M'modzi mwamakanema aku Soviet pali zochitika zomwe sizolondola m'mbiri, koma zolondola kwambiri kuchokera pamawonekedwe a Bolsheviks ku Soviet Russia mzaka zoyambirira kulanda mphamvu. Pakufunsidwa ndi mutu wa a Cheka Felix Dzerzhinsky, m'modzi mwa mamembala omwe amangidwa a Providenceal Government alengeza kuti akapititsidwa kunkhondoko, adzaimba nyimbo yamphamvu ya msirikali. Ndipo amafunsa Dzerzhinsky zomwe abambo a Bolshevik adzaimba. Iron Felix, mosazengereza, akuyankha kuti sadzafunika kuyimba - aphedwa panjira.
A Bolsheviks, ziribe kanthu momwe mumawachitira ndi malingaliro andale, kwazaka makumi atatu adakhala ndikumanga dziko lawo moopsezedwa ndikuphedwa "panjira". Sakanapulumutsidwa (ndi kupulumutsidwa) ngakhale azungu panthawi ya Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni, kapena eni nyuzipepala ndi oyendetsa sitimayo, ngati atabwerera ku Russia pamiyala yakunja, kapena ndi a Nazi mu Great Patriotic War. Koma kuthekera kwakuti kufa kwamunthu aliyense wa a Bolshevik chifukwa cha kugwa kwa dongosolo lonselo kutha, kulowerera kosagawika kwa boma la Soviet kulunjika kudayamba.
Tiyeni tiyese kukumbukira momwe ma Bolshevik adalili, zomwe amafuna komanso chifukwa, pamapeto pake, adataya.
1. Woyambitsa Bolshevism, VI Lenin, adadziwika kuti dzina "Bolsheviks" ngati "lopanda tanthauzo." Zowonadi, sizinafotokoze china chilichonse kupatula kuti omutsatira a Lenin adatha kupindulira mbali yawo nthumwi ku Second Congress ya RSDLP. Komabe, kusinkhasinkha kwa Lenin kunali kopitilira muyeso - koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20, mayina azipani pafupifupi m'maiko onse omwe amayesera kukhala ofanana ndi ndale zomwe zikuyimira chifuniro cha anthu anali mawu angapo. Asososistiya amawopa zachisosholizimu ngati moto, zipani za "People" zimadzitcha okha monarchists kapena oimira mabungwe ang'onoang'ono, ndipo aliyense, kuyambira achikominisi mpaka Nazi, adadzitcha okha "Democratic".
2. Kusiyana pakati pa a Bolsheviks ndi a Mensheviks adayitanidwa ndi mbali zonse ziwiri kuti kugawanika. M'malo mwake, izi zimangokhudza ubale wamkati wachipani. Mgwirizano wabwino umasungidwa pakati pa mamembala amgululi. Mwachitsanzo, Lenin anali ndiubwenzi wautali ndi mtsogoleri wa Mensheviks, Yuli Martov.
3. Ngati a Bolshevik adadzitcha choncho, ndiye kuti dzina loti Mensheviks lidangopezeka m'mawu a Bolshevik - omwe amawatsutsa adadzitcha RSDLP kapena kungoti chipani.
4. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa a Bolsheviks ndi mamembala ena a RSDLP kunali kovuta kwambiri komanso kolimba kwa lamuloli. Chipanichi chikuyenera kuyeserera olamulira mwankhanza, kulimbikitsa kulimbikitsa kusamutsidwa kwa nthaka kwa omwe amalima, ndipo mayiko akuyenera kukhala ndi ufulu wodziyimira pawokha. Kuphatikiza apo, mamembala onse achipani akuyenera kugwirira ntchito chipani china. Ndikosavuta kuwona kuti mfundozi zidakwaniritsidwa mwachangu Bolsheviks atayamba kulamulira.
5. Mwa zipani zina, a Bolshevik, asanayambe kulamulira mu 1917, adatsata mfundo zosintha malinga ndi momwe zingathere, ndikukonzanso ntchito zawo kutengera nthawi yandale. Zofunikira zawo sizinasinthe, koma machenjerero a nkhondoyi amasintha pafupipafupi.
6. Pa nthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, a Bolsheviks adalimbikitsa kugonjetsedwa kwa Russia. Poyambirira, motsutsana ndi mbiri yakukondweretsedwa kwa anthu, izi zidatembenuza anthu kuti aziwasiya ndikupatsa boma chifukwa choti apondereze. Zotsatira zake, pofika 1917, mphamvu zandale za a Bolsheviks zidasinthiratu.
7. Mabungwe ambiri a RSDLP (b) ku Russia mpaka nthawi yachilimwe ya 1917 idagonjetsedwa, mamembala ambiri achipani anali mndende ndikuthamangitsidwa. Makamaka, JV Stalin analinso kumayiko akutali aku Siberia. Koma atangofika Revolution ya February ndi chikhululukiro cholengezedwa ndi Providenceal Government, a Bolsheviks adakwanitsa kupanga mabungwe azipani amphamvu m'mizinda yayikulu yamafakitale ndi St. Petersburg. Chiwerengero cha chipanichi munthawi yochepa chakula maulendo 12 ndipo chafika anthu 300,000.
