Maximilien Marie Isidore de Robespierre (1758-1794) - Wosintha ku France, m'modzi mwa andale otchuka komanso otchuka mu Great French Revolution. Adalimbikitsanso kuthetsedwa kwa ukapolo, chilango cha imfa, komanso za anthu onse padziko lapansi.
Oyimira owoneka bwino kwambiri ku Jacobin Club kuyambira pomwe idakhazikitsidwa. Wothandizira kugonjetsedwa kwa mafumu ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa dongosolo la republican. Mmodzi wa zigawenga zaku Paris Commune, yemwe amatsutsa mfundo za a Girondin.
Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Robespierre, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, musanakhale ndi mbiri yayifupi ya Maximilian Robespierre.
Mbiri ya Robespierre
Maximilian Robespierre adabadwa pa Meyi 6, 1758 mumzinda waku Arras ku France. Anakulira m'banja la loya Maximilian Robespierre Sr. ndi mkazi wake Jacqueline Marguerite Carro, yemwe anali mwana wamkazi wa brewer.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Wosintha mtsogolo anali m'modzi mwa ana asanu a makolo ake. Mwana wachisanu anamwalira atangobereka kumene, ndipo patadutsa sabata amayi a Maximilian, omwe anali ndi zaka 6 zokha, adamwalira.
Patapita zaka zingapo, bambo anga anasiya banja, kenako anachoka m'dzikolo. Zotsatira zake, a Robespierre, pamodzi ndi mchimwene wake Augustin, adasamutsidwa agogo awo aamayi, pomwe alongo adatengedwa kupita kwa azakhali awo.
Mu 1765, Maximilian adatumizidwa ku College of Arras. Nthawi yonseyi ya mbiri yake, mnyamatayo sanakonde kucheza ndi anzawo, amakonda kusungulumwa. Atakhala yekha ndi iye yekha, adayamba kulingalira, akuganizira mitu yosangalatsa kwa iye.
Mwina chisangalalo chokha cha Robespierre chinali kuweta nkhunda ndi mpheta, zomwe nthawi zonse zimakanda tirigu pafupi ndi moŵa. Agogo aamuna amafuna kuti mdzukulu wawo ayambe kumwa mowa mtsogolo, koma maloto ake sanakwaniritsidwe.
Kupambana kwamaphunziro a Maximilian kudakopa chidwi cha omwe adatchuka. Canon Eme adaonetsetsa kuti mnyamatayo alandila ndalama zokwanira 450 livres. Pambuyo pake, adatumizidwa ku koleji yayikulu ya Louis the Great.
Popeza achibale samakwanitsa kuthandiza Robespierre, adakumana ndi mavuto azachuma. Analibe chovala chabwino komanso ndalama zogulira chakudya chabwino. Ngakhale izi, adatha kukhala wophunzira wabwino kwambiri ku koleji, podziwa Chilatini ndi Chigiriki, komanso akumvetsetsa bwino mbiri yakale ndi zolemba zakale.
Aphunzitsi adanena kuti Maximilian anali wophunzira wosavuta, wosungulumwa komanso wolota. Amakonda kuyendayenda mumsewu, osazindikira.
M'ngululu ya 1775 a Robespierre adasankhidwa kuti akapereke ode yoyamika kwa Mfumu Louis XVI yomwe yangosankhidwa kumene. Kenako mfumuyi sinadziwebe kuti mnyamatayo atayimirira patsogolo pake zaka zingapo pambuyo pake adzakhala womupha.
Atamaliza maphunziro ake, Maximilian adaganiza zopanga malamulo. Atamaliza maphunziro ake ku Sorbonne ndikukhala Bachelor of Laws, dzina lake lidalembedwa m'kaundula wa maloya a Nyumba Yamalamulo ku Paris.
French Revolution
Atalandira layisensi ya loya, a Robespierre adachita chidwi ndi ziphunzitso za anzeru amakono, komanso adachita chidwi ndi ndale. Mu 1789 adakhala m'modzi mwa nduna 12 za States General.
Posakhalitsa, Maximilian adakhala m'modzi waluso kwambiri komanso odziwika bwino. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mu 1789 adalankhula 69, ndipo mu 1791 - 328!
Robespierre posakhalitsa adalumikizana ndi a Jacobins - gulu landale lotsogola kwambiri, lomwe limalumikizidwa ndi tanthauzo la republicanism komanso kugwiritsa ntchito nkhanza pokwaniritsa zolinga.
Pakadali pano mu mbiri yake, Maximilian anali wothandizira malingaliro a Rene Rousseau, akutsutsa mwamphamvu kusintha kwa ufulu. Chifukwa chachitetezo chake chosagwirizana ndikukakamira demokalase, komanso kukhulupirika pamakhalidwe, adalandira dzina loti "Losawonongeka".
Kutha kwa Nyumba Yamalamulo (1791), mwamunayo adapitiliza kugwira ntchito ku Paris. Anali wotsutsana ndi nkhondo ndi Austria, chifukwa, m'malingaliro ake, adawononga kwambiri France. Komabe, ndi andale ochepa kwambiri omwe adamuthandiza pankhaniyi.
