Suzdal Kremlin ndiye mtima wamzinda wakale, poyambira pake komanso poyambira mbiri ya Suzdal. Zimasunga makoma olimba kukumbukira zochitika zofunika m'mbiri ya Russia, zinsinsi zambiri ndi zinsinsi, zomwe zikuthetsedwa ndi mibadwo yambiri ya akatswiri azambiriyakale. Luso ndi mbiri yakale yamagulu a Kremlin ku Suzdal amadziwika ngati cholowa cha Russia ndi UNESCO. Central Kremlin Street, ngati "makina a nthawi", imatsegula njira yokaona alendo zaka zikwizikwi zapitazo ku Russia.
Ulendo m'mbiri ya Suzdal Kremlin
Paphiri lomwe lili mozungulira Mtsinje wa Kamyanka, pomwe nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale "Suzdal Kremlin" ikuwonekera lero muulemerero wake wonse, mzinda wa Suzdal udabadwa m'zaka za 10th. Malinga ndi kufotokozera kochokera m'mabuku, kumapeto kwa zaka za XI-XII, zipilala zadothi zidamangidwa pano ndi mpanda wamatabwa wokwera pamwamba pake, womalizidwa ndi mpanda wazitsulo zamatabwa okhomedwa. Panali nsanja ndi zipata zitatu m'mphepete mwa khoma lachitetezo.
Zithunzi zakale zimawonetsa makoma achitetezo atazunguliridwa ndi ngalande zamadzi mbali zitatu - kumwera, kumadzulo ndi kum'mawa. Pamodzi ndi mtsinje, womwe unkateteza kumpoto, adatseka njira ya adani. Kuchokera m'zaka za zana la 13 mpaka 17th, tchalitchi chachikulu, nyumba zogona a kalonga ndi bishopu, nyumba za anthu obwera kwa kalonga ndi antchito, mipingo ingapo, nsanja ya belu ndi nyumba zina zambiri zidakulira kuseri kwa linga lachifumu.
Moto mu 1719 udawononga nyumba zonse zamatabwa za Kremlin, mpaka pamakoma achitetezo. Zipilala zosungidwa za zomangamanga zaku Russia, zomangidwa ndi miyala, zomwe lero zimawonekera pamaso pa anzawo muulemerero wawo wonse. Mawonekedwe apamwamba a Suzdal Kremlin pang'onopang'ono amaonetsa zokopa zake zonse, zosakanikirana modabwitsa.
Cathedral of the Kubadwa kwa Yesu
Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin, kuyambira 1225, ndiye nyumba yakale kwambiri yamiyala pagawo la Kremlin. Idamangidwa pamaziko ampingo wamwala wokhala ndi mizati isanu ndi umodzi wogwa pansi womangidwa ndi Vladimir Monomakh kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 11. Mdzukulu wa Yuri Dolgoruky, Prince Georgy Vsevolodovich, adamanga mwala wokhala ndi maufumu asanu operekedwa ku Kubadwa kwa Namwali.
Buluu monga mlengalenga, nyumba za anyezi za tchalitchi chachikulu zili ndi nyenyezi zagolide. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, mawonekedwe a facade asintha. Gawo lakumunsi la tchalitchi chachikulu, chokongoletsedwa ndi ziboliboli zamiyala, mitu ya mikango yojambulidwa pamiyala, masks achikazi pazenera ndi zokongoletsa zokongola, zasungidwa kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 13. Ntchito yomanga njerwa m'zaka za zana la 16 imawonekera kuseli kwa lamba wa arcature.
Zithunzi mkatikati mwa tchalitchi zimakhala zojambulidwa pazithunzi za m'zaka za zana la 13 pamakoma, zokongoletsera zamaluwa pakhomo, ziwiya zaluso, chithunzi chotseguka chagolide chokhala ndi zithunzi za oyera mtima.
Kummwera ndi kumadzulo "zipata zagolide" ndi chuma chenicheni. Amadzikongoletsa ndi mapepala ofiira ofiira okhala ndi malongosoledwe okongoletsa, zojambula zokongoletsa zosonyeza zochitika za mu Uthenga Wabwino ndi ziwembu zojambulidwa ndi Mngelo Wamkulu Michael, yemwe amateteza magulu ankhondo a kalonga. Zipata zimatsegulidwa ndi zikuluzikulu zakale ngati mphete zolowetsedwa mkamwa mwa mitu ya mikango, zomwe ndizofunika zakale komanso zaluso.
Kubadwa kwa Yesu Cathedral ndi chidwi ndi necropolis odziwika otchuka Russian wakale - ana a Yuri Dolgoruky, mabishopu, akalonga a mafumu Shuisky ndi boyars apamwamba.
Nsanja ya belu yayikulu ya Cathedral
Belu octahedral belu, wokhala ndi hema wokongola, ndi wa Nativity Cathedral. Belfry, womangidwa ndi miyala mu 1635, udakhala nyumba yayitali kwambiri mzindawo kwanthawi yayitali. Pamwamba pa octahedron imakopa chidwi ndi mawonekedwe azitsulo zazitali zazitali za m'ma 1700. Pakutha kwa zaka zana lino, tchalitchi chidamangidwa mkati mwa belu nsanjayo, cholumikizidwa ndi nyumba yosanja ndi mavesi omwe ali ndi malo azipinda za episkopi.
