France ili bwanji? Ndipo kodi Eiffel Tower imatanthauza zambiri kwa aku France? France ilibe chilichonse popanda Paris, ndipo Paris ilibe chilichonse popanda Eiffel Tower! Monga Paris ndiye mtima wa France, momwemonso Eiffel Tower ndiye mtima wa Paris momwe! Tsopano ndizodabwitsa kulingalira, koma panali nthawi zina omwe amafuna kulanda mzindawu mtima wawo.
Mbiri yakukhazikitsidwa kwa Eiffel Tower
Mu 1886, France idakonzekera kwathunthu Chiwonetsero cha Padziko Lonse, pomwe zidakonzedwa kuti ziwonetse dziko lonse lapansi zomwe zakwaniritsidwa mu French Republic pazaka 100 zapitazi kuchokera pamene Bastille (1789) ndi zaka 10 kuyambira tsiku lomwe chilengezo cha Republic Lachitatu motsogozedwa ndi Purezidenti wosankhidwa ndi National msonkhano. Panali kufunika kofulumira kwa kapangidwe kamene kangakhale ngati khomo lolowera pachionetserocho komanso nthawi yomweyo kudabwitsanso poyambira. Chipilalachi chiyenera kuti chimakhala chokumbukirabe aliyense, ngati chinthu chomwe chimafotokozera chimodzi mwazizindikiro za Great French Revolution - sizinali zopanda pake kuti chimayenera kuyima pabwalo la Bastille wodedwa! Palibe chimene khomo lolowera limayenera kugwetsedwa zaka 20-30, chinthu chachikulu ndikulisiya kukumbukira!
Pafupifupi ntchito 700 zidaganiziridwa: okonza mapulani abwino amapereka ntchito zawo, mwa iwo sikunali achi French okha, koma komitiyi idasankha ntchito ya mainjiniya a Alexander Gustave Eiffel. Panali mphekesera zoti "amangokhalira" ntchitoyi kuchokera kwa amisiri akale achiarabu, koma palibe amene adatsimikiza izi. Chowonadi chidawululidwa patadutsa theka la zana kuchokera ku Eiffel Tower yosakhwima mita 300, yotikumbutsa chingwe chodziwika bwino cha French Chantilly, chalowa kale m'maganizo mwa anthu, ngati chizindikiro cha Paris ndi France yomwe, yopititsa patsogolo dzina la yemwe adampanga.
Chowonadi chonena za omwe amapanga zenizeni za projekiti ya Eiffel Tower chinawululidwa, sizidakhala zowopsa konse. Palibe wokonza mapulani wachiarabu, koma panali mainjiniya awiri, a Maurice Kehlen ndi a Emile Nugier, ogwira ntchito ku Eiffel, omwe adapanga ntchitoyi potengera njira yatsopano yopangira sayansi ndi ukadaulo - biomimetics kapena bionics. Chofunikira cha malangizo awa (Biomimetics - English) chimakhala chobwerekera malingaliro ake amtengo wapatali kuchokera ku chilengedwe ndikusamutsa malingaliro awa mumapangidwe amapangidwe amapangidwe ndi kapangidwe kake ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wazidziwitso pomanga nyumba ndi milatho.
Chilengedwe nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsa ntchito zopindika kuti apange mafupa owala komanso olimba a "ma wadi" awo. Mwachitsanzo, nsomba zakuya panyanja kapena masiponji apanyanja, ma radiolari (protozoa) ndi nyenyezi zam'nyanja. Osangokhala mitundu ingapo yamapangidwe am'mafupa yomwe ili yochititsa chidwi, komanso "zosunga chuma" pakupanga kwawo, komanso kulimba kwakukulu kwa nyumba zomwe zitha kupirira kuthamanga kwakukulu kwa hydrostatic kwamadzi ambiri.
Mfundo yozindikira imeneyi idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri achichepere aku France pakupanga projekiti yomanga nsanja yatsopano yolowera ku World Exhibition of France. Mafupa a starfish anali ngati maziko. Ndipo kapangidwe kake kabwino ndi chitsanzo chogwiritsa ntchito mfundo za sayansi yatsopano ya biomimetics (bionics) mu zomangamanga.
Akatswiri omwe amagwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi Gustave Eiffel sanatumize projekiti yawo pazifukwa ziwiri zosavuta:
- Ndondomeko zatsopano za zomangamanga panthawiyo zikadawopseza mamembala a komitiyo m'malo mokopeka ndi zachilendo zawo.
