe zina. Inde, nyama yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi imalemekezedwa kulikonse. Koma, nthawi yomweyo, ulemuwu ndi wabwino, mofanana ndi chikhalidwe cha nyama yomwe. "Monga njovu m'sitolo ina," timaseka, ngakhale njovu, yosinthidwa kukula kwake, ndi nyama yosavuta, yokongola kwambiri. "Wina ein Elefant im Porzellanladen", - aku Germany amabwereza, omwe shopu yake idapangidwa kale. "Njovu siyiwala konse" - atero aku Britain, kutanthauza kukumbukira bwino ndi kubwezera njovu. "
Ndani sanaone zoterezi?
Kumbali inayi, ndani pakati pathu, yemwe amapita kumalo osungira nyama, sanasangalale ndi mawonekedwe abwino a maso a njovu? Colossus wamkuluyu nthawi zonse amayenda mozungulira mpandawo, osayang'anira ana akulira ndi osisima. Njovu zamaseŵera zimachita zinthu ngati kuti zikuzindikira kufunika kokwera pamiyala yonseyi, zimayenda paliponse pa wophunzitsayo ngakhale kuyimirira pamutu pawo.
Njovu ndi nyama yapadera osati kokha chifukwa cha kukula kwake kapena nzeru zake. Njovu zidasokoneza asayansi omwe adaziwona kwazaka zambiri. Mitembo ikuluikuluyi imasamalira ana mwachisangalalo, siyayanjanitsika ndi zilombo zilizonse, amakhala okhutira ndi zovuta zochepa, ndipo amabwera mokwanira ngati mwayi utapezeka. Njovu zamakono zimatha kupopera madzi kuchokera m'goli la alendo okhumudwitsa a zoo tsiku lotentha. Makolo ake adawopseza oyendetsa sitima aku Portugal, akusambira m'nyanja ya Atlantic makilomita zana kuchokera pagombe.
1. Minyanga ya njovu imasinthidwa kumtunda. Zinyama ndizapadera paliponse, kupatula njovu zaku India, zomwe zilibe minyanga. Mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa zigoli ziwiri ndizapadera. Izi zimachitika, poyamba, kubadwa, kachiwiri, ku mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito mano, ndipo, chachitatu, ndipo ichi ndiye chisonyezo chowonekera kwambiri chakuti njovu ndi yamanzere kapena yamanja. Ng'ombe yomwe ili mbali "yogwirira ntchito" nthawi zambiri imakhala yaying'ono kwambiri. Pafupifupi, nthitizi zimafika 1.5 - 2 mita m'litali ndikulemera makilogalamu 25 - 40 (kulemera kwa dzino losavuta mpaka 3 kg). Njovu zaku India zili ndi minyanga yaying'ono kuposa anzawo aku Africa.
Njovu yotsalira
2. Kupezeka kwa minyanga kunatsala pang'ono kupha njovu ngati mtundu wina. Ndikulowerera kwakanthawi kochepa kwa azungu kulowa mu Africa, kuphana kwenikweni kwa zimphona izi kunayamba. Pazotulutsa mano, omwe amatchedwa "minyanga ya njovu", njovu makumi masauzande amaphedwa chaka chilichonse. Kale kumayambiriro kwa zaka makumi awiri, kuchuluka kwa msika waminyanga ya njovu kunkapezeka matani 600 pachaka. Nthawi yomweyo, panalibe zofunikira pakufukula ndikupanga zinthu kuchokera ku mano a njovu. Minyanga ya njovu inkagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga tinthu tating'onoting'ono, mafani, mafupa olamulira, mipira yama biliyadi, makiyi azida zoimbira ndi zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri kuti anthu apulumuke. Oteteza zachilengedwe adalira kale m'ma 1930, pomwe kuletsa koyamba pamigodi yaminyanga ya njovu kudawonekera. Nthawi ndi nthawi, olamulira a mayiko omwe njovu zimapezeka amatsitsa kapena amaletsa kusaka njovu ndi kugulitsa mano. Zoletsa zimathandizira kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa anthu, koma sizithetsa vutoli. Pali zifukwa zikuluzikulu ziwiri zotsutsana ndi njovu: mtengo waminyanga ya njovu komanso momwe zimakhudzidwira pachuma chamayiko osauka kwambiri. Ku China, yomwe yatsogola pokonza mbango zochokera ku United States, kilogalamu yawo pamsika wakuda imawononga ndalama zoposa $ 2,000. Chifukwa cha ndalama zoterezi, osaka nyama mozemba amatha kusunga mano m'chipululu kwa zaka zambiri kuyembekezera chilolezo chotsatira kapena kugulitsa minyanga ya njovu, kapena kuchichotsa, zomwezo ndizofanana. Ndipo zilolezo zotere zimaperekedwa ndi boma nthawi ndi nthawi, ponena za zovuta zachuma.
