Pamikangano yokhudza momwe zimakhalira ku Russia koyambirira kwa zaka makumi awiri, makope ambiri adasweka. Nkhani zakumapeto kwa mpukutu waku France zimasinthidwa ndikudziwitsa za umphawi komanso kusaphunzira, kusonkhetsa mitengo yamakobiri kumayendetsedwa ndi matebulo omwe amalandila ndalama zochepa.
Koma ngati mutasiya zovutazo ndikudziwana ndi zomwe Moscow ndi nzika zake zidakhala zaka zija, mungadabwe: kupatula ukadaulo, palibe zosintha zambiri. Anthu adagwira ntchito ndikusangalala momwemonso, adapita ku polisi ndikupita kumalo awo, kudandaula zavuto la nyumba ndikulonjera tchuthi mwachidwi. "Palibe chatsopano pansi pa mwezi, / chomwe, chomwe chidalipo, chidzakhala kwanthawizonse," analemba Karamzin zaka 200 zapitazo, ngati kuti amadziwa chilichonse pasadakhale.
Kukambirana za moyo watsiku ndi tsiku sikumatha popanda kukambirana za ndalama. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka makumi awiri, pafupifupi malipiro onse a anthu ochepa anali pafupifupi ma ruble 24 pamwezi. Alimi ambiri amapeza zochepa, ngati atapanda kukhala zero. Chifukwa chake, kunalibe kutha kwa iwo amene akufuna kugwira ntchito m'malo omanga, zomanga ndi mafakitale.
Malipiro a ofisala komanso wantchito wamba anali pakati pa ma ruble 70 pamwezi. Ogwira ntchito amapatsidwa ndalama zosiyanasiyana: nyumba, chakudya, kandulo, ndi zina zambiri. Kuchokera pamakalata ake zikutsatira kuti ngati mutu wabanja udalandira ma ruble 150-200 pamwezi, ndiye kuti ndalamayi inali yokwanira kutsogolera moyo wolingana ndi bwalo lake.
1. Ngakhale panali kupita patsogolo, nyumba zosanja zazitali zisanu ndi zitatu zinayamba kuwonekera mumzinda - moyo ku Moscow koyambirira kwa zaka makumi awiri udadutsa, kutsatira dongosolo lokhazikika kwazaka zambiri. Kutsatira kukondwerera Khrisimasi, Khrisimasi idatsatira chisangalalo chawo chopanda malire. Ndiye kusala kudya kunayamba. Malo odyera anali kutseka. Osewera aku Russia adapita kutchuthi, ndipo malo ochitira zisangalalo adadzaza ndi alendo akunja - uthengawo sunakhudzidwe nawo. Pamapeto pa positi, kugulitsa kudatsalira, amatchedwa "otsika mtengo". Kenako adakondwerera Isitala ndipo pang'onopang'ono adanyamuka kupita kumayiko awo, kunja kwa tawuni. Moscow inali yopanda kanthu mpaka kutha kwa chilimwe. Pafupi ndi nthawi yophukira, ntchito zamabungwe, magulu osiyanasiyana ndi mabwalo adayambiranso, ziwonetsero ndi zisudzo zidayamba, makalasi m'masukulu amaphunzitsidwanso. Moyo wotanganidwawo udapitilira mpaka Khrisimasi. Komanso, panali maholide opitilira 30 pachaka, ngakhale kuchepetsa kusala. Maholide adagawika m'matchalitchi ndi achifumu, omwe tsopano adzatchedwa boma - masiku okumbukira kubadwa ndi mayina a anthu ovala korona.