- Dzina la omanga mlatho Alexander Gustov adadziwika ku France ndipo adalandira ulemu woyenera, ndipo mayina a Nugier ndi Kehlen sanayese "kulemera" kalikonse. Ndipo dzina la Eiffel likhoza kukhala chinsinsi chokha chokhazikitsira mapulani ake olimba mtima.
Chifukwa chake, zidziwitso zomwe Alexander Gustov Eiffel adagwiritsa ntchito pulojekiti yachiarabu yongoyerekeza kapena ntchito ya anthu amalingaliro ngati ake "mumdima" zidasandulika kukokomeza kopanda tanthauzo.
Tikuwonjezeranso kuti Eiffel sanangogwiritsa ntchito ntchito ya akatswiri ake, koma adasintha zina ndi zina pazojambulazo, pogwiritsa ntchito luso lake pakupanga milatho ndi njira zapadera zopangidwa ndi iye, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti likhale lolimba nsanja ndikulipatsa mpweya wabwino.
Njira zapaderazi zidatengera kupezeka kwa asayansi waku Switzerland waku anatomy Herman von Meyer, yemwe, zaka 40 asanamange Eiffel Tower, adalemba zopezeka zosangalatsa: mutu wa chikazi chaumunthu waphimbidwa ndi maukonde abwino kwambiri amphongo ang'onoang'ono omwe amagawa katunduyo pafupa modabwitsa. Tithokoze pakugawikanso uku, ukazi waumunthu sukuthyola thupi ndipo umatha kupirira katundu wambiri, ngakhale umalowa olumikizana pang'ono. Ndipo netiwekiyi imakhala ndi kapangidwe kake kazithunzi.
Mu 1866, mmisiri wa zomangamanga wochokera ku Switzerland, Karl Kuhlman, adafotokozera mwachidule ukadaulo waukadaulo wa pulofesa wa anatomy, womwe Gustav Eiffel adagwiritsa ntchito pomanga milatho - kugawa katundu pogwiritsa ntchito zokhotakhota. Pambuyo pake adagwiritsa ntchito njira yomweyi pomanga nyumba zovuta ngati nsanja ya mamita atatu.
Chifukwa chake, nsanja iyi ndi chozizwitsa chamalingaliro ndi ukadaulo wazaka za 19th mulimonsemo!
Yemwe adamanga Eiffel Tower
Chifukwa chake, kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1886, boma la Paris la Third French Republic ndi Alexander Gustave Eiffel adasaina mgwirizano pomwe mfundo izi zidawonetsedwa:
- Pasanathe zaka 2 ndi miyezi 6, a Eiffel adakakamizidwa kumanga nsanja yayikulu moyang'anizana ndi mlatho wa Jena. Seine pa Champ de Mars malingana ndi zojambula zomwe iye adafunsira.
- Eiffel ipereka nsanjayi kuti izitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito payokha kumapeto kwa ntchitoyo kwazaka 25.
- Gawani ndalama zothandizidwa ndi Eiffel pomanga nsanjayo kuchokera ku bajeti yamzindawu kuchuluka kwa ma franc miliyoni a golide, zomwe zikhala 25% ya bajeti yomaliza yomanga ma franc a 7.8 miliyoni.
Kwa zaka 2, miyezi iwiri ndi masiku asanu, ogwira ntchito 300, monga akunenera, "osagwira ntchito komanso atapuma masiku", adagwira ntchito molimbika kuti pa Marichi 31, 1889 (pasanathe miyezi 26 kuyambira chiyambi cha ntchitoyo) kutsegula kwakukulu kwa nyumba yayikulu kwambiri, yomwe pambuyo pake idakhala chizindikiro cha France yatsopano, kudachitika.
Ntchito yomangayi idathandizidwa osati ndi zojambula zowoneka bwino kwambiri, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo cha Ural. M'zaka za zana la 18 ndi 19, onse aku Europe adadziwa mawu oti "Yekaterinburg" chifukwa chachitsulo ichi. Ntchito yomanga nsanjayo sinagwiritse ntchito chitsulo (zopangira kaboni zosapitilira 2%), koma chitsulo chapadera chachitsulo chomwe chimasungunuka mwapadera mu ng'anjo za Ural za Iron Lady. Iron Lady ndi dzina lina la khomo lolowera lisanatchulidwe kuti Eiffel Tower.