8. Mtsogoleri wa a Bolsheviks, Lenin anali ndi mphatso yamphamvu yokopa. Atafika ku Russia mu Epulo 1917, adalengeza za "April Theses" zake zotchuka: kukana kuthandizira boma lililonse, kutha kwa gulu lankhondo, mtendere wamtsogolo komanso kusintha kwa kusintha kwachisosistiya. Poyamba, ngakhale oyandikana nawo kwambiri sanamuone, pulogalamu ya Lenin inali yoopsa kwambiri ngakhale panthawi yopanda malamulo pambuyo pa February. Komabe, milungu iwiri pambuyo pake Msonkhano Wonse wa Russia wa Chipani cha Bolshevik udatengera ma Theses a Epulo ngati pulogalamu yogwira ntchito kubungwe lonse.
9. Kubwera kwa Lenin ndi omwe anali nawo ku Petrograd kumawerengedwa ndi ambiri kukhala olimbikitsidwa ndikukonzedwa ndi asitikali aku Germany. Kukula kwa njira zosinthira kumathandizadi Germany - adani mwamphamvu kwambiri mdzikolo adatuluka pankhondo. Komabe, zotsatira zomaliza za ntchitoyi - chifukwa chakusintha, Lenin adalanda mphamvu, ndipo a Kaiser, omwe anali kutumikiridwa ndi gulu lankhondo laku Germany, adagonjetsedwa - zimadabwitsa kuti ndani adagwiritsa ntchito ntchitoyi, ngakhale idalipo.
10. Nkhani ina yayikulu komanso yosatsutsika kwa a Bolsheviks ndikupha Emperor Nicholas II ndi abale ake. Ngakhale pali mikangano yonena za yemwe adawomberedwa m'nyumba ya Ipatiev ku Yekaterinburg, mwina anali Nikolai, mkazi wake, ana, antchito ndi dokotala yemwe adaphedwa. Kuchita bwino pandale kumalungamitsa kuphedwa kwa mfumu, nthawi yayitali, wolowa m'malo wachichepere, koma mulimonsemo kuphedwa kwa anthu osawadziwa olowa m'malo pampando wachifumu.
11. Chifukwa cha zigawenga zankhondo mu Okutobala, a Bolshevik adayamba kulamulira ku Russia ndipo adakhalabe chipani cholamulira (pansi pa mayina osiyanasiyana) mpaka 1991. Mawu oti "Bolsheviks" adasowa dzina la chipani chotchedwa RCP (b) "Russian Communist Party") ndi VKP (b) ("All-Union Communist Party") kokha mu 1952, pomwe chipanichi chidalandira dzina la KPSS ("Communist Party of the Soviet Union") ...
12. Mtsogoleri yemwe adachitidwa ziwanda kwambiri ndi a Bolshevik pambuyo pa Lenin anali Joseph Stalin. Amadziwika kuti ndi wopereka nsembe mamiliyoni ambirimbiri, kuwononga anthu panthawi yakukhazikika komanso machimo ena ambiri. Zomwe Soviet Union idachita muulamuliro wake zimachotsedwa m'makalasi, kapena zimawerengedwa kuti zakwaniritsidwa motsutsana ndi kufuna kwa Stalin.
13. Ngakhale Stalin anali ndi mphamvu zonse, adakakamizidwa kuyendetsa magulu osiyanasiyana motsogozedwa ndi Chipani cha Bolshevik. Zikuwoneka kuti pokambirana za chiphunzitso chachuma ku USSR koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1930, adaphonya mphindiyo, kapena adakakamizidwa kuti avomereze kuzunzidwa kwa Tchalitchi cha Orthodox komanso kuwonongedwa kwa mipingo. Bolshevik boma adatha kubwerera ku nkhani yolumikizana ndi tchalitchi mzaka zankhondo zokha.
14. Atsogoleri achipani cha Bolshevik anali motsatizana V. Lenin, I. Stalin, NS Khrushchev, L. Brezhnev, Yu. Andropov, K. U. Chernenko ndi M. Gorbachev.
A Zyuganov, pazolakwa zonse za omwe adawatsogolera, apa ndizowonekeratu
Pa nthawi yonse yomwe anali pampando, a Bolsheviks ndi achikomyunizimu adaimbidwa mlandu wakuba banal. Zonsezi zidayamba ndi mamiliyoni aku franc aku Switzerland ndalama, akuti amasungidwa motetezedwa ndi mlembi wa Central Committee ya RCP (b) Yakov Sverdlov mzaka za 1920, ndipo zidatha ndi mabiliyoni a madola aku US omwe adayikidwa Kumadzulo motsogozedwa ndi Nikolai Kruchina, wamkulu wa CPSU Central Committee, yemwe adadzipha m'masiku omaliza a kukhalapo kwake USSR. Ngakhale panali milandu yayikuluyi, ngakhale ntchito zapadera zamayiko osiyanasiyana, kapena ofufuza achinsinsi sanathe kupeza dola kuchokera ku "Bolshevik" ndalama.
