Wafilosofi komanso mphunzitsi Voltaire (1694 - 1778) sanali chowunikiridwa mu nthambi zilizonse za sayansi kapena zaluso zomwe amachita. Sanatchule malingaliro ake kapena malingaliro ake. Voltaire anali asanapeze sayansi yachilengedwe. Pomaliza, ndakatulo zake, zochititsa chidwi komanso zolemba zake sizingafanane ndi Boileau kapena Corneille. Komabe, kuthekera kwa Voltaire kufotokoza malingaliro ake kapena a anthu ena mchilankhulo chomveka bwino, kulimba mtima kwake, kuwongolera, kutchuka ndi kupezeka kwake zidamupangitsa kukhala wotchuka kwambiri m'mbiri yonse ya filosofi ndi chikhalidwe.
Nthawi yomweyo, Voltaire sanalimbane ndi mavuto afilosofi, sayansi komanso chikhalidwe. Wolemba nawo mwachangu nawo, m'malingaliro ake, mayesero osalungama, kuthandiza omenyerawo ndalama komanso movomerezeka. Pamalo ake ku Switzerland, adasungira anthu ambiri aku France émigrés. Pomaliza, Voltaire adathandizira osewera achinyamata komanso olemba.
1. Kwa nthawi yoyamba dzina labodza "Voltaire" limapezeka pangozi "Oedipus" yomwe idasindikizidwa mu 1718. Dzinalo la wolemba ndi François-Marie Arouet.
2. Voltaire, chifukwa cha godfather wake, Abbot Chateauneuf, adadziwana ndi kutsutsa kwachipembedzo kale kuposa momwe zidasinthira. Mchimwene wake wamkulu wamaganizidwe omasuka anali wokhulupirira moona mtima, pomwe Voltaire adalemba ma epigramu ambiri pa iye. Ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, Voltaire adakhudza alendo obwera ku malo apamwamba powerenga mavesi otsutsa pamtima.
3. Mwa cholowa cha ndakatulo cha Voltaire pali pempho la msirikali wolumala pomupempha kuti amupatse penshoni. Msirikali adapempha wophunzira wachichepere waku koleji ya Jesuit kuti alembe chikalata, koma adalandira pafupifupi ndakatulo. Komabe, adadziwonetsa yekha ndipo wolumala adapatsidwa penshoni.
4. Maphunziro a Voltaire ku koleji ya Ajezwiti amatsutsa nkhani zowopsa za dzanja lofala la maJesuit. Malingaliro omasuka a wophunzira anali odziwika bwino kwa aphunzitsi, koma sanatengere njira zotsutsana ndi Voltaire.
5. Voltaire adazunzidwa koyamba mu 1716 chifukwa cha azithunzithunzi (kuchokera pamaonero ake) okonda za Mfumu Louis XIV yemwe adamwalira ndi regent omwe adatenga mphamvu. Wolemba ndakatulo uyu adatumizidwa kunyumba yachifumu ya Sully, yomwe ili kutali ndi Paris, komwe adakasangalala ndi anthu amalingaliro ofanana komanso anthu amalingaliro ofanana.
Chilumba cha Sully. Malo oyenera kulumikizana
6. "Nthawi" yoyamba mu Bastille Voltaire, monga momwe filimu yodziwika kwambiri yaku Soviet Union idanenera, "adadzikweza yekha pansi." Adalemba ma Coupts otsatirawa, momwe adawadzudzulira Regent waku Orleans pachibale ndi poyizoni. Wolemba mavesiwa sanadziwike, koma Voltaire, pokambirana payekha, adakalipira wapolisi wosadziwika kuti ndiamene adalemba mavesiwo. Zotsatira zake zinali zodziwika - miyezi 11 m'ndende.
7. Ali ndi zaka 30, Voltaire adawonedwa ngati wolemba wamkulu waku France wamasiku athu ano. Izi sizinaimitse cavalier de Rogan kulamula antchito kuti amenye wolemba wolemba pakhonde la salon yodziwika bwino. Voltaire adathamangira kukalandira thandizo kwa iwo omwe amawawona ngati abwenzi, koma atsogoleri ndi owerengeka amangoseka anthu wamba omenyedwa - kubwezeredwa mothandizidwa ndi antchito panthawiyo kunali kofala pakati pa olemekezeka. Palibe amene amakhulupirira kulimba mtima kwa Voltaire, komabe adatsutsa wolakwayo kuti amugwetsere. De Rogan adavomera zovutazo, koma nthawi yomweyo adadandaula kwa abale ake, ndipo Voltaire adabwereranso ku Bastille. Anamumasula pokhapokha atachoka ku France.