2. M'modzi mwa odziwika bwino a feuilletonists adalemba kuti misala ya dacha misala ndiyosapeweka ngati chikondi. Mu ndiye Moscow dacha sanali chizindikiro cha kutukuka - aliyense anayesa kuchotsa fumbi ndi kununkha kwawo. Kununkhira kwa chilimwe ku Moscow kunaphatikizaponso kununkhira kwa zitini za zinyalala, zonyansa zopanda chitukuko komanso zoyendera zokokedwa ndi akavalo. Iwo adathawa mu mzindamo. Ena mwa iwo ali m'malo abwino okhala ndi zitsime zaluso, ng'ombe zokama mkaka, minda yamasamba ndi malo achingelezi, omwe, malinga ndi kukumbukira kwa Muscovite m'modzi, ali m'nyumba yopanda malo okhala ndi zipinda zinayi pansi ndi zitatu pamwamba, osawerengera zipinda za antchito, khitchini, zitseko ndi zipinda zosungira. Ambiri anali okhutira ndi nyumba yokhala ndi khoma isanu m'mudzi wamba pafupi ndi Moscow. Dacha funso silinasokoneze Muscovites osati vuto la nyumba. Madacha anali panthawiyo ku Kuzminki, Odintsovo, Sokolniki, Osinovka, kuphatikizapo otchedwa. Mzinda wa Losinoostrovsky (panali mtundu wamgwirizano wa eni nyumba, womwe unakhazikitsa malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi, malo ozimitsira moto, masitolo, malo ogulitsa mankhwala, ndi zina zambiri), ndi madera ena omwe akhala gawo la Moscow. Mitengo mpaka 1910 inali 30 mpaka 300 rubles. pamwezi, i.e. anali ofanana ndi nyumba. Kenako kukula kwawo kwakuthwa kunayamba, ndipo ngakhale mtengo wa ma ruble 300 pamwezi sunatsimikizire kutonthoza.
3. Kukula kwa mfundo sikunayambike konse kwa malemu XX - koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma XXI, ndipo sichinthu choyambitsa cha Yu. M. Luzhkov. Moscow idagwetsedwa, kumangidwanso ndikumangidwa m'mbiri yake yonse pafupi ndi kuzindikira kwathunthu kwa oyang'anira mzindawo. Mwambo woteteza zipilala zachikhalidwe sunalipo. Inde, “anthu adachita zionetsero mwamphamvu zotsutsana ndi kuwonongedwa kwa nyumba zakale. Arkhnadzor panthawiyo amatchedwa Archaeological Society. Mphamvu zake zidali zochepa. Cholinga chofunikira kwambiri cha Sosaiti chinali kujambula nyumba zakale asanagwetse pomanga nyumbayo. Komabe, opangawo sanaganizirepo kuti angakwaniritse ngakhale chinyengo ichi.
4. Ambiri akufuna kumva m'mawu a Woland a Bulgakov kuti nkhani yanyumba yawononga a Muscovites, mlandu wotsutsa boma la Soviet. Tsoka, vuto la nyumba lidayamba kuwononga nzika za Moscow kale kwambiri. Zapaderazi za mzindawu zinali chifukwa choti anthu ambiri amatauni adachita lendi nyumba. Palibe amene adachita lendi nyumba kwa nthawi yayitali - bwanji ngati mtengo ungakwere. Chifukwa chake, kutha kwa chilimwe kwa mitu ya mabanja kwakhala kukudziwika nthawi zonse ndi kufunafuna nyumba zatsopano. Kutsika komaliza kwamitengo yobwereka nyumba kudalembedwa mu 1900. Kuyambira pamenepo, mtengo wanyumba ukuwonjezeka, ndipo mtundu wake, monga mungaganizire, watsika. Kwa zaka 10, nyumba, monga anganene tsopano, za "gawo lamitengo yapakati" zidakwera mtengo ku Moscow.
