Hannibal

Hannibal (247-183 BC) - Mtsogoleri wa Carthaginian. Anali mdani wolimba wa Republic of Roman komanso mtsogoleri womaliza wa Carthage asanagwe munkhondo za Punic.

Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Hannibal, zomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.

Chifukwa chake, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yayifupi ya Hannibal.

Hannibal mbiri

Hannibal anabadwa mu 247 BC. ku Carthage (tsopano dera la Tunisia). Iye anakulira ndipo anakulira m'banja la mkulu Hamilcar Barki. Anali ndi abale awiri ndi alongo atatu.

Ubwana ndi unyamata

Hannibal ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 9, adalonjeza kukhalabe mdani wa Roma moyo wake wonse. Mutu wabanja, yemwe nthawi zambiri ankamenya nkhondo ndi Aroma, anali ndi chiyembekezo chachikulu kwa ana ake. Adalota kuti anyamatawo adzawononga ufumuwu.

Posakhalitsa, abambo ake anatenga Hannibal wazaka 9 kupita nawo ku Spain, komwe adayesa kumanganso kwawo, itatha Nkhondo Yoyamba ya Punic. Apa ndipomwe bambo adakakamiza mwana wawo kuti alumbire kuti adzakana Ufumu wa Roma moyo wake wonse.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mawu oti "Kulumbira kwa Hannibal" adakhala ndi mapiko. Panthawi yankhondo ya Hamilcar, mwana wake wamwamuna Hannibal anali atazunguliridwa ndi asirikali, chifukwa anali kudziwa moyo wankhondo kuyambira ali mwana.

Kukula, Hannibal adayamba kutenga nawo mbali pantchito yankhondo ya abambo ake, ndikupeza chidziwitso chamtengo wapatali. Hamilcar atamwalira, gulu lankhondo laku Carthagine ku Spain lidatsogozedwa ndi mpongozi wake komanso mnzake Hasdrubal.

Patapita nthawi, Hannibal anayamba kutumikira monga mkulu wa apakavalo. Anadziwonetsera ngati wankhondo wolimba mtima, chifukwa chake anali ndi ulamuliro ndi omvera ake. Mu 221 BC. e. Hasdrubal anaphedwa, pambuyo pake Hannibal anasankhidwa kukhala mtsogoleri watsopano wa gulu lankhondo la Carthaginian.

Mtsogoleri Wamkulu ku Spain

Atakhala wamkulu-wamkulu, Hannibal adapitilizabe kulimbana mwamphamvu ndi Aroma. Anakwanitsa kukulitsa gawo la Carthage kudzera muntchito zankhondo zokonzekera bwino. Posakhalitsa mizinda yolandidwa ya fuko la Alcad idakakamizidwa kuzindikira ulamuliro wa Carthage.

Pambuyo pake, wamkuluyo adapitiliza kugonjetsa malo atsopano. Adalanda mizinda yayikuru ya Wakkei - Salamantika ndi Arbokala, ndipo pambuyo pake adagonjetsa fuko la Celtic - Carpetans.

Boma la Roma lidali ndi nkhawa ndi zomwe achita Carthaginians adachita, pozindikira kuti ufumuwo uli pachiwopsezo. Magulu onsewa adakambirana zaufulu wokhala ndi madera ena. Zokambirana pakati pa Roma ndi Carthage zidayima, pomwe mbali iliyonse idapereka zofuna zake, osafuna kunyalanyaza.

Zotsatira zake, mu 219 BC. Hannibal, ndi chilolezo cha akuluakulu aku Carthagine, alengeza kuyambika kwa nkhondo. Anayamba kuzinga mzinda wa Sagunta, womwe mwamatsenga udatsutsa mdani. Komabe, patatha miyezi isanu ndi itatu yakuzingidwa, nzika za mzindawo zidakakamizidwa kugonja.

Mwa lamulo la Hannibal, amuna onse aku Sagunta adaphedwa, ndipo amayi ndi ana adagulitsidwa kukhala akapolo. Roma idalamula kuchokera ku Carthage kuti abweretse Hannibal mwachangu, koma osalandira yankho kuchokera kwa akuluakulu, adalengeza nkhondo. Nthawi yomweyo, mkuluyu anali atakhazikitsa kale njira yolowera Italy.

Hannibal chidwi kwambiri zochita reconnaissance, amene anapereka zotsatira zawo. Anatumiza akazembe ake kumafuko achi Gallic, ambiri omwe anavomera kukhala ogwirizana ndi a Carthaginians.

