Lewis Carroll (dzina lenileni Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, kapena Charles Latuage Dodgson; 1832-1898) - Wolemba Chingerezi, masamu, katswiri wamaphunziro, wafilosofi, dikoni komanso wojambula zithunzi.
Anadziwika chifukwa cha nthano "Alice ku Wonderland" ndi "Alice Through the Looking Glass". Pulofesa wa Masamu ku Yunivesite ya Oxford.
Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Lewis Carroll, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, nayi mbiri yayifupi ya Carroll.
Mbiri ya Lewis Carroll
Lewis Carroll adabadwa pa Januware 27, 1832 m'mudzi wachingerezi wa Darsbury. Iye anakulira ndipo anakulira m'banja lalikulu la m'busa. Anali ndi azilongo 7 ndi abale atatu.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Lewis, pamodzi ndi abale ake, adayamba kuphunzira kuwerenga ndi abambo ake. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mnyamatayo anali wamanzere.
Malinga ndi magwero ena, adakakamizidwa kulemba ndi dzanja lake lamanja, chifukwa chake psyche ya mwanayo idasokonezeka. Pali mtundu womwe kubwereza kumeneku kudapangitsa Carroll kuchita chibwibwi. Ali ndi zaka 12, adakhala wophunzira pasukulu yabizinesi, koma pambuyo pake adalowa Rugby School.
Apa Lewis adaphunzira zaka 4. Analandira ma alama ambiri m'mitundu yambiri. Anali wokhoza kwambiri masamu ndi zamulungu. Atafika zaka zambiri, adapambana mayeso ku koleji yapamwamba ku University of Oxford.
Nthawi yonseyi ya mbiri yake, Carroll adalandira zolemba zochepa kwambiri. Komabe, chifukwa cha luso lake la masamu, adakwanitsa kupambana mpikisano wophunzitsa masamu ku Christ Church.
Zotsatira zake, wolemba wamtsogolo adalemba zaka 26 zotsatira za moyo wake. Ndipo ngakhale sanakonde kuyankhula ndi ophunzira, zokambiranazo zidamubweretsera phindu.
Popeza kuti zamulungu zinali ndi gawo lofunikira pamaphunziro panthawiyo, wophunzitsayo Carroll adayenera kukhala mtsogoleri wachipembedzo. Posafuna kugwira ntchito mu parishiyo, adavomera kukhala dikoni, kusiya ntchito za unsembe.
Kulengedwa kwa Alice
Adakali wophunzira, Lewis Carroll adayamba kulemba nkhani zazifupi ndi ndakatulo. Ndipamene adaganiza zofalitsa ntchito zake mwachinyengo chotere.
Mu 1856, Christ Church College idalandira mtsogoleri watsopano. Anadzakhala wolemba maphunziro komanso wolemba mabuku lotanthauzira mawu a Henry Liddell, yemwe anali wokwatira ndipo anali ndi ana asanu. Carroll adayamba kucheza ndi banja ili, chifukwa chake adayamba kupita kunyumba zawo.
Mmodzi mwa ana aakazi okwatiranawo dzina lake Alice, yemwe m'tsogolomu adzakhala chitsanzo cha nkhani zodziwika bwino za Alice. Lewis ankakonda kuuza ana nkhani zosiyanasiyana zosangalatsa zomwe adalemba akupita.
Nthawi ina, a Alice Liddell aang'ono adapempha Carroll kuti abweretse nkhani yosangalatsa yokhudza iwo ndi azilongo awo - Lauren ndi Edith. Mwamunayo sanavutike kuwauza nkhani yokhudza zakusangalatsidwa kwa msungwana yemwe adafika ku Underworld.
Kuti zisangalatse ana kuti azimumvera, Lewis adapangitsa kuti protagonist awonekere ngati Alice, pomwe amapatsa anthu ena mikhalidwe ya azilongo ake. Atamaliza nkhani yake, Alice olodzedwa adapempha Carroll kuti alembe nkhaniyo papepala.
Pambuyo pake, mwamunayo adamvera pempho lake, ndikumupatsa zolemba - "Alice's Adventures Underground". Pambuyo pake pamanja pamanja adzapanga maziko a ntchito zake zotchuka.
Mabuku
Mabuku odziwika padziko lonse lapansi - "Alice ku Wonderland" ndi "Alice Through the Looking Glass", wolemba adalemba mu mbiri ya 1865-1871. Kalembedwe ka Lewis Carroll kanali kosafananizidwa m'mabuku.
Pokhala ndi kulingalira kwakukulu ndi luntha, komanso luso lapadera lomveka bwino komanso masamu, adakhazikitsa mtundu wapadera wa "zolemba zododometsa". Iye sanafune kuti ngwazi ake zopanda pake, koma M'malo mwake, anawapatsa mfundo zina, amene anabweretsa mpaka zopanda pake.