5. Muscovites ankakonda kukondwerera, ndipo adakondwerera molemera komanso kwa nthawi yayitali. Komanso, mfundo ndi ndale za nthawi imeneyo sizinkagawanitsa magulu. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka makumi awiri, adabwera ndi lingaliro lokonzekera chikondwerero cha Chaka Chatsopano kwa anthu osauka kwambiri ku Manezh. Anthu olemera omwe amakhala m'matawuni adasungiratu mipando ndi matebulo m'malesitilanti, ndipo kwa nthawi yayitali adalankhula zakukonda kwawo ku Yar, Metropol, Slavyanskiy Bazaar kapena Hermitage munyuzipepala komanso kukhitchini. Anthu ogwira ntchito mochulukirachulukira amapita kukachezerana, kukhuta mowa momwe angathere, thupi ndi chikwama. Ndipo zidapezeka kuti "makalasi osakwanira" (ndipo adalemba mosakhumudwitsa m'manyuzipepala) amathanso kuyenda m'maholo owala bwino, okhala ndi operekera zakudya, nsalu zapatebulo, zisudzo ndi ojambula ndi zina zamoyo wapamwamba. Tsatanetsatane wodabwitsa: malipoti otsalira a atolankhani akuwonetsa omwe anali kukulitsa kusiyana pakati pa maguluwa. Zolemba za zolembera shark zopatsidwa "Yar" zikukhalira malovu, monga olemba awo amafotokozera mndandanda mwatsatanetsatane. Otayika, omwe adafika ku Manezh, samalankhula za chakudya, koma za ng'ombe zidakwa, omwe samayamika chithandizo cha "master".
6. Udindo wamakalabu ausiku ku Moscow koyambirira kwa zaka za makumi awiri ndi ziwiri adasewera ndi mipira. Misonkhanoyi inali ya demokalase. Ayi, kwa olemekezeka, zonse sizinasinthe - amayi adatulutsa ana awo aakazi, ndipo oyitanidwawo adatsalira. Koma pa omwe amatchedwa "pagulu" (okonzedwa ndi magulu osiyanasiyana) mipira imatha kudutsa pafupifupi aliyense. Pa mipira yotere, kuweruza malongosoledwe anyuzipepala komanso kuwunika kwa okalamba omwe adakumbukira, panali kutsika kwathunthu pamakhalidwe: nyimbo zidathamanga kwambiri komanso mokweza kwambiri, zovala za azimayi zimapumira ndi zonyansa, mayendedwe ovina adapangitsa omvera kudandaula masiku apitawo a Domostroi, kokoshniks ndi ma sundress okongoletsedwa.
7. Muscovites anali ndi vuto la madzi pakadali pano. Mzindawu udakula mwachangu kuposa momwe madzi amapangidwira. Sikuti lamulo lokhazikitsa ma mita okwera mtengo kapena chilango chokhwima cha omwe amanyamula madzi sichidathandizepo. Nzika zokangalika izi zidatseka kufikira akasupe aulere ndi madzi, ndipo atatunga madzi aulere, adagulitsa m'misewu pamtengo wokwera kanayi kuposa madzi apampopi. Kuphatikiza apo, zida zolumikizana zonyamula madzi sizimaloleza iwo omwe akufuna kupita ndi ndowa imodzi yamadzi ku akasupe. Nikolai Zimin, injiniya wa Moscow City Council yemwe amayang'anira nkhani zopezera madzi, adatsutsidwa kwambiri. Injiniyayo adayankha podzudzula ndikuchitapo kanthu. Kale mu 1904, gawo loyamba la njira yopezera madzi ku Moskvoretsky, yomwe idamangidwa pansi pake, idayamba kugwira ntchito, ndipo mzindawo udayiwalako za mavuto amadzi.