Tikukulimbikitsani kuti muyang'ane ku Tula Kremlin.
Masiku ano, mkatikati mwa nkhondoyi, ndizotheka kuwona denga lokhalo lamatabwa la Jordan mzaka za zana la 17.
Matabwa Nikolskaya Church
Mpingo wamatabwa wa Nicholas wazaka za zana la 18, womangidwa ngati khumbi lakumidzi ndikusuntha kuchokera kumudzi wa Glotovo, chigawo cha Yuryev-Polsky, umakwanira bwino mu Suzdal Kremlin. Kapangidwe kachilendo ka tchalitchichi, kamangidwe kuchokera pamitengo yopanda msomali umodzi, kumadzutsa chidwi cha alendo. Zithunzizi zikuwonetsa kuwoneka kocheperako - kufanana koyenera kwa zipinda zamatabwa, denga lamatabwa mosamala ndi babu lamatabwa lotseguka lokhala ndi mtanda. Malo otseguka azungulira tchalitchi mbali zitatu.
Chitsanzo chapadera cha zomangamanga zaku Russia chidayikidwa pabwalo la Bishops 'Court, pomwe Tchalitchi chamatabwa cha All Saints chimayimilirako, chomwe chidawotchedwa ndi moto m'zaka za zana la 18. Lero Nikolsky Cathedral ndi chiwonetsero cha Suzdal Museum of Wooden Architecture. Kuyendera kwake kwakunja kumaphatikizidwa ndi pulogalamu yapaulendo waku Kremlin.
Chilimwe Nikolskaya Church
Mu theka loyambirira la 17th, mpingo wachilimwe unamangidwa polemekeza St. Nicholas Wonderworker pafupi ndi Nikolskie Gates moyang'anizana ndi Mtsinje wa Kamenka. Kachisi wokhala ndi mawonekedwe amodzi a cuboid amalizidwa ndi dome woboola chisoti wokhala ndi mtanda. Pansi pa kyubu, ngodya zimakonzedwa ndi mzati. Mapiri atatu okhala ndi zoyenda amatsogolera kukachisi. Quadrangle yachiwiri idakonzedwa ndi ma cheke oblong. Kuchokera mmenemo kumatuluka nsanja ya octahedral belu yokhala ndi ma pilasters m'makona ndi mizere itatu yazodzikongoletsera zam'mbali - zamkati ndi octahedral. Kumbuyo kwawo kuli mabwalo a bell tower, ozunguliridwa ndi chimanga pamwamba, chokongoletsedwa ndi lamba wa matailosi obiriwira otumbululuka. Mapeto a bell tower ndi chihema choyambirira cha concave chokhala ndi mawindo ozungulira. Akatswiri a Suzdal amatcha mawonekedwe a chihemacho chitoliro.
Kubadwa kwa Mpingo wa Christ
Winter Nativity of Christ Church ili kumbali yakum'mawa kwa Suzdal Kremlin pafupi ndi Tchalitchi cha Nikolskaya, pomaliza miyambo ya Orthodox ya mipingo iwiri yamanyengo. Kubadwa kwa Christ Church kunamangidwa mu 1775 kuchokera ku njerwa. Ndi nyumba yayikulu yokhala ndi pentahedral apse, malo owerengera komanso khonde.
Denga lanyumba lidakhala chophimba cha tchalitchi chachikulu komanso chipinda chodyera. Kutsirizidwa kwake kunali ng'oma yosema yokhala ndi anyezi wokhala ndi mtanda. Zipangidwe zamatchalitchi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kukongoletsa mwaluso kwa ma pilasters, chimanga ndi mafinya. Mawindo a arched amakongoletsedwa ndi mafelemu amiyala okongoletsera, ndipo pazenera la khonde, chojambula chakale chokhudza kubadwa kwa Khristu chimakopa chidwi.
Mpingo wa Kukwera kwa Namwali Wodala
Assumption Church ya m'zaka za zana la 17 ili pafupi ndi zipata zakumpoto za Kremlin, zomwe kale zinkatchedwa Ilyinsky. Inamangidwa ndi akalonga a Suzdal pamalo pomwe panali tchalitchi chowotcha chamatabwa m'magawo awiri, chomwe chikuwonetsedwa pakupanga.
Gawo lakumunsi ndi laling'ono lokhala ndi mafelemu azenera a m'zaka za zana la 17. Gawo lakumtunda ndi octagon yokhala ndi ma platband pamawindo ngati mawonekedwe ozungulira okhala ndi bwalo pakati. Zodzikongoletsera izi zimapezeka munthawi ya Petrine - theka loyamba la zaka za zana la 18. Kachisiyu akumalizidwa ndi ng'oma yapawiri-iwiri yokhala ndi mzikiti wobiriwira wobiriwira wokhala ndi dome yaying'ono yokhala ndi mtanda. Zipinda zamatchalitchi zimawoneka zofiira kwambiri, zopangidwa ndi ma pilasters oyera ndi ma platband, zomwe zimawoneka bwino komanso zokongola.