Ndiye palibe amene akanakhoza ngakhale kuganiza za lingaliro loti nkhondo yankhondo ingapitirire kwa zaka 25 ndipo idzabweretsa zotsatira zotsutsana kwa iwo omwe adalimbana nayo - Louis 16 ndi Brissot ndi anzawo. A Robespierre adatenga nawo gawo pakupanga lumbiro kwa akuluakulu, komanso pakupanga malamulo a 1791.
Wandale uja adati kuchotsedwa kwa chilango chonyongedwa, koma sanapeze yankho pakati pa omwe amagwira nawo ntchito. Pakadali pano, asitikali aku France adatayika pankhondo ndi aku Austrian. Asitikali ambiri amapita m'mbali mwa adaniwo, chifukwa kudalira boma kumachepa tsiku lililonse.
Pofuna kuteteza kugwa kwa boma, a Robespierre adayamba kupempha anzawo kuti asinthe. M'chilimwe cha 1792, padachitika chipolowe. Mtsogoleri wa a Jacobins adalowa mu Commune yomwe idadziwika kuti Paris Commune, pambuyo pake adasankhidwa kukhala Msonkhano limodzi ndi a Georges Jacques Danton.
Umu ndi momwe kuwukira motsutsana ndi a Girondin kudayamba. Posakhalitsa, Maximilian adayamba kukamba nkhani zomwe amafuna kuti mfumu yaku France iphedwe popanda kuzengedwa mlandu kapena kufufuza. Ali ndi mawu otsatirawa: "Louis ayenera kufa, popeza dziko la makolo liyenera kukhala ndi moyo."
Zotsatira zake, pa Januware 21, 1793, a Louis 16 adaphedwa ndi mutu wodula mutu. A Jacobins adapeza thandizo kuchokera kwa opanda-culottes komanso opitilira muyeso. Msonkhanowo udasankha kukhazikitsa mtengo wokhazikika wa buledi, ndipo a Robespierre adakhala m'modzi mwa atsogoleri aku Paris Commune.
Meyi wa chaka chomwecho adadziwika ndi kuwukira komwe ma Girondin adakumana ndi vuto lalikulu. France idadzala ndi chisokonezo, chifukwa chake Msonkhanowu udalamula kuti akhazikitse makomiti, ndikuwapatsa ufulu wochita chilichonse.
A Robespierre adatsiriza kukhala Komiti Yachipulumutso, ndikulimbikitsa mfundo zakuchotsa chikhristu. Malingaliro ake, imodzi mwa ntchito zazikulu za kusinthaku ndikumanga gulu lamtundu wina, potengera chikhalidwe cha chipembedzo chatsopano.
Mu 1794, a Cult of the Supreme Being adalengezedwa mdziko muno, lomwe linali chipembedzo chachipembedzo, ngati zikondwerero zingapo zosintha boma. Chipembedzochi chinakhazikitsidwa ndi boma polimbana ndi chikhristu, ndipo koposa zonse motsutsana ndi Chikatolika.
M'mawu ake, a Robespierre adalengeza kuti cholinga chitha kuchitika pokhapokha mothandizidwa ndi mantha. Nkhondo itatha ndi Austria, Nyumba Yamalamulo idayamba kugwira ntchito ku France, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti komiti ziwonongedwe. M'boma, ntchito yamanja idasinthidwa pang'onopang'ono ndi ntchito yamakina.
M'zaka zotsatira, dzikolo lidayamba kupeza bwino kuyambira zaka khumi zakusokonekera kwachuma. Kusintha kunkachitika pankhani zamaphunziro, zomwe tchalitchi sichinathenso kuyambitsa.
M'chilimwe cha 1794, lamulo lidaperekedwa malinga ndi momwe nzika iliyonse imalangidwa chifukwa chodana ndi republican. Pambuyo pake, a Maximilian Robespierre adapempha kuti aphedwe anzawo a Danton, omwe anali otsutsa andale a Jacobins.
Pambuyo pake, woukirayo adakonza zochitika polemekeza Gulu la Wam'mwambamwamba. Omwe akuwakayikirawo adalephera kupempha chitetezo ndi chithandizo, pomwe ulamuliro wa Robespierre umatsika tsiku lililonse. Umu ndi m'mene kunayambira Kuphulika Kwakukulu, pomwe ulamuliro wankhanza wa Jacobin udagwa.
Popita nthawi, pa Julayi 27, a Robespierre omwe anali ndi malingaliro ofanana adayesedwa. Chifukwa cha chiwembucho, iwo analetsedwa, ndipo Maximilian mwiniwake adagonjetsedwa.
Moyo waumwini
Chibwenzi chomwe Robespierre ankakonda anali Eleanor Duplet. Iwo ankamverana wina ndi mzake osati kumvana kokha, komanso anali ndi malingaliro ofanana andale.
Olemba mbiri ina amati Maximilian adapereka dzanja ndi mtima kwa Eleanor, pomwe ena amakana izi. Kaya zikhale zotani, nkhaniyi sinabwere ku ukwati. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti msungwanayo adatha wokondedwa wake kwa zaka 38 ndipo adavalira maliro mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake, osakwatiwa.
Imfa
Maximilian Robespierre adaphedwa ndi a guillotine pa Julayi 28, 1794. Pa nthawi ya imfa yake, anali ndi zaka 36. Thupi lake, limodzi ndi a Jacobins ena omwe adaphedwa, adayikidwa m'manda ambiri ndikuphimbidwa ndi laimu kuti sipangakhale zotsalira.
Zithunzi za Robespierre