8. Apolisi aku Moscow koyambirira kwa zaka makumi awiri sanakhalepo ndi amalume onenepa kwambiri, onyinyirika, oledzera pang'ono, okonzeka kupindula ndi munthu wamba ndi chinyengo chilichonse. Apolisi analembera, choyambirira, anthu omwe anali owerenga (ndiye chinali vuto lalikulu) komanso anzeru mwachangu. Kuti adziwe mayeso, ofuna kupolisi amayenera mayeso a mafunso 80 azovuta zosiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, oyesa amatha kufunsa funso, yankho lomwe limafunikira osati kungodziwa malangizowo, komanso kukhala tcheru m'maganizo. Kwenikweni, ntchito za wapolisiyo zidafotokozedwa m'ndime 96. Apolisi adapambana mayeso a wrestling a jiu-jitsu. Poona kuti mu 1911 gulu la apolisi aku Japan silinapambane chipambano chilichonse, apolisi aku Russia adaphunzitsidwa bwino. Apolisi amalandira zochepa - malipiro amawerengedwa kuyambira ma ruble 150 pachaka, kuphatikiza "nyumba" yogona, kapena ndalama zanyumba, zomwe zinali zokwanira pangodya kunja. Apolisi amatha, ataphunzira maphunziro apadera, adasankhidwa kukhala apolisi. Apa, malipilo adayamba kuchokera ku ruble 600, ndipo renti yabwino idalipira, ndipo koposa zonse, munthu anali atagwera kale mu khola la bureaucracy. Atakweza gawo limodzi, wapolisi adakhala bailiff - malipiro a 1400, ma ruble 700. zipinda zodyera ndi nyumba yolipiridwa ya zipinda zosachepera 6. Koma ngakhale ndalama zamtunduwu sizinapereke mwayi wokhalapo pamlingo wozungulira.
9. Ziphuphu mu apolisi a ku Moscow ndizomwe anthu ambiri ankakonda kunena. Kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zosayenera, ziphuphu, chitetezo, mgwirizanowu ndi zigawenga kuti zigwirizane ndizolumikizana kwambiri kotero kuti oyang'anira adangogwedeza mapewa awo. Amalondawa adachitira umboni kuti pa Isitala ndi Khrisimasi adasonkhanitsa ma ruble mazana apolisi, koma osati monga chiphuphu, koma chifukwa "abambo ndi agogo akhazikika, ndipo ndi munthu wabwino". Oyang'anira mahule anasamutsa ma ruble 10,000 ku akaunti yothandizira apolisi ndikupitiliza ntchito zawo. Eni ake a nyumba zanjuga amadzimva kuti angathe kugula ndalama zoterezi ndipo nawonso adapereka zachifundo. Zinafika poti apolisi anaphimba kubedwa kwakukulu kwa katundu munjanji ndikuphwanya zisindikizo, kuwotcha, kupha ndi zina zaku Wild West. Zinali zofunikira mamiliyoni - imodzi yokha yamakampani omwe anali ndi inshuwaransi ya katundu idataya ma ruble miliyoni awiri. Mlandu wapolisi udatha pokhapokha atachotsedwa ntchito. Mtsogoleri wa apolisi aku Moscow, a Anatoly Reinbot, atangochotsedwa ntchito, adaloleza njanji zomwe zimafuna likulu la mamiliyoni. Zachidziwikire, izi zisanachitike, Rainbot ankangokhala pamalipiro a wapolisi, ndipo atatsala pang'ono kuchita bizinesi yanjanji, adakwatirana bwino.
10. Kwa mboni zakukula kwakanthawi kofananira kwamatekinoloje azidziwitso, mayendedwe aukonde wama foni aku Moscow koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20 ziziwoneka zoseketsa. Koma pamlingo wapaukadaulo waukadaulo, kuwonjezeka kwa olembetsa mwa dongosolo laulemu mzaka 10 kunali kupambana. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, matelefoni ku Moscow anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu pafupifupi 20,000, mabungwe ndi mabungwe opitilira 21,000, onse wamba komanso aboma, komanso malo ogulitsira anthu 2,500. Olembetsa ena 5500 amagwiritsa ntchito matelefoni ofanana.
