Kuukira kwa a Decembrists kudakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri m'mbiri ya Ufumu wa Russia. Zofunikira kuchokera pamalingaliro a anthu omwe amafuna kusintha, komanso kuchokera pakuyimira olamulira, komanso apamwamba kwambiri. Osanena kuti izi zisanachitike, mafumu aku Russia ndi mafumu amawerengedwa kuti ndi anthu osakhudzidwa. Atamwalira Ivana Groznogo, anachimwa poizoni. Ndi Peter III, sizimadziwika: mwina adamwalira ndi zotupa, kapena uchidakwa, kapena amasokoneza aliyense wamoyo. Onse a Petersburg anali chiwembu chotsutsana ndi Paul I mpaka munthu wosaukayo atamwalira chifukwa chophulika pamutu ndi bokosi lofwenkha. Kuphatikiza apo, sanabise zambiri, adakumbutsa omwe adalowa m'malo mwa Peter kupita kwa Catherine ndi Paul Alexander: akuti, kumbukirani yemwe wakukwezani pampando wachifumu. Gulu lolemekezeka, zaka zowunikiridwa - kukumbukira mkazi chifukwa chomwe mwamunayo adaphedwera, komanso kwa mwana wamwamuna chifukwa chomwe abambo adaphedwera.
Paul I watsala pang'ono kugwidwa ndi sitiroko
Koma zinthuzo zinali chete, pafupifupi zochitika pabanja. Palibe amene adasokoneza maziko. Munthu m'modzi adalowa m'malo pampando wachifumu, ndipo zili bwino. Awo omwe ankadandaula adang'ambika lilime lawo kapena kumenyedwa ndi Siberia, ndipo zonse zimapitilira monga kale. A Decembrists, chifukwa cha kusagwirizana kwawo, adaganiza zonse mwanjira ina. Ndipo akuluakulu adazindikira izi.
Bwalo lankhondo ku Senatskaya, makamaka kuwombera kwa akazembe ndi Grand Duke Mikhail Yuryevich, zidawonetsa kuti tsopano amfumu sadzakhala ochepa. “Kuwonongedwa kwa boma lakale” kunatanthauza kuwonongedwa kwa nthumwi zake. Kukulitsa kuponderezedwa kwa mafumu, limodzi ndi Nicholas I, adapita kukawononga banja lake ("Kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa akalonga ndi mafumu ayenera kuphedwa, adawerenga, koma sanapinde zala zawo" - Pestel), ndipo palibe amene adaganizira olemekezeka ndi akazembe. Koma pambuyo pa French Revolution, yomwe ili ndi mitsinje yamagazi, padutsa zaka zopitilira theka la zana. Amfumu amayenera kudziteteza.
Chidule cha zochitikazo chimatenga ndime imodzi ndendende. Kuyambira mu 1818, kusakhutira ndi aboma kunali kucha m'mabwalo apolisi. Akadakhwima zaka 15, koma mlanduwo udapezeka. Emperor Alexander I adamwalira, ndipo mchimwene wake Constantine adakana kulandira korona. Mchimwene wake wamng'ono Nikolai anali ndi ufulu wonse pampando wachifumu, ndipo ndi kwa iye kuti olemekezekawo adalumbira kukhulupirika m'mawa wa Disembala 14, 1825. Achiwembuwo sanadziwe izi ndipo anatenga asitikali awo kupita ku Senate Square. Adafotokozera asitikali - adani akufuna kutenga mpando wachifumu kuchokera kwa Konstantine, ndikofunikira kupewa izi. Atachita ndewu zingapo, omwe akuti anali opandukawo, koma asirikali onyenga, adawomberedwa kuchokera kumanoni. Pakuphedwa kumeneku, palibe mfulu iliyonse yomwe idavutika - adathawa koyambirira. Pambuyo pake, asanu a iwo adapachikidwa, mazana angapo adatumizidwa ku Siberia. Nicholas I adalamulira zaka 30.
Zosankha zingapo pazomwe zikuchitika pakuwukaku zithandizira kufotokozera izi:
1. Choyamba, ndikofunikira kufotokoza kuti si ma Decembrists onse, monga ambiri amakhulupirira, anali ngwazi za Patriotic War ya 1812 komanso kampeni yakunja ya 1813-1814. Masamuwo ndi osavuta: anthu 579 ndi omwe adachita nawo kafukufukuyu, 289 adapezeka olakwa.Mndandanda onsewa, anthu 115 adatenga nawo mbali pankhondo - 1/5 ya mndandanda wonse komanso ochepera theka la mndandanda wa omwe adapezeka olakwa.
2. Zomwe zimayambitsa zigawenga zidali kusintha kwa anthu wamba komwe Alexander I adateteza komanso ku Europe. Palibe amene amamvetsetsa kuti kusinthaku kudzakhala kotani, ndipo izi zidabweretsa mphekesera zosiyanasiyana, mpaka momwe amfumuwo amatenga malo kwa eni malo ndikukonzekera ulimi wozikidwa ndi alimi wamba. Kumbali inayi, kutumizira tirigu kochokera ku Russia kudatsika maulendo 12 pofika 1824. Ndipo mbewu zogulitsa kunja zidapereka ndalama zazikulu kwa eni nyumba ndi boma.
