Karl Heinrich Marx (1818-1883) - Wachifilosofi wachijeremani, wasayansi yachuma, wachuma, wolemba, wolemba ndakatulo, mtolankhani wandale, wazolankhula komanso wodziwika pagulu. Mnzake komanso mnzake wa Friedrich Engels, yemwe adalemba naye "Manifesto a Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu".
Wolemba ntchito yakale yasayansi yokhudza zachuma "Capital. Kudzudzula Chuma Cha Ndale ". Wopanga Marxism ndi chiphunzitso chamtengo wapatali.
Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Karl Marx, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, nayi mbiri yayifupi ya Marx.
Mbiri ya Karl Marx
Karl Marx adabadwa pa Meyi 5, 1818 mumzinda waku Trier ku Germany. Anakulira m'banja lolemera lachiyuda. Abambo ake, a Heinrich Marks, anali loya, ndipo amayi ake, a Henrietta Pressburg, anali nawo gawo polera ana. Banja la Marx linali ndi ana 9, anayi mwa iwo sanakhalebe achikulire.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Madzulo a kubadwa kwa Karl, Marx wamkulu adatembenukira ku Chikhristu kuti akhalebe mulangizi woweruza milandu, ndipo patatha zaka zingapo mkazi wake adatsatiranso zomwezo. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti okwatiranawo anali ochokera m'mabanja akulu a arabi omwe anali ndi malingaliro olakwika pakusintha chipembedzo china.
Heinrich adamuthandiza kwambiri Karl, akumusamalira pakukula kwake kwauzimu ndikumukonzekeretsa ntchito yasayansi. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti wofalitsa zamtsogolo wokhulupirira kuti kulibe Mulungu adabatizidwa ali ndi zaka 6, limodzi ndi abale ndi alongo ake.
Lingaliro ladziko la Marx lidakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi abambo ake, omwe anali omvera M'badwo wa Kuunikiridwa komanso nzeru za Emmanuel Kant. Makolo ake anamutumiza kumalo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi komweko, komwe adalandira masamu apamwamba, Chijeremani, Chi Greek, Chilatini ndi Chifalansa.
Pambuyo pake, Karl adapitiliza maphunziro ake ku Yunivesite ya Bonn, komwe posakhalitsa adasamukira ku University of Berlin. Apa adaphunzira zamalamulo, mbiri komanso nzeru. Munthawi imeneyi ya mbiri yake, Marx adachita chidwi kwambiri ndi ziphunzitso za Hegel, momwe adakopeka ndi kukana Mulungu komanso kusintha zinthu.
Mu 1839 mnyamatayo adalemba bukuli "Notebooks on the history of Epicurean, Stoic and Skeptical Philosophy." Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, adamaliza maphunziro ake ku yunivesite yakunja, adateteza zolemba zake za udokotala - "Kusiyana pakati pa nzeru zachilengedwe za Democritus ndi nzeru zachilengedwe za Epicurus."
Ntchito zandale komanso zandale
Kumayambiriro kwa ntchito yake, Karl Marx adafuna kupeza uprofesa ku Yunivesite ya Bonn, koma pazifukwa zingapo adasiya lingaliro ili. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1940, adagwira ntchito mwachidule ngati mtolankhani komanso mkonzi wa nyuzipepala yotsutsa.
Karl adatsutsa mfundo zomwe maboma apano alipo, komanso anali wotsutsana kwambiri ndi zoletsa. Izi zidapangitsa kuti nyuzipepalayi itsekedwe, pambuyo pake adayamba kuchita chidwi ndi maphunziro azachuma.
Posakhalitsa Marx adasindikiza zolemba zafilosofi On the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Law. Pofika nthawi ya mbiri yake, anali atadziwika kale pagulu, chifukwa chake boma lidaganiza zomupatsa ziphuphu, kumupatsa udindo m'maboma.
Chifukwa chokana kugwirizana ndi akuluakulu aboma, a Mark adakakamizidwa kusamukira ku Paris ndi banja lawo powopseza kuti amangidwa. Apa adakumana ndi mnzake wamtsogolo Friedrich Engels ndi Heinrich Heine.
Kwa zaka ziwiri, mwamunayo adasunthira mozungulira, akudziwitsa malingaliro a omwe adayambitsa anarchism, Pera-Joseph Proudhon ndi Mikhail Bakunin. Kumayambiriro kwa 1845 adaganiza zosamukira ku Belgium, komwe, pamodzi ndi Engels, adalowa nawo gulu lapadziko lonse "Union of Just."
Atsogoleri a bungweli adawalangiza kuti apange pulogalamu yamakominisi. Chifukwa chothandizana, Engels ndi Marx adakhala olemba Communist Manifesto (1848). Nthawi yomweyo, boma la Belgian lidathamangitsa Marx mdzikolo, pambuyo pake adabwerera ku France, kenako nkupita ku Germany.
Atakhazikika ku Cologne, Karl, limodzi ndi Friedrich, adayamba kufalitsa nyuzipepala yosintha "Neue Rheinische Zeitung", koma patatha chaka ntchitoyi idayenera kuletsedwa chifukwa chogonjetsedwa kwa kuwukira kwa ogwira ntchito m'maboma atatu aku Germany. Izi zinatsatiridwa ndi kuponderezedwa.
Nthawi yaku London
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 50, Karl Marx anasamukira ku London ndi banja lake. Munali ku Britain mu 1867 pomwe ntchito yake yayikulu, Capital, idasindikizidwa. Amakhala nthawi yayitali kuti aphunzire sayansi zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza nzeru za anthu, masamu, malamulo, chuma pandale, ndi zina zambiri.
Munthawi imeneyi, Marx anali kugwira ntchito pazachuma chake. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti anali ndi mavuto azachuma, osatha kupatsa mkazi ndi ana zonse zomwe amafunikira.