Koma malonda aminyanga yoletsedwa ...
3. Palibe chabwino pakuwonjezeka kosankhika kwa njovu, komanso kuwombera mosaganizira kwa nyamazi. Inde, ndi anzeru, nthawi zambiri amakhala abwino komanso nyama zopanda vuto lililonse. Komabe, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti chakudya cha njovu wamkulu tsiku lililonse chitha kukhala mpaka makilogalamu 400 amadyera (izi, zachidziwikire, sizachilendo, koma mwayi, njovu zimadya pafupifupi makilogalamu 50 a chakudya, komabe, zopatsa mphamvu kwambiri). Munthu m'modzi amafunikira gawo lokwanira pafupifupi 5 km pachaka chodyera2... Chifukwa chake, zimphona "zowonjezera" zikwi zikwi zidzakhala kudera lofanana ndi mayiko awiri monga Luxembourg. Ndipo anthu aku Africa akukula mosalekeza, ndiye kuti minda yatsopano imalimidwa ndikubzala minda yatsopano. Njovu, monga tawonetsera kale, ndi nyama zanzeru, ndipo zimamvetsetsa kusiyana pakati pa udzu wolimba kapena nthambi ndi chimanga bwino. Chifukwa chake, alimi aku Africa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi malingaliro olakwika oletsa njovu zosaka.
4. Kuphatikiza pa minyanga, njovu zimakhala ndi chinthu chimodzi chomwe chimapangitsa aliyense kukhala wosiyana - makutu. Makamaka, chitsanzo cha mitsempha ndi ma capillaries m'makutu. Ngakhale kuti makutu a njovu amatsekedwa ndi zikopa mpaka mainchesi 4 cm mbali zonse ziwiri, ndondomekoyi ndiyodziwika bwino. Ndizofanana ndi chala chamunthu. Njovu zamva makutu akulu kudzera pakusintha. Kutentha kumasamutsidwa kwambiri kudzera pamitsempha yamagazi yomwe ili m'makutu, ndiye kuti, malo am'makutu akulu, ndikutentha kwambiri. Kuchita bwino kwa njirayi kumawonjezera makutu. Inde, makutu akuluakulu amapatsa njovu kumva bwino. Nthawi yomweyo njovu zimasiyana mosiyana ndi za anthu - njovu zimamva phokoso lochepa kwambiri lomwe siligwidwa ndi anthu. Njovu zimasiyananso kamvekedwe ka mawu, zimamva ndikumvetsetsa nyimbo. Malinga ndi malipoti ena, amalumikizananso ndi abale awo ndi makutu awo, ofanana ndi manja amunthu.
5. Kuwona kwa njovu, poyerekeza ndi nyama zina za ku savanna, sikofunikira. Koma izi sizabwino, koma zotsatira za chisinthiko. Njovu siziyenera kuyang'anitsitsa nyama kapena nyama zowopsa. Chakudya sichithawa njovu, ndipo nyama zolusa zidzawathawa njovu, ngakhale zilombozo ziziwona kapena ayi. Kuphatikiza kwa kuwona, kumva ndi kununkhira ndikokwanira kuyenda mumlengalenga ndikuyankhulana ndi anzanu.