3. Chifukwa chenicheni cha kuwukirako chinali chisokonezo ndi malumbiro. Olemba mbiri yakale amamvetsetsabe chisokonezo ichi. M'malo mwake, zimapezeka kuti Nicholas ndi olemekezeka, osadziwa zakubisidwa kwa Constantine, adalumbira kuti adzamumvera. Kenako, atamva zakusiyaku, adazengereza kwakanthawi, ndipo kupuma uku kunali kokwanira kuti malingaliro ayambe, ndipo a Decembrists adafalitsa mphekesera zakulanda. Amachotsa, akuti, mphamvu kuchokera kwa Constantine wabwino, ndikupatsa Nikolai woyipa. Kuphatikiza apo, a Nicholas nthawi yomweyo adamumanga unyolo Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich, yemwe akuti sanagwirizane ndi kulowa kwake mndende.
4. Magazi oyamba adakhetsedwa nthawi ya 10 koloko pa Disembala 14 ku Moscow. Pankhani ya "ngwazi za 1812": Prince Shchepin-Rostovsky, yemwe sananunkhize mfuti (wobadwa mu 1798), adadula mawu pamutu wa Baron Peter Fredericks, yemwe adalandira Order ya St. Vladimir wa digiri ya 4 ya Borodino. Atathawa, Shchepin-Rostovsky adavulaza General Vasily Shenshin - wamkulu waku Paris, yemwe adamenya nkhondo mosalekeza kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18. Colonel Khvoschinsky adachipeza - adayesetsa kuthandiza Fredericks, yemwe anali atagona chisanu. Pambuyo pa mayina oterewa, msirikali yemwe adamenyedwa ndi Shchepin-Rostovsky pomulondera pa regimental banner, titero, samawerengera ... Asitikaliwo, powona kuti "olemekezeka awo" amathandizana wina ndi mzake, adalimbikitsidwa - adalonjezedwa kuti adzatumikira m'malo mwa zaka 25. Shchepin-Rostovsky pakufufuza anati adateteza lumbiro lakukhulupirika kwa Constantine. Adaweruzidwa kuti aphedwe, adakhululukidwa, adakhala ku ukapolo mpaka 1856, ndipo adamwalira mu 1859.
5. Ku Senate Square, achinyamata adalimbananso ndi msirikali wakale wankhondo yosakondera popanda mantha kapena kunyozedwa. Pamene General Mikhail Miloradovich, yemwe mphoto zake sizomveka kunena - anali asirikali a Miloradovich omwe adathamangitsa achi French kuchokera ku Vyazma kupita ku Paris - adayesa kufotokoza momwe zinthu ziliri ndi Konstantin pamaso pa gulu lankhondo (anali mnzake wapamtima), adaphedwa. Kalonga Yevgeny Obolensky (b. 1797) adamumenya ndi bayonet, ndipo kalonga wazaka chimodzi Pyotr Kakhovsky adawombera wamkulu kumbuyo.
Chojambulacho chimakomera Kakhovsky - adawombera Miloradovich kumbuyo
6. Nicholas I, ngakhale anali ndi nthawi yayifupi pampando wachifumu, atamva za kuwukira, sanataye kanthu. Anatsikira kunyumba yolondera nyumba yachifumu, mu kanthawi kochepa anamanga gulu lankhondo la Preobrazhensky ndikumutsogolera kupita ku Senate Square. Panthawiyi, anali atawombera kale kumeneko. Kampani imodzi ya amuna a Preobrazhensky nthawi yomweyo idatseka mlathowo kuti alepheretse opandukawo. Opandukawo, mbali inayi, analibe utsogoleri wogwirizana, ndipo atsogoleri ena achiwembucho anangochita mantha.
7. Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich adayesa kukambirana ndi zigawengazo. Chomwe chinapulumutsa moyo wake chinali chakuti a Wilhelm Küchelbecker anali, monga momwe amatchulidwira, Küchlei. Sanadziwe kuwombera mfuti kapena kulongedza. Mikhail Pavlovich adayimilira mita zochepa kuchokera ku thunthu lomwe adalunjika kwa iye, ndikupita kwawo. Amayi a Wilhelm Küchelbecker anali kuyamwitsa Grand Duke Misha ...
