Denis Diderot (1713-1784) - Wolemba ku France, wafilosofi, wophunzitsa komanso wolemba masewera, yemwe adayambitsa "Encyclopedia, kapena Explanatory Dictionary of Sciences, Arts and Crafts." Membala wolemekezeka wakunja wa St. Petersburg Academy of Science.
Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Diderot, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yayifupi ya Denis Diderot.
Mbiri ya Diderot
Denis Diderot adabadwa pa Okutobala 5, 1713 mumzinda waku Langres ku France. Iye anakula ndipo anakulira m'banja la woperekera zakudya wamkulu Didier Diderot ndi mkazi wake Angelica Wigneron. Kuphatikiza pa Denis, makolo ake anali ndi ana enanso asanu, awiri mwa iwo adamwalira ali ana.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Ali mwana, Diderot adayamba kuwonetsa luso lapadera la kuphunzira sayansi zosiyanasiyana. Makolowo amafuna mwana wawo wamwamuna kuti agwirizanitse moyo wake ndi tchalitchi.
Pamene Denis anali ndi zaka pafupifupi 13, adayamba kuphunzira ku Catholic Lyceum, yomwe imaphunzitsa atsogoleri amtsogolo. Pambuyo pake adakhala wophunzira ku Jesuit College ku Langres, komwe adapeza Master of Arts mu Philosophy.
Pambuyo pake, a Denis Diderot adapitiliza maphunziro awo ku College d'Arcourt ku University of Paris. Ali ndi zaka 22, anakana kulowa m'busa, posankha maphunziro a zamalamulo. Komabe, posakhalitsa adasiya chidwi ndikuphunzira zamalamulo.
Munthawi imeneyi ya mbiri yake, Diderot amafuna kukhala wolemba komanso womasulira. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti chifukwa chokana kutenga imodzi yamaphunziro apamwamba, abambo ake adamukana. Mu 1749 pomalizira pake Denis adakhumudwa ndi chipembedzo.
Mwina izi zidachitika chifukwa choti mlongo wake wokondedwa Angelica, yemwe adakhala sisitere, adamwalira chifukwa chogwira ntchito mopitilira nthawi yotumikira Mulungu pakachisi.
Mabuku ndi zisudzo
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1940, a Denis Diderot adagwira nawo ntchito yomasulira mabuku achingerezi ku French. Mu 1746 adafalitsa buku lake loyamba, Philosophical Thoughts. Mmenemo, wolemba adakambirana za kuyanjanitsa kwa malingaliro ndikumverera.
Denis adatsimikiza kuti popanda kulangidwa, kumverera kumatha kuwononga, pomwe kufunikira koyenera kuwongolera. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti anali wothandizira zachipembedzo - mchitidwe wachipembedzo ndi nthanthi womwe umazindikira kukhalako kwa Mulungu komanso chilengedwe cha dziko lapansi, koma amakana zochuluka zauzimu komanso zozizwitsa, vumbulutso laumulungu ndi chiphunzitso chachipembedzo.
Zotsatira zake, pantchitoyi, Diderot adatchulapo malingaliro ambiri otsutsa kukana Mulungu ndi Chikhristu chachikhalidwe. Malingaliro ake achipembedzo amapezeka bwino m'buku la The Skeptic's Walk (1747).
Nkhaniyi ili ngati kukambirana pakati pa okhulupirira Mulungu, okhulupirira kuti kulibe Mulungu komanso okhulupirira zachipembedzo. Aliyense wa omwe akukambiranawa amapereka zabwino zake ndi zoyipa zake, kutengera zina. Komabe, The Skeptic's Walk sinasindikizidwe mpaka 1830.
Akuluakuluwo anachenjeza a Denis Diderot kuti ngati angayambe kugawa buku "lachiphamaso" lino, amutumiza kundende, ndipo zolemba pamanja zonse ziwotchedwa pamtengo. wafilosofi anali akadali m'ndende, koma osati chifukwa cha "Yendani", koma chifukwa cha ntchito yake "Kalata Yokhudza Akhungu Kwa Iwo Omwe Atha Kuwona."
Diderot adatha pafupifupi miyezi 5 ali mndende yokhaokha. Munthawi iyi, adasanthula a John Milton a Paradise Lost, ndikulemba manotsi m'mbali mwake. Atamasulidwa, adayambanso kulemba.
Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti m'malingaliro ake andale, a Denis amamatira ku chiphunzitso cha mtheradi. Monga Voltaire, amakayikira gulu lodziwika bwino, lomwe, mwa lingaliro lake, silinathe kuthetsa mavuto akulu andale komanso zamakhalidwe. Adatcha amfumu mtundu wabwino kwambiri waboma. Nthawi yomweyo, mfumuyo idayenera kukhala ndi chidziwitso chonse cha sayansi ndi filosofi.
Mu 1750, Diderot adapatsidwa udindo wokhala mkonzi wa buku lodalirika lachifalansa la Enlightenment - "Encyclopedia, kapena Explanatory Dictionary of Sciences, Arts and Crafts." Pazaka 16 zogwira ntchito pa encyclopedia iyi, adakhala wolemba mabuku mazana angapo azachuma, anzeru, andale komanso achipembedzo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti pamodzi ndi Denis, aphunzitsi odziwika ngati Voltaire, Jean Leron d'Alembert, Paul Henri Holbach, Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Jean-Jacques Rousseau ndi ena adagwira ntchito yolemba ntchitoyi. Mavoliyumu 28 mwa 35 a Encyclopedia adalembedwa ndi Diderot.
Kugwirizana ndi wofalitsa André le Breton kunatha chifukwa chakuti, popanda chilolezo cha Denis, adachotsa malingaliro "owopsa" munkhani. Wafilosofiyo adakwiya ndi zomwe Breton adachita, ndikuganiza zosiya ntchito yayikuluyi.