6. Ntchito yolera, kubereka, kubereka ndi kulera ana njovu ndi yovuta kwambiri. Thupi la mkazi limakonzedwa kotero kuti m'malo osavomerezeka achilengedwe ngakhale akazi omwe atha msinkhu kapena abereka kale samatuluka, ndiye kuti, sangathe kutenga ana. Ngakhale pansi pazoyenera, "mwayi wopeza" wamphongo umatha masiku awiri okha. Kukwatiwa nthawi zambiri kumanenedwa ndi amuna angapo omwe amakhala mosiyana ndi fuko lomwe lili ndi akazi ndi makanda. Chifukwa chake, ufulu wokhala bambo umapambanidwanso. Atakwatirana, abambo amapuma pantchito yawo, ndipo mayi woyembekezera amagwa m'manja mwa gulu lonse. Mimba imatenga miyezi 20 mpaka 24, kutengera mtundu wa njovu, momwe mkazi amakhalira komanso kukula kwa mwana wosabadwayo. Njovu zazimayi zaku India nthawi zambiri zimanyamula ana mwachangu kuposa njovu zaku Africa. Mkazi wachikulire amathandiza kubereka mayi. Nthawi zambiri njovu imodzi imabadwa, mapasa amakhala osowa kwambiri. Mpaka miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, amadya mkaka wa amayi (mafuta ake amafikira 11%), kenako amayamba kudyetsa masamba. Njovu zina zazikazi zimathanso kumudyetsa mkaka. Amakhulupirira kuti kuyambira zaka ziwiri njovu imatha kudzidyetsa yokha popanda mkaka - panthawiyi imaphunzira kugwiritsa ntchito thunthu. Koma amayi ake amatha kumudyetsa mpaka zaka 4 - 5. Njovu imakhala yayikulu zaka 10 - 12, ndipo ngakhale itakwanitsa zaka 15. Posakhalitsa, amuchotsa pagulu kuti azikhala pawokha. Pambuyo pobereka, chachikazi chimayamba nthawi yayitali kuchira. Kutalika kwake kumadaliranso ndi zakunja, ndipo kumatha zaka 12.
Zovuta zomwe zimachitika kutchire: ana a njovu azaka zomwe zili mgulu lomwelo
7. Zonena kuti njovu zaledzera zitadya chipatso chowola cha mtengo wa marula ndizolakwika - njovu zimayenera kudya zipatso zambiri. Izi, ndichimodzimodzi chomwe akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo ku University of Bristol abwera. Mwina kanemayo ndi njovu zidakwa, yoyamba yomwe idawombedwa ndi director director a Jamie Weiss kale mu 1974 ya kanema Animals Are Beautiful People, amatenga njovu zoledzera atadya phala lokonzekera. Njovu zimatengera zipatso zomwe zagwa m'mabowo ndikuziwola kuti zivunde bwino. Njovu zophunzitsidwa sizachilendo kumowa. Monga mankhwala othana ndi chimfine komanso monga bata, amapatsidwa vodka mu chiŵerengero cha lita imodzi pa chidebe cha madzi kapena tiyi.
Zikanakhala kuti anamutulutsa mu utuchi ...
8. Kafukufuku wa nthawi yayitali wasonyeza kuti njovu zimatha kulumikizana wina ndi mnzake pogwiritsa ntchito mawu, mawonekedwe ndi manja. Amatha kufotokoza chisoni, chifundo, chikondi chochokera pansi pamtima. Gulu likakumana ndi njovu yomwe idatsala mwangozi, idzaitenga. Njovu zazimayi zimakopana ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo, zimawaseketsa. Kukambirana pakati pa njovu ziwiri zoyimirira pafupi kumatha kutenga maola ambiri. Amamvetsetsa cholinga cha mivi yokhala ndi mapiritsi ogona ndipo nthawi zambiri amayesera kuwatulutsa mthupi la wachibale. Njovu sizimangomwaza mitembo ya achibale awo akufa ndi timitengo ndi masamba. Atapunthwa pa zotsalira za njovu ina, amaima patsogolo pawo kwa maola angapo, ngati kuti amapereka ulemu kwa womwalirayo. Monga anyani, njovu zimatha kugwiritsa ntchito timitengo pothamangitsa tizilombo. Ku Thailand, njovu zingapo zidaphunzitsidwa kujambula, ndipo ku South Korea, njovu yophunzitsidwa idaphunzira kutchula mawu ochepa pomangika pakamwa pake.
Chifukwa chake, mukuti, mnzako, uyu wokhala ndi kamera akuganiza kuti ndife ololera?
9. Ngakhale Aristotle analemba kuti njovu ndi zapamwamba kuposa nyama zina. Potengera kuchuluka kwa matendawo, njovu zimaposa anyani, achiwiri kupatula ma dolphin. IQ ya njovu imafanana pafupifupi azaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zakubadwa. Njovu zimatha kugwiritsa ntchito zida zosavuta kuthana ndi mavuto osavuta amalingaliro. Amakumbukira bwino misewu, malo amadzi othirira ndi malo owopsa. Njovu zimakumbukiranso kusungirana zabwino ndipo zimatha kubwezera mdani.