Komabe, alloys zachitsulo zimawonongeka mosavuta, motero nsanjayo idapangidwa ndi mkuwa wokhala ndi utoto wopangidwa mwapadera womwe umatenga matani 60. Kuyambira pamenepo, zaka 7 zilizonse Eiffel Tower yakhala ikuchitidwa ndi kupentedwa ndi "bronze" yemweyo, ndipo zaka 7 zilizonse matani 60 agwiritsidwa ntchito pa izi. Chimango chachinsacho chimalemera pafupifupi matani 7.3, pomwe kulemera konse, kuphatikiza konkriti, ndi matani 10 100! Chiwerengero cha masitepe chiwerengedwanso - ma 1 ma PC 710.
Mapangidwe a Arch ndi munda
Gawo lakumunsi limapangidwa ngati piramidi yochepetsedwa yokhala ndi kutalika kwa mbali ya 129.2 m, yokhala ndi zipilala zamakona zikukwera ndikupanga, monga anakonzera, chipilala chotalika (57.63 m). Pamwamba "padenga" apa nsanja yoyamba yolimba idalimbikitsidwa, pomwe kutalika kwa mbali iliyonse kuli pafupifupi mamita 46. Pa nsanjayi, monga pabwalo la ndege, maholo angapo odyera akuluakulu okhala ndi mawindo akuluakulu owonetsera, adamangidwa, pomwe mawonekedwe owoneka bwino mbali zonse 4 za Paris adatsegulidwa. Ngakhale apo, malingaliro ochokera nsanja yomwe inali pamphepete mwa Seine ndi mlatho wa Pont de Jena adadzutsa chidwi chachikulu. Koma malo obiriwira obiriwira - paki pa Munda wa Mars, wokhala ndi mahekitala opitilira 21, kunalibe nthawi imeneyo.
Lingaliro lokonzanso malo omwe kale anali a perete a Royal Military School paki yaboma adabwera m'malingaliro a wopanga mapulani ndi woyang'anira minda Jean Camille Formiget kokha mu 1908. Zinatenga zaka 20 kuti izi zitheke! Mosiyana ndi chimango cholimba cha pulaniyo, malinga ndi momwe nyumba ya Eiffel Tower idamangidwira, dongosolo la paki lidasintha nthawi zambiri.
Pakiyi, yomwe idakonzedweratu kalembedwe ka Chingerezi, yakula pang'ono panthawi yomanga (mahekitala 24), ndipo, popeza idatenga mzimu wa France womasuka, mwa demokalase "idakhazikika" pakati pamizere yaying'ono yazitali zazitali zazitali ndi misewu yodziwika bwino, zitsamba zambiri zamaluwa ndi " mudzi "madamu, kuphatikiza akasupe achingerezi achikale.
Zambiri zosangalatsa za zomangamanga
Gawo lalikulu lakumanga silinali kukhazikitsa "zingwe zachitsulo" palokha, momwe zidagwiritsidwira ntchito zingwe zazitsulo mamiliyoni 3, koma kukhazikika kotsimikizika kwa tsinde ndikutsata mulingo woyenera kwambiri wa nyumbayo pamalo a mahekitala 1.6. Zinangotengera miyezi 8 yokha "ndi mchira" kuti amange zitseko zotseguka za nsanjayo ndikuupatsa mawonekedwe ozungulira, ndipo zidatenga chaka ndi theka kuyala maziko odalirika.
Potengera momwe polojekitiyi idafotokozera, maziko ake amakhazikika pakukula kwamamita opitilira 5 pansi pa mulingo wa Seine channel, miyala 100 yamitengo 10 m idayikidwa mu dzenje la maziko, ndipo zothandizira zazikulu 16 zamangidwa kale m'mabwalo awa, omwe amapanga msana wa "miyendo" ya nsanja 4. pomwe pali Eiffel Tower. Kuphatikiza apo, makina a hydraulic amaikidwa mu mwendo wa "mayi" aliyense, womwe umalola "madam" kukhalabe olimba komanso osasunthika. Kukweza mphamvu kwa chida chilichonse ndi matani 800.