Kampeni yaku Italiya

Ankhondo a Hannibal anali ndi oyenda okwanira 90,000, okwera pamahatchi 12,000 ndi njovu 37. Mukupanga kwakukulu koteroko, asitikali adadutsa Pyrenees, kukumana ndi otsutsana ndi mafuko osiyanasiyana panjira.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti Hannibal samachita nawo mikangano yotseguka ndi adani nthawi zonse. Nthawi zina, adapereka mphatso zamtengo wapatali kwa atsogoleri, chifukwa adagwirizana kuti asasokoneze njira ya asitikali ake m'maiko awo.

Komabe, nthawi zambiri iye anakakamizika kuchita nkhondo yamagazi ndi otsutsa. Zotsatira zake, kuchuluka kwa omenyera ake kumachepa mosalekeza. Atafika ku Alps, adayenera kumenyana ndi okwera mapiri.

Pambuyo pake, Hannibal adapita ku Chigwa cha Moriena. Pofika nthawi imeneyo, gulu lake lankhondo linali ndi asitikali oyenda pansi okwanira 20,000 komanso okwera pamahatchi 6,000. Pambuyo kutsika kwamasiku 6 kuchokera ku Alps, ankhondowo adalanda likulu la fuko la Taurin.

Kuwonekera kwa Hannibal ku Italy kudadabwitsa kwathunthu ku Roma. Nthawi yomweyo, mafuko ena achi Gallic adalowa nawo gulu lankhondo. A Carthaginians adakumana ndi Aroma pagombe la Po River, kuwagonjetsa.

Pankhondo zotsatila, Hannibal adakhalanso wamphamvu kuposa Aroma, kuphatikiza nkhondo ya Trebia. Pambuyo pake, anthu onse okhala m'derali adalumikizana naye. Patapita miyezi ingapo, a Carthaginians adamenya nkhondo ndi asitikali aku Roma omwe anali kuteteza njira yopita ku Roma.

Munthawi imeneyi ya mbiri yake, Hannibal adatupa kwambiri m'maso, chifukwa chake adataya m'modzi wawo. Mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake, adakakamizidwa kuvala bandeji. Pambuyo pake, wamkuluyo adapambana nkhondoyi motsatizana ndipo anali pamtunda wamakilomita 80 kuchokera ku Roma.

Pofika nthawiyo, Fabius Maximus anali wolamulira mwankhanza watsopano muulamuliro. Adasankha kuti asamenye nkhondo ndi Hannibal, akumusankha njira zothanirana ndi mdani ndi zigawenga.

Ulamuliro wankhanza wa Fabius utatha, a Gnei Servilius Geminus ndi a Marcus Atilius Regulus adayamba kulamula asitikali, omwe nawonso adatsata njira yomwe adalowererapo. Asitikali a Hannibal adayamba kusowa chakudya.

Posakhalitsa Aroma adasonkhanitsa gulu lankhondo la asitikali 92,000, akuganiza zopitilira adani atatopa ndi ntchito. Pa nkhondo yotchuka ya Cannes, asitikali a Hannibal adawonetsa kulimba mtima, ndikwanitsa kugonjetsa Aroma, omwe anali kuposa iwo mwamphamvu. Pankhondoyi, Aroma adataya asitikali ngati 50,000, pomwe aku Carthaginians adangotsala 6,000.

Komabe Hannibal anali kuwopa kuukira Roma, pozindikira kuti mzindawu unali wotetezedwa kwambiri. Pazinga, analibe zida zoyenera komanso chakudya choyenera. Amayembekeza kuti Aroma amupatsa kanthu, koma izi sizinachitike.

Kugwa kwa Capua ndi nkhondo ku Africa

Pambuyo pa kupambana ku Cannes, Hannibal adasamukira ku Capua, komwe kudathandizira zochita za Carthage. Mu 215 BC. Aroma adakonza zotengera Capua mu mphete, momwe mdani anali. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti nthawi yachisanu mumzinda uno, a Carthaginians adachita maphwando ndi zosangalatsa, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti gulu lankhondo liwonongeke.

Komabe, Hannibal adakwanitsa kulamulira mizinda yambiri ndikupanga mgwirizano ndi mafuko ndi mafumu osiyanasiyana. Panthawi yolanda madera atsopano, ochepa aku Carthaginians adatsalira ku Capua, omwe Aroma adapezerapo mwayi.

Anazungulira mzindawo ndipo posakhalitsa analowa mumzindawo. Hannibal sanathenso kulamulanso Capua. Kuphatikiza apo, sakanatha kuukira Roma, pozindikira kufooka kwake. Ataima kwakanthawi pafupi ndi Roma, adabwerera. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti mawu oti "Hannibal pachipata" adakhala ndi mapiko.