10. Njovu zimakhala zaka 70. Kuphatikiza apo, kumwalira kwawo, pokhapokha, chifukwa choyipitsidwa ndi chipolopolo kapena ngozi, kumachitika chifukwa chosowa mano. Kufunika kopera nthawi zonse masamba olimba kumabweretsa mavuto pakutha mano. Njovu zimawasintha kasanu ndi kamodzi. Njovu itafafaniza mano ake omalizira, imafa.
11. Njovu zinagwiritsidwa ntchito mwamphamvu kumenya nkhondo zaka 2000 zapitazo ku China. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, okwera pamahatchi a njovu (tsopano asayansi akugwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "elephanteria") adalowa ku Europe. Njovu sizinasinthe malo owonetsera nkhondo. Pankhondo zomwe njovu zimasewera mwachangu, luso la wamkulu linali chinthu chachikulu. Kotero, pa nkhondo ya Ipsus (301 BC), mfumu ya Babulo Seleucus inamenya njovu pambali pa gulu la Antiochus the One-Eyed. Izi zinasiyanitsa okwera pamahatchi a Antiochus ndi oyenda pansi ndipo anamulola kuti agonjetse gulu lake lankhondo. Ngakhale Seleucus akadamenyetsa njovu osati njovu, koma ndi okwera pamahatchi olemera, zotsatira zake sizikanasintha. Ndipo gulu lankhondo lotchuka la Hannibal pankhondo ya Evpus (202 BC) lidangoponderezedwa ndi njovu zawo. Aroma adaopseza gulu lanjovu pakuwukira. Nyamazo zinayamba mantha ndipo zinagubuduza oyenda okha. Mkubwela kwa mfuti zikuluzikulu, njovu zankhondo zidasanduka abulu owonjezera kunyamula - zidayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mayendedwe.
12. Njovu yotchuka kwambiri padziko lapansi akadali Jumbo, yemwe adamwalira mu 1885. Atabweretsedwa ku Paris kuchokera ku Africa ali ndi zaka chimodzi, njovu iyi idasinthanso likulu laku France ndikukhala wokondedwa pagulu ku London. Anagulitsidwa ku UK chifukwa cha chipembere. Jumbo adagudubuza ana achingerezi kumbuyo kwake, adadya mkate kuchokera mfumukazi, ndipo pang'onopang'ono adakula mpaka 4.25 m ndikulemera matani 6. Ankatchedwa njovu yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi, ndipo mwina izi zinali zoona - njovu zochepa zaku Africa zimakula kukula kwambiri. Mu 1882, a circus aku America a Phineas Bartum adagula Jumbo pamtengo wa $ 10,000 kuti achite pamasewu ake. Panali chiwonetsero chachikulu ku England, momwe ngakhale mfumukazi idachita nawo, koma njovu idapitabe ku United States. M'chaka choyamba, zisudzo za Jumbo zidakwanitsa $ 1.7 miliyoni. Nthawi yomweyo, njovu yayikulu imangolowa m'bwalomo ndikuyimirira modekha kapena kuyenda, pomwe njovu zina zimachita zanzeru zosiyanasiyana. Sizinali zaulesi - Njovu zaku Africa sizingaphunzitsidwe. Imfa ya Jumbo idangowonjezera kutchuka kwake. Njovu yosauka inagundidwa ndi sitima chifukwa cha kunyalanyaza kwa wogwira ntchito njanji.