Pafupi ndi bwalolo lomwe lamangidwanso. Kuyang'ana momwe mapangidwe amangidwe a Mpingo wa Kukwera kwa Namwali Wodala amawoneka, timapeza mawonekedwe a Moscow Baroque, osazolowereka kwa Suzdal. Mkati mwake muli chidwi ndi chithunziostasis chamiyala isanu yobwezeretsedwa ndi zojambula zamakono. Kuyambira 2015, zotsalira za St. Arseny wa Suzdal zasungidwa pano, kuthandiza kuchiza matenda aubwana.
Zipinda za Aepiskopi
Mbali yakumadzulo kwa Suzdal Kremlin ili ndi Khothi la Bishop lomwe lili ndi nyumba zokhalamo komanso zothandizira m'zaka za zana la 17th, zogwirizanitsidwa ndi nyumba zokutira, maulalo amipanda ndi masitepe obisika. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi Cross Chamber, yomwe m'masiku akale idapangidwa kuti izilandila alendo apamwamba. Makoma ake ali ndi zithunzi za mafumu ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo. Mpando wachifumu wa bishopu wophedwa mwaluso, masitovu, mipando yamatchalitchi ndi ziwiya zimasilira. Kuti mufike ku Cross Chambers, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito khomo lalikulu lomwe lili pafupi ndi khomo lakumadzulo la Cathedral ya Kubadwa kwa Yesu.
Lero, muzipinda 9 za Mabishopu 'Chambers, ziwonetsero za mbiri ya Suzdal zimaperekedwa, zokonzedwa motsatira nthawi kuyambira zaka za XII mpaka lero. Pa ulendowu, amafotokoza nkhani zosangalatsa za omwe amakhala ku Suzdal ndi Kremlin. Ku Khothi la Episkopi, nyumba ya Tchalitchi cha Annunciation yokhala ndi malo owerengera, yomwe idapangidwanso m'ma 1600, imakopa chidwi. M'kachisi mutha kuwona zithunzi zosawerengeka 56 za zaka za zana la 15 ndi 17th ndikuphunzira nkhani zosangalatsa za nyumba za amonke za Vladimir-Suzdal.
Zambiri zosangalatsa za Suzdal Kremlin
- Dera lomwe nyumba za Kremlin zidamangidwapo zidatchulidwa koyamba m'mabuku a 1024.
- Zipilala zadothi za Kremlin zakhala zikuyimira kuyambira nthawi ya Vladimir Monomakh chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito "gorodnya", yomwe ndi nyumba yamkati yopangidwa ndi matabwa, yokonzedwa ndi dongo kuchokera mbali zonse.
- Malo a holo ku Cross Chamber yolandila alendo ndi 9 mita kutalika ndipo ili ndi malo opitilira 300 mita lalikulu, omangidwa opanda chipilala chimodzi.
- Pa kuyimba kwa ma chimes a tchalitchi chachikulu cha belu kulibe manambala, koma zipewa zomwe zimagwilitsidwa ntchito zimagwiritsidwa ntchito malinga ndi miyambo yakale ya Asilavo, kupatula chilembo "B", chomwe chikuyimira Mulungu.
- Madera amalengezedwa ndi chimes kotala lililonse la ola. Ntchito ya wotchiyo imayang'aniridwa ndi antchito omwe amatchedwa opanga mawotchi.
- Nyenyezi zagolide za 365 zabalalika pamwamba pa chipinda cha Kubadwa kwa Yesu, zomwe zikuyimira masiku achaka.
- Ntchito yomanga gulu la Mabishopu 'Chambers idatenga zaka 5.
- Mu 2008, zinthu zakale za Kremlin zidakhala zowoneka bwino pakujambula filimuyo "Tsar" ndi director Lungin.
- Tchalitchi cha matabwa cha Nikolskaya chidasankhidwa kuti chiwonetse gawo laukwatiwo pakusintha kwa nkhani ya Pushkin "Snowstorm".
Zambiri kwa alendo
Maola otsegulira Suzdal Kremlin:
- Tsegulani Lolemba mpaka Lachisanu kuyambira 9:00 mpaka 19:00, Loweruka mpaka 20:00, zitsekedwa Lachiwiri ndi Lachisanu latha la mwezi.
- Kuyendera malo owonetsera zakale kumachitika: Lolemba, Lachitatu - Lachisanu, Lamlungu - kuyambira 10:00 mpaka 18:00, Loweruka kupitilira mpaka 19:00.
Mtengo woyendera maulendo owonera zakale ndi tikiti imodzi ndi ma ruble 350, kwa ophunzira, ophunzira ndi opuma pantchito - 200 rubles. Matikiti oyenda mozungulira Suzdal Kremlin amawononga ma ruble a 50 kwa akulu ndi ma ruble a 30 kwa ana.
Adilesi ya Kremlin: dera la Vladimir, Suzdal, st. Kremlin, wazaka 12.