M'ntchito zake, Carroll adakumana ndi zovuta zambiri zazikulu komanso zanzeru zokhudzana ndi moyo wamunthu komanso chikhalidwe chake. Izi zidapangitsa kuti mabukuwa adakulitsa chidwi osati kwa ana okha, komanso pakati pa akulu.
Nkhani zosagwirizana ndi Lewis zidachitikanso muntchito zake zina, kuphatikiza The Hunt for the Snark, Nkhani ndi Knot, Zomwe Turtle Adanena kwa Achilles, ndi zina zambiri. Malinga ndi olemba mbiri yakale, dziko lake lopanga linali lowala kwambiri chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito opiamu.
Carroll amatenga opiamu pafupipafupi chifukwa amadwala mutu kwambiri. Malinga ndi anthu am'nthawi yake, anali "munthu wodabwitsa kwambiri". Anali munthu wochezeka yemwe amakonda kupita kumisonkhano yosiyanasiyana.
Koma nthawi yomweyo, Lewis adalota zobwerera kuubwana, pomwe zonse zinali zophweka ndipo panalibe chifukwa chokhala ndi moyo wapawiri, kuwopa kunena kapena kuchita china chake cholakwika. Pankhaniyi, adayamba kugona tulo.
Nthawi yonse yaulere wolemba adalemba maphunziro angapo. Amakhulupiriradi kuti munthu amatha kupitilira zenizeni zomwe akudziwa. Zotsatira zake, anali wofunitsitsa kuphunzira za chinthu china choposa chomwe sayansi ikadapereka panthawiyo.
Atakula, Carroll adapita kumayiko ambiri aku Europe, kuphatikiza Germany, Belgium, Poland, France ndi Russia. Pambuyo pake adakhala wolemba buku "Diary yaulendo wopita ku Russia mu 1867".
Masamu
Lewis Carroll anali katswiri wamasamu waluso, chifukwa chake zomangirira mu ntchito zake zinali zovuta kwambiri komanso zosiyanasiyana. Mofananamo ndi zolemba zongopeka, adafalitsa ntchito zambiri mu masamu.
Zomwe wasayansi amakonda zimaphatikizapo ma Euclidean geometry, algebra, lingaliro la kuthekera, lingaliro la masamu, ndi zina zambiri. Ndi anthu ochepa chabe amene amadziwa kuti adapanga imodzi mwanjira zowerengera zinthu. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, ankakonda kuthetsa mavuto omveka - "amatsenga".
Ndipo ngakhale ntchito ya masamu ya Carroll sinasiyirepo kanthu m'mbiri ya masamu, zomwe adachita m'masamu zinali patsogolo pa nthawi yawo.
Zithunzi ndi chess
Lewis Carroll anali ndi chidwi chojambula. Anatenga zithunzi monga kalembedwe kazithunzithunzi, zomwe zimatanthauza kugwiritsa ntchito njira zojambulira komanso zaluso zomwe zimabweretsa kujambula pafupi ndi kujambula ndi zithunzi.
Koposa zonse, mwamunayo ankakonda kujambula atsikana ang'onoang'ono. Kuphatikiza pa kujambula, anali ndi chidwi ndi chess, kutsatira nkhani mdziko la chess lalikulu. Amakonda kusewera masewerawa, komanso amaphunzitsa ana ake.
Chiwembu cha ntchitoyi "Alice Through the Looking Glass" chimapangidwa pamasewera a chess omwe adapangidwa ndi wolemba yekha, pomwe adayika chithunzi cha chess pomwe anali koyambirira kwa bukuli.
Moyo waumwini
Carroll ankasangalala kwambiri kukhala ndi ana, makamaka atsikana. Nthawi zina, ndi chilolezo cha amayiwo, amawajambula iwo amaliseche kapena theka-lamaliseche. Iyenso anawona ubale wake ndi atsikana kukhala wopanda cholakwa chilichonse.
Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti kuchokera pakuwona kwamakhalidwe apanthaŵiyo, ubwenzi woterewu sunadabwe aliyense. Komabe, pambuyo pake olemba mbiri ambiri a Lewis Carroll adayamba kumuneneza za pedophilia. Ndipo, palibe amene akanatha kupereka zowona zilizonse zovomerezeka.
Kuphatikiza apo, makalata onse ndi nkhani zamasiku ano, momwe masamu amaphunzitsidwa ngati wonyenga, zidawululidwa pambuyo pake. Akatswiri adakwanitsa kudziwa kuti oposa theka la "atsikana" omwe amalemberana nawo anali oposa 14, ndipo pafupifupi kotala anali oposa 18.
Kwa zaka zambiri za mbiri yake, wolemba sanathe kupeza theka lake, kukhala wosakwatiwa mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake.
Imfa
Lewis Carroll adamwalira pa Januware 14, 1898 ali ndi zaka 65. Chifukwa cha imfa yake chinali chibayo chopita patsogolo.
Chithunzi cha Carroll