Mukakhazikitsa gawo lotsika, zowonjezera zidayambitsidwa mu projekiti - zikepe 4, zomwe zimakwera papulatifomu yachiwiri. Pambuyo pake, ina - chikepe chachisanu - idayamba kugwira ntchito kuyambira yachiwiri mpaka yachitatu. Chombo chachisanu chidawonekera nsanjayo itapatsidwa magetsi koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20. Mpaka pano, zikepe zonse 4 zidagwira pa hydraulic traction.
Chidwi chokhudza ma elevator
Pamene asitikali a Nazi Germany adalanda France, Ajeremani sanathe kupachika mbendera yawo pamwamba pa nsanjayo - pazifukwa zosadziwika, zikepe zonse sizinali kugwira ntchito mwadzidzidzi. Ndipo adakhala mgululi zaka 4 zotsatira. Swastika idakonzedwa kokha pamulingo wachiwiri, pomwe masitepe amafikira. French Resistance inanena mokwiya kuti: "Hitler adakwanitsa kugonjetsa dziko la France, koma sanakwanitse kuzifikitsa pamtima!"
Ndi chiyani china chofunikira kudziwa za nsanjayi?
Tiyenera kuvomereza moona mtima kuti Eiffel Tower sinakhale "mtima wa Paris" nthawi yomweyo. Kumayambiriro kwa zomangamanga, ndipo ngakhale atatsegulira (Marichi 31, 1889) nsanjayo, yowunikiridwa ndi nyali (nyali 10,000 zamagesi zokhala ndi utoto wa mbendera yaku France), ndi zowunikira zamphamvu zamagalasi, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zikhale zabwino komanso zazikulu, panali anthu ambiri kukana kukongola kwachilendo kwa Eiffel Tower.
Makamaka, otchuka monga a Victor Hugo ndi a Paul Marie Verlaine, a Arthur Rimbaud ndi a Guy de Maupassant adatembenukiranso kuofesi ya meya ku Paris ndi mkwiyo wofunitsitsa kuti achotse pamaso pa dziko la Paris "mthunzi wonyansa wa nyumba yodedwa yopangidwa ndi chitsulo ndi zomangira, zomwe zidzatambasula mzindawu, monga inki, kusokoneza misewu yowala ya Paris ndi mawonekedwe ake onyansa! "
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: siginecha yake pachopemphachi, sichinalepheretse Maupassant kukhala mlendo pafupipafupi modyeramo magalasi omwe ali pansi yachiwiri ya nsanjayo. Maupassant mwiniwake adadandaula kuti awa ndi malo okhawo mumzinda pomwe "chilombo cha mtedza" ndi "mafupa a zikopa" siziwoneka. Koma wolemba mabuku wamkulu anali wochenjera, o, wolemba mabuku wamkulu anali wochenjera!
M'malo mwake, pokhala gourmet wodziwika bwino, Maupassant sakanatha kudzikana yekha chisangalalo cha kulawa oyiti wophikidwa ndikuzizira pa ayezi, tchizi wofewa wonunkhira wokhala ndi nthanga za caraway, wotentha katsitsumzukwa kakang'ono ndi kachidutswa kakang'ono ka nyama yamwana wouma wouma komanso osatsuka "mopitilira muyeso" wonsewu ndi kapu ya kuwala Vinyo wamphesa.
Zakudya za malo odyera a Eiffel Tower mpaka lero zikadali zolemera mosayerekezereka pazakudya zenizeni zaku France, ndikuti mbuye wotchuka wolemba adadya pamenepo pali khadi lodyera lodyeralo.
Pa chipinda chachiwiri chomwecho, pali akasinja okhala ndi makina amafuta opangira ma hydraulic. Pansi yachitatu, papulatifomu yayitali, panali malo okwanira owonera zakuthambo ndi nyengo. Ndipo nsanja yaying'ono yomaliza, yolumikizana mita 1.4, imagwira ntchito yothandizira nyali yowala kuchokera kutalika kwa 300 m.
Kutalika kwathunthu kwamamita a Eiffel Tower panthawiyo kunali pafupifupi 312 m, ndipo kuwala kwa nyali yowunikira kunkawoneka patali makilomita 10. Atachotsa nyali zamagesi ndi zamagetsi, nyumba yoyatsira magetsi idayamba "kugunda" mpaka 70 km!