16. M'mabuku azakale komanso zopeka, mutha kupeza lingaliro la "a Bolshevik akale". Sizokhudza zaka za iwo omwe akuyitanidwa ndi nthawi imeneyi. Mamembala odziwika a RSDLP (b) - RCP (b) - VKP (b), omwe adagwa pansi pazoponderezedwa mzaka za m'ma 1930, adayamba kutchedwa akale a Bolshevik m'ma 1950 - 1960. Mawu akuti "wakale" pankhaniyi amatanthauza "ndani adadziwa Lenin", "anali ndi chidziwitso cha chipani chisanachitike" ndicholinga chodziwikiratu. Stalin, akuti, adatulutsa zipsinjo kuti achotse ma Bolshevik abwino, odziwa bwino, ndikuyika omwe adawalembera m'malo mwawo.
17. Poganizira kuti panthawi ya Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni komanso kulowererapo kwa maulamuliro akumadzulo, United States ndi Japan motsutsana ndi Soviet Russia, zipani zandale zonse, kuyambira a Mensheviks mpaka ma monarchists, pomwe anali okangalika komanso pomwe adakakamizidwa kuthandizira zankhondo motsutsana ndi boma la Soviet, lingaliro la "Bolshevik" lidapeza kutanthauzira kwakukulu. "Bolsheviks" adayamba kuyitanira anthu wamba wamba omwe anali ndi vuto lakulima chakhumi cha malo a eni nyumba kapena ogwira nawo ntchito omwe adalowa nawo gulu lankhondo lofiira. Malingaliro andale a "Bolsheviks" otere atha kukhala kutali ndi a Lenin.
18. Anazi adayesetsanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira yomweyi munkhondo yayikulu yapadziko lonse lapansi. Anthu aku Soviet Union adalengezedwa kuti akuzunzidwa ndi "a Bolsheviks": Ayuda, achikominisi komanso mabwana amitundumitundu. Hitler ndi anzawo sankaganiziranso za kuti zikepe zantchito zidayenda mwachangu kwambiri kuposa kale lonse mu Soviet Union. Akuluakulu a Bolsheviks amatha kupeza mwana wamwamuna wamba yemwe adawonetsa luso lantchito pamalo omanga, kapena msirikali wa Red Army yemwe adadziwika kuti ndiwofulumira kwambiri ndikukhala wamkulu wofiira. Atalembetsa anthu ambiri ngati a Bolshevik, Anazi mwachilengedwe adalandira gulu lamphamvu kumbuyo kwawo.
19. A Bolsheviks adagonjetsedwa kwakukulu osati mu 1991, koma kale kwambiri. Dongosololi, momwe zigamulo pazinthu zonse sizipangidwa ndi akatswiri odziwa bwino, koma ndi anthu omwe amapatsidwa ndalama ndi chidaliro cha chipani, koma osakhala ndi chidziwitso chofunikira, adagwira bwino ntchito mgulu lakale laku Soviet la m'ma 1900, ndikuthandizira kupambana nkhondo ndi Nazi Germany. Koma pambuyo pa nkhondo, anthu, sayansi ndi kupanga zidayamba kukula mwachangu kuti Bolshevik Party sakanatha kutsatira izi. Kuyambira ndi Khrushchev, atsogoleri amakominisi sanathenso kutsogolera machitidwe azachuma komanso zachuma, koma amangoyesera kuthana nawo mwanjira inayake. Zotsatira zake, dongosololi lidayamba haywire ndipo USSR idasiya kukhalapo.
20. Ku Russia kwamakono kunalinso chipani cha National Bolshevik (choletsedwa mu 2007 ngati gulu lowopsa). Mtsogoleri wachipanicho anali wolemba wotchuka Eduard Limonov. Pulogalamu yachipanichi idali yosakanikirana ndi malingaliro azachikhalidwe, zokomera mayiko, achifumu komanso owolowa manja. Monga gawo la kuchitapo kanthu, a National Bolsheviks adalanda malo mu Presidential Administration, ofesi ya Surguneftegaz, Unduna wa Zachuma wa RF, adaponya mazira ndi tomato kwa andale, ndikupachika mawu osaloledwa. Ambiri a National Bolsheviks adalandira zilango zenizeni, ngakhale ambiri adaweruzidwa poyesedwa. Limonov yemweyo, polingalira kumangidwa koyamba, adakhala m'ndende zaka zinayi chifukwa chokhala ndi zida zosaloledwa.
