Mavairasi adawoneka Padziko Lapansi kale kwambiri kuposa anthu ndipo akhala padzikoli ngakhale anthu atazimiririka. Timaphunzira zakupezeka kwawo (ngati siine ntchito yathu kufufuza ma virus) pokhapokha tikadwala. Ndipo apa zikuwoneka kuti kanthu kakang'ono aka, kamene sikangawoneke ndi microscope wamba, kakhoza kukhala koopsa kwambiri. Ma virus amayambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana kuchokera ku fuluwenza ndi matenda a adenovirus kupita ku Edzi, hepatitis ndi fever. Ndipo ngati oimira nthambi zina za biology pantchito yawo ya tsiku ndi tsiku amangophunzira "ma wadi" awo, ndiye kuti ma virologist ndi ma microbiologist ali patsogolo pakulimbana ndi miyoyo ya anthu. Kodi mavairasi ndi chiyani ndipo ndichifukwa chiyani ali owopsa?
1. Malinga ndi chimodzi mwazomwe ena amaganiza, moyo wama cell padziko lapansi unayamba kachilomboka katayamba mizu m'mabakiteriya, ndikupanga khungu. Mulimonsemo, mavairasi ndi zolengedwa zakale kwambiri.
2. Mavairasi ndi osavuta kusokoneza ndi mabakiteriya. Momwemo, pagulu la banja, palibe kusiyana kwakukulu. Timakumana nawo onse komanso ena tikadwala. Mavairasi kapena mabakiteriya sawoneka ndi maso. Koma mwasayansi, kusiyana pakati pa mavairasi ndi mabakiteriya ndi kwakukulu kwambiri. Bacteria ndi thupi lodziyimira palokha, ngakhale nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi khungu limodzi. Kachilomboka sikamafika ngakhale mchipinda - amangokhala mamolekyulu mchigobacho. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timavulaza mbali, m'kati mwa kukhalapo, komanso kwa mavairasi, kudya nyama yomwe ili ndi kachilombo ndiyo njira yokhayo ya moyo ndi kubereka.
3. Asayansi akutsutsanabe ngati mavairasi atha kuonedwa ngati zamoyo zonse. Asanalowe m'maselo amoyo, amafa ngati miyala. Mbali inayi, ali ndi cholowa. Mutu wamabuku a sayansi yotchuka onena za mavairasi ndi womwe umadziwika: "Zolingalira ndi kutsutsana za mavairasi" kapena "Kodi kachilomboka ndi bwenzi kapena mdani?"
4. Mavairasi anapezeka mofanana kwambiri ndi pulaneti ya Pluto: kumapeto kwa nthenga. Wasayansi waku Russia Dmitry Ivanovsky, wofufuza zamatenda a fodya, adayesa kusefa mabakiteriya, koma adalephera. Pakufufuza kochepetsetsa, wasayansiyo adawona makhiristo omwe sanali mabakiteriya (anali ma virus, kenako adatchedwa Ivanovsky). Mankhwala opatsirana amwalira atatenthedwa. Ivanovsky anazindikira zomveka: matenda amayamba ndi chamoyo, wosaoneka wamba kuwala maikulosikopu. Ndipo makhiristo adatha kudzipatula kokha mu 1935. American Wendell Stanley adalandira Mphotho ya Nobel ya iwo mu 1946.
5. Mnzake wa Stanley, American Francis Rows adadikirira nthawi yayitali kuti alandire Mphotho ya Nobel. Rose adazindikira momwe khansa idakhalira mu 1911, ndipo adalandira mphothoyo mu 1966, ndipo ngakhale pamenepo pamodzi ndi Charles Huggins, yemwe sankagwirizana ndi ntchito yake.
6. Liwu loti "virus" (Chilatini "chiphe") lidayambitsidwa kufalikira kwasayansi m'zaka za zana la 18. Ngakhale pamenepo, asayansi mwachidziwikire anaganiza kuti pali tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, zomwe zochita zake ndizofanana ndi zochita za ziphe. Dutchman Martin Bijerink, akuchita zoyeserera zofananira ndi za Ivanovsky, otchedwa wosaoneka omwe amayambitsa matenda "mavairasi".
7. Mavairasi adayamba kuwonekera pokhapokha ma microscopes a electron atawonekera pakati pa zaka za 20th. Virology idayamba kukula. Anthu masauzande ambiri apeza ma virus. Kapangidwe ka kachilomboka ndi momwe zimapangidwira. Mpaka pano, ma virus opitilira 6,000 apezeka. Chotheka kwambiri, ili ndi gawo laling'ono kwambiri mwa iwo - zoyesayesa za asayansi zimayang'ana kwambiri ma virus a anthu ndi nyama zoweta, ndipo ma virus amapezeka kulikonse.
8. Kachilombo kalikonse kali ndi magawo awiri kapena atatu: mamolekyulu a RNA kapena DNA, ndi maenvulopu amodzi kapena awiri.
9. Akatswiri a Microbiologists amagawa mavairasi mu mitundu inayi, koma magawanowa ndi akunja - amakupatsani mwayi wamavairasi oyenda, oblong, ndi ena. Mavairasi amakhalanso ndi RNA (ambiri) ndi DNA. Zonse pamodzi, mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya mavairasi imasiyanitsidwa.