11. Manyazi a ku Moscow anali malo ogona. Nyumba zoterezi zidafotokozedwa molondola ndi I. Ilf ndi E. Petrov munkhaniyo "mipando 12" atanamizira kuti anali hostel wakale wophunzira. Malo aliwonse okhala ndi ogawika adagawika ndi zinsalu kapena makoma a board kuti apange mabedi ambiri. Ku Moscow kunali nyumba zotere zoposa 15,000. M'malo mwa anthu awiri, anthu 7-8 adakhazikika muzipinda. Palibe kuchotsera komwe kunkaperekedwa kwa amuna kapena akazi kapena banja. Eni ake odabwitsa adachita lendi "mashelufu" - bedi limodzi la anyantchoche awiri omwe amagona mosinthana. Nkhaniyi nthawi zina imakhala yodabwitsa kwambiri - kutha kwa "mashelefu" zana atha kukhala "theka-chikwama".
12. Zosangalatsa zazikulu za a Muscovites munyengo (kuyambira Ogasiti mpaka Epulo) zinali zisudzo. Muscovites sanamvere ulemu kwa ochita zisudzo kapena oyimba. Ndemanga zamakanema kapena zolengeza sizodabwitsa. Komabe, malo ochitira zisudzo, pakalibe mitundu ina yazisangalalo zachikhalidwe, ankadzaza pafupipafupi. Zinali choncho ngakhale m'malo owonetsera makanema onse (kupatula Imperial Bolshoi ndi Maly, ku Moscow malo owonetsera osachepera 5-6, omwe anali a anthu wamba kapena mabungwe azisudzo, omwe adagwira ntchito ngati akatswiri) anali olephera poyera. Chifukwa chake, tinayesetsa kupeza matikiti pasadakhale. Muscovites amayenera kuyima pamzere ku box office ngakhale kutada, ndikugwiritsa ntchito malumikizidwe osiyanasiyana kuti apeze tikiti kapena tikiti yotsutsana. Inde, panali mgwirizano wamalonda osaloledwa. Anatsegulidwa mu 1910. Zinapezeka kuti kwa Moriarty wina wakudziko, yemwe anali ndi dzina loti King, amalonda pafupifupi 50 adagwira ntchito. Adagula matikiti ku box office ndikuzigulitsa osachepera kawiri mtengo wamaso kudzera pa dzanja lachiwiri (yemwe adapereka matikitiwo adalibe nawo, ndipo akagwidwa amalandila chindapusa). Ndalama za King zimayesedwa pa ma ruble 10-15,000. mu chaka. Pambuyo pomangidwa ndi kukhudzidwa kwa Mfumu, malo opatulika sanakhale opanda kanthu. Kale mu 1914, apolisi adanenanso zakupezeka kwa kapangidwe katsopano kamene kamayang'anira kugulitsa matikiti ku Bolshoi Theatre.
13. Mbali yofunikira kwambiri pamasewera ku Moscow inali mipikisano yolimbirana, yomwe idachitikira munyumba yapadera yochitira zisudzo ku Zoological Garden. Izi zinali ziwonetsero, mpikisano weniweni udachitika mu circus. Ndipo mu Zoological Garden, omenyera adasewera ngati nthumwi za mayiko kapena zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana. Anthu omwe anali nawo pamsonkhanowu anali omenyera nkhondo achiyuda komanso ngwazi yaku Russia. "Oimira" amitundu ena adayambitsidwa chiwonetserochi potengera momwe zinthu ziliri padziko lonse lapansi. Mu 1910, masewera olimbirana azimayi adachitika kwa nthawi yoyamba ndi thumba la mphotho ya ma ruble 500. Omvera, osasokonezedwa ndi mwayi wosilira matupi azimayi, adatsanulira atsikana mu leotards zolimba pomenya nkhondo. Mpikisano wothamanga skiers, okwera njinga ndi machesi a mpira unachitikira. Muscovite Nikolai Strunnikov anali msilikali wapadziko lonse ku Ulaya pa masewera othamanga, koma sanathe kuteteza mutu wake mu 1912 - panalibe ndalama za ulendowu. Mu 1914, ndewu zoyambilira za nkhonya zidachitikira ku Sports Palace ku Zemlyanoy Val. Zonse pamodzi, panali magulu a masewera 86 ku Moscow. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti vuto la akatswiri ndi okonda masewerawa lidalipo ngakhale nthawi imeneyo, koma madziwo adathamanga mosiyana - osati anthu okhawo omwe amapeza ndalama pamasewera omwe amawerengedwa kuti ndi akatswiri, komanso oyimira ntchito zonse kutengera ntchito yakuthupi. Poyamba, ski champion wa Pavel Bychkov adakanidwa udindo ndi mphotho - adagwira ntchito yosamalira, ndiye kuti anali katswiri.