Pasanapite nthawi, Friedrich Engels anayamba kumuthandiza. Ku London, Karl anali wokangalika m'moyo wapagulu. Mu 1864 adayambitsa kutsegulidwa kwa International Workers 'Association (First International).
Mgwirizanowu udakhala bungwe loyamba lalikulu padziko lonse lapansi la ogwira ntchito. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti nthambi zamgwirizanowu zidayamba kutsegulidwa m'maiko ambiri aku Europe ndi ku United States.
Chifukwa chogonjetsedwa kwa Paris Commune (1872), Karl Marx Society idasamukira ku America, koma patatha zaka 4 idatsekedwa. Komabe, mu 1889 kutsegulidwa kwa Second International kudalengezedwa, komwe kunali kutsatira malingaliro a Woyamba.
Chikhulupiriro
Malingaliro amalingaliro a woganiza waku Germany adapangidwa muunyamata wake. Malingaliro ake adazikidwa paziphunzitso za Ludwig Feuerbach, yemwe adagwirizana naye poyamba, koma pambuyo pake adasintha malingaliro ake.
Marxism amatanthauza chiphunzitso chafilosofi, zachuma komanso ndale, omwe adayambitsa ndi Marx ndi Engels. Amakhulupirira kuti zopereka zitatu izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pamaphunziro awa:
- chiphunzitso cha kuchuluka;
- kumvetsetsa zinthu zakuthupi;
- chiphunzitso chazankhanza za proletariat.
Malinga ndi akatswiri angapo, mfundo yofunika kwambiri ya chiphunzitso cha Marx ndi lingaliro lake la kukula kwa kupatukana kwa munthu ndi zinthu zomwe amugwirira ntchito, kukana munthu kuchokera kuzinthu zake komanso kutembenuka kwake kukhala capitalist kukhala gulu lantchito yopanga.
Mbiri yakuthupi
Kwa nthawi yoyamba mawu oti "mbiri yakuthupi" adapezeka m'buku "Lingaliro Lachijeremani". M'zaka zotsatira, Marx ndi Engels adapitilizabe kukulitsa mu "Manifesto ya Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu" ndi "Critique of Political Economy."
Kudzera munthawi zomveka, Karl adazindikira kuti: "Kukhala wotsimikiza." Malinga ndi mawuwa, maziko amtundu uliwonse ndizopanga, zomwe zimathandizira mabungwe ena onse azandale: ndale, malamulo, chikhalidwe, chipembedzo.
Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti anthu azisamala pakati pa zopanga ndi ubale wopanga kuti zisawononge kusintha kwa chikhalidwe. M'malingaliro okonda kukondetsa zinthu zakuthupi, woganiza uja adasiyanitsa pakati pa ukapolo, ma feudal, mabourgeois ndi machitidwe achikominisi.
Nthawi yomweyo, Karl Marx adagawaniza chikominisi m'magawo awiri, wotsika kwambiri ndi socialism, ndipo wapamwamba kwambiri ndi chikominisi, chopanda mabungwe onse azachuma.
Chikominisi cha sayansi
Wafilosofiyo adawona kupita patsogolo kwa mbiri ya anthu mgululi likulimbana. Malingaliro ake, iyi ndiyo njira yokhayo yopezera chitukuko chothandiza pagulu.
Marx ndi Engels adatinso kuti proletariat ndi gulu lomwe lingathetsere capitalism ndikupanga dongosolo latsopano lapadziko lonse lapansi. Koma kuti akwaniritse cholingachi, kusintha kwadziko (kosatha) kumafunikira.
"Capital" ndi socialism
Mu "Capital" yotchuka wolemba adafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane lingaliro lazachuma cha capitalism. Karl adasamalira kwambiri zovuta zopanga ndalama ndi malamulo amtengo wapatali.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti Marx adadalira malingaliro a Adam Smith ndi David Ricardo. Anali azachuma aku Britain omwe adatha kufotokoza kufunika kwa ntchito. M'ntchito yake, wolemba adafotokoza mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazachuma komanso ogwira nawo ntchito.
Malinga ndi malingaliro achijeremani, capitalism, mwa kusasinthasintha kosalekeza kwakanthawi kokhazikika, imayambitsa mavuto azachuma, omwe pambuyo pake amatsogolera kuwonongeka kwa dongosololi ndikuzimiririka pang'onopang'ono kwa zinthu zaboma, zomwe zimalowedwa m'malo ndi katundu waboma.
Moyo waumwini
Mkazi wa Karl anali wolemekezeka dzina lake Jenny von Westfalen. Kwa zaka 6, okondanawo anali atakwatirana mwachinsinsi, chifukwa makolo a mtsikanayo anali otsutsana ndi ubale wawo. Komabe, mu 1843, banjali linakwatirana mwalamulo.
Jenny anali mkazi wachikondi komanso mnzake wa mwamuna wake, yemwe adabereka ana asanu ndi awiri, anayi mwa iwo adamwalira ali mwana. Olemba mbiri yina ya Marx akuti anali ndi mwana wapathengo wokhala ndi wosunga nyumba a Helena Demuth. Atamwalira woganiza, Engels adamutenga mnyamatayo pa bail.
Imfa
Marx anavutika kwambiri ndi imfa ya mkazi wake, yemwe anamwalira kumapeto kwa chaka cha 1881. Posakhalitsa anapezeka ndi pleurisy, yomwe inapita patsogolo mofulumira ndipo pamapeto pake inachititsa kuti wafilosofiyo aphedwe.
Karl Marx adamwalira pa Marichi 14, 1883 ali ndi zaka 64. Pafupifupi anthu khumi ndi awiri anabwera kudzamutsanzika.
Chithunzi ndi Karl Marx