Uku kunali kubwezera kwakukulu kwa Hannibal. Kuphedwa kwa Aroma kwa a Capuan kunawopsyeza anthu okhala m'mizinda ina, omwe adapita kumbali ya Carthaginians. Ulamuliro wa Hannibal pakati pa ogwirizana aku Italy udasokonekera pamaso pathu. M'madera ambiri, zipolowe zidayamba ku Roma.

Mu 210 BC. Hannibal anagonjetsa Aroma pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya Gerdonia, koma nkhondoyo idapitilira mbali ina. Pambuyo pake, Aroma adakwanitsa kupambana zopambana zingapo ndikupeza mwayi pankhondo yolimbana ndi a Carthaginians.

Pambuyo pake, gulu lankhondo la Hannibal limabwerera mobwerezabwereza, ndikupereka mizinda kwa Aroma motsatira. Posakhalitsa adalandira malangizo kuchokera kwa akulu aku Carthage kuti abwerere ku Africa. Chakumayambiriro kwa nyengo yozizira, kazembeyo adayamba kukonzekera mapulani ena omenyera nkhondo ndi Aroma.

Ndi chiyambi cha mikangano yatsopano, Hannibal adapitilizabe kugonjetsedwa, chifukwa chake adataya chiyembekezo chodzagonjetsa Aroma. Ataitanidwa mwachangu ku Carthage, adapita kumeneko ali ndi chiyembekezo chokhazikitsa mtendere ndi mdani.

Kazembe Wachiroma Scipio adapereka malingaliro ake amtendere:

Carthage asiya magawo ena kunja kwa Africa;
amapereka zombo zonse zankhondo kupatula 10;
amataya ufulu womenya nkhondo popanda chilolezo cha Roma;
akubwezera Massinissa zomwe anali nazo.

Carthage sakanachitira mwina koma kuvomereza zoterezi. Magulu onsewa adachita mgwirizano wamtendere, chifukwa cha nkhondo yachiwiri ya Punic.

Zochita zandale komanso ukapolo

Ngakhale adagonjetsedwa, Hannibal adapitilizabe kusangalala ndi ulamuliro wa anthu. Mu 196 adasankhidwa kukhala Suffet - wamkulu kwambiri ku Carthage. Adakhazikitsa zosintha kwa oligarchs omwe amapeza phindu mwachinyengo.

Chifukwa chake, Hannibal adadzipangira yekha adani ambiri. Anadziwiratu kuti mwina adzafunika kutuluka mu mzindawo, zomwe pamapeto pake zidachitika. Usiku, mwamunayo adakwera ngalawa kupita pachilumba cha Kerkina, ndipo kuchokera kumeneko adapita ku Turo.

Pambuyo pake Hannibal adakumana ndi mfumu ya Suriya Antiochus III, yemwe anali pachibwenzi ndi Roma. Adalangiza amfumu kuti atumize gulu lankhondo ku Africa, lomwe lingapangitse Carthage kumenya nkhondo ndi Aroma.

Komabe, malingaliro a Hannibal sanakwaniritsidwe. Kuphatikiza apo, ubale wake ndi Antiochus udakulirakulira. Ndipo pomwe asitikali a Suriya adagonjetsedwa ku 189 ku Magnesia, mfumuyo idakakamizidwa kuti ipange bata malinga ndi Aroma, imodzi mwazo ndikulandidwa kwa Hannibal.

Moyo waumwini

Pafupifupi chilichonse chodziwika pa moyo wa Hannibal. Pomwe amakhala ku Spain, adakwatira mkazi waku Iberia wotchedwa Imilka. Mtsogoleriyo adasiya mkazi wake ku Spain pomwe adachita kampeni yaku Italiya, ndipo sanakumanenso naye.

Imfa

Atagonjetsedwa ndi Aroma, Antiochus adalonjeza kuti apereka Hannibal kwa iwo. Anathawira kwa mfumu ya Bituniya Prusius. Aroma sanasiye mdani wawo wolumbirayo, akufuna kuti Carthaginian abwezeretsedwe.

Asitikali ankhondo a Bithinian adazungulira malo obisalirako Hannibal, akuyesera kuti awulande. Mwamunayo atazindikira kusowa kwa izi, adachotsa poyizoni m'ng'oma, momwe amkanyamula nthawi zonse. Hannibal anamwalira mu 183 ali ndi zaka 63.

Hannibal amadziwika kuti ndi m'modzi mwa atsogoleri ankhondo akulu kwambiri m'mbiri. Ena amamutcha "tate wamaluso" kuti athe kuwunika momwe zinthu zilili, kuchita zanzeru, kuphunzira mozama pankhondo ndikulabadira zina zina zofunika.