Bastille. M'zaka zimenezo, olemba sankaopa kutsutsidwa, koma makoma awa
8. Buku la Voltaire "English Letters" lidawonedwa ndi Nyumba Yamalamulo yaku Paris. Nyumba zamalamulo poti bukulo limasemphana ndimakhalidwe abwino ndi chipembedzo, adaligamula kuti liziwotchedwa, komanso wolemba ndi wofalitsa ku Bastille. Zinali zovuta kupeza kampeni yabwino kwambiri masiku amenewo - kufalitsa kwatsopano kunasindikizidwa nthawi yomweyo ku Holland, ndipo bukulo lidakwera kwambiri pamtengo - owerenga anali asanaganize zopitilira. Chabwino, Voltaire adabisala ku Bastille kunja.
9. Ntchito yopambana kwambiri ya Voltaire iyenera kuganiziridwa ngati sewero "The Princess of Navarre". Sikuti nthawi zonse amaphatikizidwa pamndandanda wazolemba zazikulu, koma ndalama zabwino kwambiri zimalandiridwa: ma franc 20,000 panthawi, malo oyang'anira khothi lachifumu ndikusankhidwa ku French Academy.
10. Voltaire anali wazachuma wabwino kwambiri. Ku France mzaka izi makampani ophatikizana ndi makampani amapangidwa ndikuphulika ambiri patsiku. Mu 1720, ngakhale Banki Yaboma idabweza. Ndipo wolemba m'madzi anzeruwa adakwanitsa kupanga chiyambi cha chuma chake chachikulu.
11. Mbiri ya Marquis de Saint-Lambert, yemwenso ndi katswiri wamaphunziro, amalankhula zamakhalidwe anthawiyo makamaka Voltaire. Voltaire anali wokonda Emilie du Chatelet kwa zaka 10, ndipo kulikonse Emily, Voltaire ndi mwamuna wake amakhala limodzi, osabisa ubale wawo. Tsiku limodzi labwino Saint-Lambert adalowa m'malo mwa Voltaire mumtima mwa Emily, yemwe anali wamkulu kuposa iye zaka 10. Wolemba amayenera kuvomerezana ndi chiwembu, komanso kuti aliyense adapitiliza kukhala limodzi. Pambuyo pake, Voltaire adabwezeredwa - Saint-Lambert momwemonso adalanda mbuye wake kwa m'modzi mwaopikisana nawo kwambiri a Voltaire, a Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
Emilie du Chatelet
12. Voltaire adapeza nyumba yake yoyamba patadutsa zaka 60. Atasamukira ku Switzerland, adagula kaye malo a Delice kenako malo a Fernet. Sizinali zokhudzana ndi ndalama - wolemba anali kale munthu wolemera. Udindo wa Voltaire, ndikulingalira kwake momasuka mu ma monarchy onse, nthawi ndi nthawi kumakhala kovuta kwambiri. Malo ogulitsa anali oyenera kugula kokha ku republican Switzerland.
13. Panthawi yogula, malo a Ferne anali ndi nyumba zisanu ndi zitatu. Voltaire adamupumira moyo watsopano ndi ndalama komanso khama. Kumapeto kwa moyo wake, anthu 1,200 amakhala ku Fern, yemwe wolemba adamanga nyumba ndikupereka ndalama kuti akhazikitse. Ambiri mwa anthuwa anali opanga mawotchi. Mfumukazi yaku Russia, yomwe imalemberana makalata ndi Voltaire, idagula maulonda mazana kuchokera kwa iwo.
Zolemba. Malo omwe Voltaire anali wokondwa okha
14. Voltaire adasindikiza zolemba zake zomangika komanso zomasulira osati pansi pa dzina lake lokha ndi mayina abodza. Amatha kusaina mosavuta pepala lokhala ndi dzina la womwalirayo ndipo ngakhale akadali ndi moyo wotchuka.
15. Asanamwalire Voltaire sanavomereze, kotero mchimwene wake, Abbot Mignot, mwachangu komanso mwachinsinsi anaika thupi la amalume ake mu abbey yake. Kuletsa kuyika munthu wosakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu m'malo opatulira kudabwera mochedwa kwambiri. Mu 1791 zotsalira za Voltaire zidasamutsidwa ku Parisian Pantheon. Pakukonzanso, bokosi la Voltaire lidatengedwa kupita kuchipinda chapansi. Mu 1830 bokosi lidabwezeredwa ku Pantheon. Ndipo, mu 1864, achibale adafuna kubwezera mtima wa Voltaire, womwe amasungidwa ndi iwo, ku fukoli, zidapezeka kuti bokosi la Voltaire, monga bokosi la Rousseau loyimirira pafupi nalo, lidalibe kanthu. Malinga ndi mphekesera zosamveka, zotsalira za anthu otchuka zidawotchedwa mu 1814 ndikuwonjezeka.