Kuchelbecker
8. Zochitika zopanda pakezi zidachitika cha m'ma 13:00. Nikolai, limodzi ndi Benckendorff ndi gulu lake lina, adayimirira kumbuyo kwa Preobrazhensky pomwe adawona gulu lankhondo, lomwe limawoneka ngati ma grenadi, opanda oyang'anira. Atafunsidwa kuti anali ndani, asitikali omwe sanazindikire Mfumu yatsopanoyo adakuwa kuti anali a Constantine. Panali magulu ankhondo ochepa kwambiri a boma kotero kuti Nikolai adangowonetsa asitikaliwo komwe akuyenera kupita. Pambuyo pa kuponderezedwa kwa kuwukirako, Nikolai adamva kuti khamulo silinaloŵe mnyumba yachifumu momwe banja lake lidalipo, kokha chifukwa anali atatetezedwa ndi makampani awiri a sappers.
9. Kuyimirira pabwaloli kunatha ndi kuukira kosapambana ndi oyang'anira apakavalo ankhondo aboma. Polimbana ndi bwalo lalikulu, okwera pamahatchi anali ndi mwayi wochepa, ndipo ngakhale akavalo anali pamahatchi a chilimwe. Atataya amuna angapo, okwera pamahatchi abwerera. Ndipo Nikolai adauzidwa kuti zipolopolozo zaperekedwa ...
10. Volley yoyamba inaponyedwa pamitu ya asirikali. Owonerera okha ndi omwe adavulala omwe adakwera pamitengo ndikuyimirira pakati pazipilala za nyumba ya Senate. Mzere wa asitikali unagwa, ndipo volley yachiwiri idagwa kale motsogozedwa ndi gulu losakanikirana lomwe linali kuthamangira ku Neva. Madzi oundanawo adagwa, anthu ambiri adapezeka m'madzi. Kuukira kunatha.
11. Amuna omangidwa kale anali atatchula mayina ambiri kwakuti sipanakhale okwanira okwanira kuti atenge atamangidwawo. Zinali zofunikira kuphatikiza oyang'anira zachitetezo pamlanduwo. Nikolai sanadziwe za kuchuluka kwa chiwembucho. Mwachitsanzo, ku Senatskaya, pakati pa zigawenga, adawona Prince Odoevsky, yemwe anali akuyang'anira ku Winter Palace dzulo. Chifukwa chake achiwembuwo amatha kumwazikana mosavuta. Akuluakulu anali ndi mwayi kuti amakonda "kugawanika" posachedwa.
12. Autocracy inali yovuta kwambiri kotero kuti panalibe malo okwanira omangidwa kwa anthu mazana angapo omangidwa. Nyumba ya Peter ndi Paul Fortress inadzazidwa nthawi yomweyo. Iwo adakhala ku Narva, ndi ku Reval, ndi ku Shlisselburg, m'nyumba ya commandant komanso m'malo ena a Winter Palace. Kumeneko, komanso m'ndende yeniyeni, munalinso makoswe ambiri.
Munalibe malo okwanira mu Peter ndi Paul Fortress ...
13. Boma linalibe lamulo kapena nkhani yomwe a Decembrists amayenera kuweruzidwa. Asitikali akadatha kuwomberedwa chifukwa choukira boma, koma ambiri akadayenera kuwomberedwa, ndipo ambiri mwa omwe anali nawo anali anthu wamba. Atasanthula malamulowo, adapeza kena kake kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 16, koma utomoni wowira udawonetsedwa pamenepo ngati kuphedwa. A Britain adalamula kuti azing'amba matumbo a omwe adaphedwa ndikuwotcha zomwe zidang'ambidwa pamaso pawo ...
14. Pambuyo pa nyumba ya Senate komanso kufunsa koyamba kwa a Nicholas I, zinali zovuta kudabwitsanso, koma Colonel Pestel, yemwe adapulumuka pambuyo pa kugonjetsedwa kwa kuwukira ku South, adapambana. Zinapezeka kuti woukirayo alandila gawo la regiment yake magawo awiri, mchilankhulo cha lero, zigawo zankhondo. Inde, izi sizinatanthauze kuti asirikali a gulu la Pestel adya kawiri kuposa omwe ankhondo onsewo adachita. M'malo mwake, asilikali ake anali ndi njala ndipo anali atavala nsanza. Pestel adayika ndalamazo, osayiwala kugawana ndi anthu abwino. Zinatengera kupanduka konse kuti amuulule.
15. Chifukwa cha kafukufukuyu, oweruza, omwe anali opitilira 60, adakambirana bwino za ziganizozo. Malingaliro anali pakati polemba anthu onse 120 omwe anazengedwa mlandu ku St. Petersburg (milanduyo inachitikanso m'mizinda ina) kuti aliyense achoke pamalikulu. Zotsatira zake, anthu 36 adaweruzidwa kuti aphedwe. Ena onse adalandidwa ufulu wa boma, kugwira ntchito molimbika kwakanthawi, kuthamangitsidwa ku Siberia ndikutsitsidwa pantchito yankhondo. Nicholas I adasintha ziganizo zonse, ngakhale asanu omwe adapachikidwa - amayenera kugawidwa. Chiyembekezo cha ena mwa omwe akuwatsutsa kuti alengeze zomwe akuwatsutsa pawokha pa mlanduwu adasowa - kuzengedwa mlandu kunalibe.