10. Pafupifupi 40% ya DNA yaumunthu ikhoza kukhala zotsalira za mavairasi omwe akhazikika mwa anthu mibadwo yambiri. Mumaselo amthupi la munthu mumakhalanso mapangidwe, omwe ntchito zawo sizingakhazikitsidwe. Amathanso kukhala ma virus.
11. Mavairasi amakhala ndikuchulukirachulukira m'maselo amoyo. Kuyesera kuwatulutsa ngati mabakiteriya mumisuzi yama michere kwalephera. Ndipo mavairasi amakonda kwambiri maselo amoyo - ngakhale m'thupi lomwelo, amatha kukhala m'maselo ena.
12. Mavairasi amalowa m'selo mwina mwa kuwononga khoma lake, kapena kubaya jekeseni ya RNA kudzera mu nembanemba, kapena kulola kuti selo lidziyese. Kenako njira yokopera RNA imayambika ndipo kachilomboka kamayamba kuchulukana. Tizilombo tina, kuphatikizapo HIV, timatulutsidwa m'selo yopatsidwayo popanda kumuwononga.
13. Pafupifupi matenda onse owopsa amtundu wa anthu amapatsirana ndimadontho oyenda pandege. Kupatulapo ndi HIV, chiwindi ndi nsungu.
14. Mavairasi amathanso kukhala othandiza. Akalulu atakhala tsoka ladziko lonse lowopseza ulimi wonse ku Australia, anali kachilombo koyambitsa matendawa komwe kanathandiza kuthana ndi ziwombankhanga. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timabweretsedwa komwe udzudzu umadzikundikira - kunapezeka kuti kulibe vuto lililonse kwa iwo, ndipo amapatsira akalulu kachilomboka.
15. Ku kontinenti yaku America, mothandizidwa ndi ma virus opangidwa mwapadera, akumenya nkhondo yolimbana ndi tizirombo tazomera. Mavairasi omwe alibe vuto kwa anthu, zomera ndi nyama amapopera mankhwala pamanja komanso pandege.
16. Dzinalo la mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe amatchedwa Interferon amachokera ku mawu oti "kusokoneza". Ili ndi dzina lothandizirana ndi mavairasi omwe ali mchipinda chomwecho. Kunapezeka kuti mavairasi awiri mu khungu limodzi nthawi zonse siabwino. Ma virus amatha kuponderezana. Ndipo interferon ndi puloteni yomwe imatha kusiyanitsa kachilombo "koipa" ndi kosavulaza ndikungochita kokha.
17. Kubwerera mchaka cha 2002, kachilombo koyambirira koyamba kanapezeka. Kuphatikiza apo, ma virus achilengedwe opitilira 2,000 adazindikiratu ndipo asayansi atha kuwabwezeretsanso mu labotale. Izi zimatsegula mwayi waukulu pakupanga mankhwala atsopano ndikupanga njira zatsopano zamankhwala, komanso kupanga zida zankhondo zothandiza kwambiri. Kuphulika kwa malo wamba ndipo, monga kudalengezedwera, nthomba yomwe yakhala ikutha masiku ano imatha kupha anthu mamiliyoni ambiri chifukwa chosowa chitetezo chamthupi.
18. Tikafufuza za kufa kwa matenda a ma virus m'mbiri yakale, tanthauzo lapakati pazaka zamatenda am'magazi ngati mliri wa Mulungu zimawonekera. Nthomba, miliri, ndi typhus nthawi zonse zimachepetsa anthu ku Europe, kuwononga mizinda yonse. Amwenye aku America sanaphedwe ndi asitikali ankhondo wamba kapena ndi anyamata olimba mtima okhala ndi ma Colts m'manja. Awiri mwa atatu mwa amwenyewo adamwalira ndi nthomba, pomwe azungu otukuka adapatsidwa mankhwala opatsira katundu wogulitsidwa ku Redskins. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, kuchokera pa 3 mpaka 5% ya anthu padziko lapansi amwalira ndi fuluwenza. Mliri wa Edzi ukuwonekera, mosasamala kanthu za zoyesayesa zonse za madokotala, pamaso pathu.
19. Ma Filovirusi ndiwoopsa kwambiri masiku ano. Gulu la ma virus likupezeka m'maiko aku equator ndi kumwera kwa Africa pambuyo poti patadwala nthenda zotuluka magazi - matenda omwe munthu amataya madzi m'thupi kapena kutuluka magazi msanga. Kuphulika koyamba kudalembedwa mzaka za m'ma 1970. Ambiri omwe amafa ndi nthenda yotaya magazi ndi 50%.
20. Mavairasi ndi nkhani yachonde kwa olemba komanso opanga mafilimu. Chiwembu cha momwe kufalikira kwa matenda osadziwika a virus kumawononga unyinji wa anthu kudaseweredwa ndi Stephen King ndi Michael Crichton, Kir Bulychev ndi Jack London, Dan Brown ndi Richard Matheson. Pali makanema ndi makanema ambiri pa mutu womwewo.