14. Makanema adayamba ku Moscow m'malo molimba. Bizinezi inali yatsopano, ndipo poyamba eni makanemawo adakhazikitsa mitengo yovuta. Matikiti opita ku "Electric Theatre" ku Red Square amawononga ma kopecks 55 ndi 1 rub. Makope 10 Izi zidawopsa owonera, ndipo makanema oyamba adasokonekera mwachangu. Kwa kanthawi makanemawa adawonetsedwa m'malo owonetsera ngati gawo la pulogalamuyi. Ndipo pamene nkhondo ya Anglo-Boer idayamba, zidapezeka kuti ma newsreels anali otchuka kwambiri pakati pa a Muscovites. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, eni makanema adayamba kupita kubizinesiyo ndiudindo waukulu - oimba akatswiri adalembedwa ntchito ngati tamers, ndipo nyumba zikuluzikulu, m'malo mokhala ngati "okhetsedwa", adamangidwapo kuti aziwonetsa makanema. Inde, ndipo makanemawa adapangidwa modumphadumpha. Apotheosis inali kutsegula kwa A. Khanzhonkov cinema. Pambuyo pa gawo lochititsa chidwi kwambiri, omvera adawonetsedwa kanema asanayambe chikondwererochi kutsogolo kwa sinema. Khanzhonkov ndi akatswiri ake adakwanitsa kuchita zofunikira munthawi yochepa kwambiri ndikuzikonzekera. Anthu oyambilira nthawi yomweyo adasanduka kampani ya ana odziwika okha, akuloza zala zawo pazenera. Mitengo pang'onopang'ono idakhazikika pamlingo wa ma kopecks 15. kwa "malo oimirira", 30-40 kopecks.wokhala pampando pakati pa kanema ndi 1 rub. m'makanema a posh ngati Khudozhestvenny. Okonda sitiroberi - ndiye anali maliboni aku France - omwe amalipira mpaka 5 rubles. gawo lausiku. Matikiti anali matikiti olowera, ndiye kuti amatha kukhala mu cinema tsiku lonse.
15. Muscovites adawona ndege zawo zoyambirira za ndege kumapeto kwa 1909, koma Mfalansa Gaillau sanatengeke nazo. Koma mu Meyi 1910, Sergei Utochkin adadwalitsa Muscovites ndi thambo. Ndege zake zidakopa owonera zikwizikwi. Zambiri pokhudzana ndi ndege zomwe zikubwera, momwe oyendetsa ndege ndi makina adakhalira zidasindikizidwa munyuzipepala. Manyuzipepala adanenanso za nkhani zakunja. Anyamata onse, zachidziwikire, adalota zokhala oyendetsa ndege. Sukulu ya ndege itangotsegulidwa pamunda wa Khodynskoye, achinyamata onse aku Moscow adathamangira kukalembetsa. Komabe, kuwuluka kwa ndege kudatha msanga. Ndege inali bizinesi yotsika mtengo komanso yowopsa, ndipo imawoneka ngati chidwi chosazindikira kwenikweni. Chifukwa chake, kale mu 1914, Igor Sikorsky sanathe kukweza ndalama kuti akonzekere kuthawa kwa ndege zomwe zamangidwa kale "Russian Knight".