M'zaka zotsatira, mbiri ya Diderot idayamba kuyang'anira zisudzo. Anayamba kulemba masewero momwe nthawi zambiri amakhudza maubale am'banja.
Mwachitsanzo, mu sewerolo "Mwana Wapathengo" (1757), wolemba adaganizira zavuto la ana apathengo, ndipo mu "Tate wa Banja" (1758), adakambirana za kusankha kwa mkazi mwakufuna kwa mtima, osati mokakamizidwa ndi abambo.
Munthawi imeneyo, bwaloli lidagawika m'mavuto akulu (otsika) komanso otsika (nthabwala). Izi zidapangitsa kuti akhazikitse mtundu watsopano wa zaluso, kuzitcha - "mtundu wanyimbo zazikulu." Mtundu uwu umatanthawuza kusiyana pakati pamavuto ndi nthabwala, zomwe pambuyo pake zidayamba kutchedwa - sewero.
Kuphatikiza pakulemba zolemba zafilosofi, zisudzo ndi mabuku azaluso, a Denis Diderot adasindikiza zaluso zambiri. Odziwika kwambiri anali buku "Jacques the Fatalist and His Master", zokambirana "Nephew wa Rameau" komanso nkhani "The Nun".
Kwazaka zambiri za mbiri yake yolenga, Diderot adakhala wolemba ma aphorisms ambiri, kuphatikiza:
- "Munthu amasiya kuganiza akasiya kuwerenga."
- "Osalowa m'mafotokozedwe ngati mukufuna kuti mumvetsetsedwe."
- "Chikondi nthawi zambiri chimachotsa malingaliro a yemwe ali nacho, ndikupereka kwa iwo omwe alibe."
- "Kulikonse komwe ungapeze, anthu nthawi zonse amakhala opanda nzeru kuposa iwe."
- "Moyo wa anthu oyipa umadzaza ndi nkhawa," ndi zina zambiri.
Mbiri ya Diderot imagwirizana kwambiri ndi Russia, kapena ndi Catherine II. Mfumukaziyi itazindikira za zovuta zakuthupi za Mfalansa uja, idapempha kuti igule laibulale yake ndikumusankha kuti akhale woyang'anira ndi malipiro apachaka a livres 1,000. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti Catherine adalipira wafilosofi pasadakhale zaka 25 zautumiki pasadakhale.
M'dzinja la 1773, a Denis Diderot adafika ku Russia, komwe adakhala pafupifupi miyezi 5. Nthawi imeneyi, Mfumukaziyi idalankhula ndi aphunzitsi aku France pafupifupi tsiku lililonse.
Nthawi zambiri amakambirana ndale. Umodzi mwamitu yayikulu ndikusintha kwa Russia kukhala boma labwino. Nthawi yomweyo, mayiyo amakayikira malingaliro a Diderot. M'makalata ake ndi kazembe Louis-Philippe Segur, adalemba kuti ngati dziko la Russia litukuka malinga ndi zomwe wafilosofiyo akumana, chipwirikiti chikumuyembekezera.
Moyo waumwini
Mu 1743 Denis adayamba kukondana ndi mtsikana wapansi, Anne-Antoinette Champion. Kufuna kukwatiwa naye, mnyamatayo adapempha mdalitso wa abambo ake.
Komabe, Diderot Sr. atazindikira izi, sanangopereka chilolezo chokwatirana, koma adapeza "kalata yokhala ndi chidindo" - kumangidwa kopanda chilungamo kwa mwana wake. Izi zidapangitsa kuti mnyamatayo amangidwe ndikuikidwa mndende ya amonke.
Patatha milungu ingapo, Denis adatha kuthawa kunyumba ya amonke. Mu Novembala chaka chomwecho, okondawo adakwatirana mwachinsinsi mu umodzi mwamatchalitchi aku Paris. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti Diderot Sr. adazindikira za ukwatiwu patangopita zaka 6.
Mgwirizanowu, banjali linali ndi ana anayi, atatu mwa iwo adamwalira ali aang'ono. Ndi Maria-Angelica yekha amene adatha kupulumuka, yemwe pambuyo pake adakhala katswiri woimba. Denis Diderot sakanatchedwa kuti banja labwino.
Mwamunayo wabera mkazi wake mobwerezabwereza ndi azimayi osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza wolemba Madeleine de Puisier, mwana wamkazi wa wojambula waku France a Jeannie-Catherine de Meaux komanso, a Sophie Voldem. Dzina lenileni la Volan ndi Louise-Henrietta, pomwe dzina loti "Sophie" adapatsidwa ndi a Denis, omwe amasilira luntha lawo komanso nzeru zake mwachangu.
Okonda analembera wina ndi mzake kwa zaka pafupifupi 30, mpaka imfa ya Volan. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zilembozo, zikuwonekeratu kuti wafilosofi adatumiza mauthenga 553 kwa Sophie, omwe 187 adakalipo mpaka pano. Pambuyo pake, makalatawa adagulidwa ndi Catherine 2, limodzi ndi laibulale ya wafilosofi waku France.
Imfa
Denis Diderot adamwalira pa Julayi 31, 1784 ali ndi zaka 70. Chifukwa cha imfa yake anali emphysema, matenda thirakiti kupuma. Thupi la woganiza lidakwiriridwa ku Church of St. Roch.
Tsoka ilo, mkati mwa French Revolution yodziwika ya 1789, manda onse atchalitchi adawonongedwa. Zotsatira zake, akatswiri mpaka pano sakudziwa komwe zotsalira za aphunzitsi zidalowera.
Zithunzi za Diderot