American classic: selfie mu chithunzi cha mtembo wa Jumbo wokondedwa aliyense
13. Njovu yotchuka kwambiri mu Soviet Union inali Shango. Ali mwana, njovu iyi yaku India inali ndi mwayi woyenda kuzungulira dziko lonselo ngati gawo la gulu lapa zoo. Pamapeto pake, njovu, yomwe idaposanso njovu zonse zaku India - Shango anali wamitala 4.5 ndikulemera matani opitilira 6, adatopa ndi moyo woyendayenda ndipo nthawi yomweyo adangophwanya njanji yomwe adanyamulidwira. Mwamwayi, mu 1938, nyumba yanjovu idamangidwanso ndikulimbikitsidwa ku Zoo ya Moscow, momwe njovu zinayi zidakhalako kale. Popita kudzera ku Stalingrad, Shango adapita ku likulu. Kumeneko anaika pansi mwachangu okalambawo ku chifuniro chake, ndipo m'mawa uliwonse adawatulutsa m'ndovu, ndipo madzulo adawabweza. Pa Great Patriotic War, Shango sakanatha kusamutsidwa, ndipo njovu yomweyi idawonetsa bata, ngakhale kuphulitsa bomba lowopsa. Chibwenzi chake Jindau, yemwe Shango sanamumasule kuti atuluke, adamwalira, ndipo mawonekedwe a njovu adapitilizabe kuwonongeka. Zonsezi zidasintha mu 1946 pomwe Shango anali ndi bwenzi latsopano. Dzina lake anali Molly. Chibwenzi chatsopanocho sichinangotonthoza Shango, komanso chinabereka njovu ziwiri kuchokera kwa iye, ndikupumira njovu zaka 4. Kupeza ana kuchokera ku njovu mu ukapolo ndikosowa kwakukulu. Molly anamwalira mu 1954. Mmodzi mwa ana ake aamuna anachitidwa opaleshoni, ndipo njovuyo inayesa, monga momwe zinkawonekera, kupulumutsa njovu kuimfa, ndipo inalandira mabala owopsa. Shango adapirira modzipereka imfa ya bwenzi lake lachiwiri ndipo adamwalira ali ndi zaka 50 mu 1961. Zomwe Shango amakonda kuchita ndikungomulanda mwanayo dzanja lake.
14. Mu 2002, ku Ulaya kunagwa chigumula chachikulu kwambiri m'zaka zingapo zapitazo. Czech Republic idavutika kwambiri. M'dziko laling'ono lino lakum'mawa kwa Europe, kusefukira kwamadzi kudanenedwa kuti ndiwamkulu kwambiri mzaka 500 zapitazi. Mwa nyama zomwe zidaphedwa ndi kusefukira kwa madzi patsamba la Zoo za Prague, zipembere ndi njovu zimatchulidwa. Kunyalanyaza kwa oyang'anira zinyama kunadzetsa imfa ya nyama. Njovu imatha kusambira mumtsinje wa Danube kupita ku Black Sea popanda kukumana ndi zovuta zilizonse. M'nyengo yotentha, munthawi zachilengedwe, njovu zimamira m'madzi akuya mamita awiri, ndikungotsala nsonga ya thunthu pamwamba pake. Komabe, akapolowo adalimbikitsidwanso ndikuwombera nyama zinayi, kuphatikiza njovu Kadir.
15. Njovu zasinthiratu m'makanema. Njovu yotchedwa Rango yasewera m'mafilimu opitilira 50. Anastasia Kornilova, mneneri wa mzera wa mafumu ophunzitsa nyama, akukumbukira kuti Rango sanangokhala zomwe adachita pantchitoyi, komanso adasunga bata. Njovu nthawi zonse yateteza Nastya wamng'ono kwa mnzake mnzake Flora. Njovu yaku Africa imasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe osinthika. Pangozi, Rango adabisa mtsikanayo, ndikumukulunga ndi thunthu lake. Ntchito yayikulu kwambiri yomwe Rango adasewera mufilimuyi "Msirikali ndi Njovu" ndi Frunzik Mkrtchyan.Amatha kuwonanso m'mafilimu "The Adventures of the Yellow Suitcase", "The Old Man Hottabych" ndi zojambula zina. Chinyama cha Leningrad Zoo Bobo chimakhalanso ndi zithunzi zoyenda zingapo pa akaunti yake. Njovu iyi imawonekera pazenera m'mafilimu a The Old Timer ndi Today ndi Chiwonetsero Chatsopano. Komabe, chithunzi chokhudza mtima "Bob ndi Njovu" chidakhala phindu la Bobo. Mmenemo, mnyamata yemwe adayamba kucheza ndi njovu yomwe amakhala kumalo osungira nyama adamupatsa dzina lonsonanti. Mu nthabwala yabwino kwambiri "Solo ya Njovu ndi Orchestra", momwe Leonid Kuravlev ndi Natalya Varley adayimba njovu, Rezi adayimba. Ndipo Bill Murray adasewera mu nthabwala osati ndi agalu okhaokha. Mu filmography yake pali chithunzi "Kuposa moyo". Mmenemo, amasewera wolemba yemwe adalandira cholowa cha njovu Tai.