Kaya "dona" uyu adakonda kapena sanakonde akatswiri azaluso zaku France, kwa Gustave Eiffel, mawonekedwe ake osayembekezereka komanso olimba mtima adalipira zonse zoyeserera ndi zomangamanga mu chaka chimodzi. M'miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yokha ya World Exhibition, malingaliro osazolowereka a omanga mlatho adachezeredwa ndi anthu 2 miliyoni okonda chidwi, omwe mayendedwe ake sanaume ngakhale atatseka malo owonetserako.
Pambuyo pake kunapezeka kuti zolakwika zonse za Gustav ndi mainjiniya ake sizinangokhala zowona: nsanja yolemera matani 8,600, yopangidwa ndi magawo 12,000 achitsulo obalalika, sikuti idangoyenda pomwe zipilala zake zidamira pafupifupi mita imodzi pansi pamadzi nthawi ya kusefukira kwa 1910. ndipo mchaka chomwecho chidapezeka mwanjira yothandiza kuti sichimagwedezeka ngakhale ndi anthu 12,000 pansi pake 3.
- Mu 1910, kusefukira kwamadzi kumeneku, kungakhale kunyalanyaza kwakukulu kuwononga Eiffel Tower, yomwe yateteza anthu ambiri ovutika. Mawuwa adakulitsidwa koyamba zaka 70, kenako, atasanthula kwathunthu za Eiffel Tower, kufikira 100.
- Mu 1921 nsanjayo idayamba kugwira ntchito ngati gwero lawailesi, komanso kuyambira 1935 - komanso kuwulutsa pawayilesi.
- Mu 1957, nsanja yayitali kale idakulitsidwa ndi telemast ndi 12 m ndipo "kutalika" kwake konse kunali 323 m 30 cm.
- Kwa nthawi yayitali, mpaka 1931, "zingwe zachitsulo" zaku France ndizomwe zidali zazitali kwambiri padziko lapansi, ndipo zomanga za Chrysler Building ku New York ndizomwe zidaswa.
- Mu 1986, kuyatsa kwakunja kwa zodabwitsa zapangidwe kameneka kudasinthidwa ndi mawonekedwe owunikira nsanjayo kuchokera mkati, ndikupangitsa kuti Eiffel Tower isangokhala yowala chabe, komanso yamatsenga, makamaka patchuthi komanso usiku.
Chaka chilichonse chizindikiro cha France, mtima wa Paris umalandira alendo 6 miliyoni. Zithunzi zojambulidwa pamapulatifomu ake atatu owonera ndizokumbukira zabwino alendo. Ngakhale chithunzi pafupi ndi kunyada kwake kale, sizachabe kuti pali zochepa padziko lonse lapansi m'maiko ambiri.
Mini-nsanja yosangalatsa kwambiri ya Gustav Eiffel, mwina, ili ku Belarus, m'mudzi wa Paris, m'chigawo cha Vitebsk. Nsanjayi ndi yokwera mamita 30 okha, koma ndi yapadera chifukwa ndi yopangidwa kwathunthu ndi matabwa.
Timalimbikitsa kuti tiwone Big Ben.
Palinso Eiffel Tower ku Russia. Pali atatu mwa iwo:
- Irkutsk. Kutalika - 13 m.
- Krasnoyarsk. Kutalika - 16 m.
- Mudzi wa Paris, dera la Chelyabinsk. Kutalika - 50 m. Ndi wa woyang'anira ma cell ndipo ndi nyumba yeniyeni yogwirira ntchito m'derali.
Koma chinthu chabwino ndikutenga visa yoyendera alendo, onani Paris ndi ... Ayi, musafe! Ndipo mufe ndi chisangalalo ndikujambula malingaliro a Paris kuchokera ku Eiffel Tower palokha, mwamwayi, tsiku lowoneka bwino, mzindawu ukuwoneka makilomita 140. Kuchokera ku Champs Elysees mpaka pakatikati pa Paris - kuponya mwala chabe - 25 min. wapansi.
Zambiri kwa alendo
Adilesi - Champ de Mars, dera la Bastille wakale.
Maola otsegulira a Iron Lady nthawi zonse amakhala ofanana: tsiku lililonse, kuyambira pakati pa Juni mpaka kumapeto kwa Ogasiti, kutsegulira 9:00, kutseka 00:00. M'nyengo yozizira, imatsegulidwa 9:30 m'mawa ndikutseka 23:00.
Kunyanyala kokha kwa anthu ogwira ntchito 350 kumatha kuletsa Iron Lady kuti isalandire alendo otsatira, koma izi sizinachitikepo kale!
