Sandro Botticelli (dzina lenileni Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi; 1445-1510) - wojambula waku Italiya, m'modzi mwa akatswiri odziwika bwino kwambiri mu nthawi ya Renaissance, woimira sukulu yopenta ya Florentine. Wolemba zojambulazo "Spring", "Venus ndi Mars" zomwe zidamupangitsa kutchuka padziko lonse lapansi "Kubadwa kwa Venus".
Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Botticelli, zomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, musanakhale ndi mbiri yayifupi ya Sandro Botticelli.
Mbiri ya Botticelli
Sandro Botticelli adabadwa pa Marichi 1, 1445 ku Florence. Anakulira ndipo adaleredwa m'banja la wofufuta zikopa Mariano di Giovanni Filipepi ndi mkazi wake Smeralda. Iye anali womaliza mwa ana anayi kwa makolo ake.
Olemba mbiri ya Sandro sanavomerezane za komwe adachokera. Malinga ndi mtundu wina, adalandira dzina loti "Botticelli" (keg) kuchokera kwa mchimwene wake Giovanni, yemwe anali munthu wonenepa. Malinga ndi inayo, imalumikizidwa ndi malonda a abale achikulire awiri.
Sandro sanakhale katswiri nthawi yomweyo. Ali mwana, adaphunzira zodzikongoletsera kwa zaka zingapo ndi mbuye wawo Antonio. Mwa njira, akatswiri ena amati mnyamatayo dzina lake lomaliza.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1460, Botticelli adayamba kuphunzira kujambula ndi Fra Filippo Lippi. Kwa zaka 5, adaphunzira kujambula, akuwonetsetsa mosamala luso la mphunzitsi, yemwe adalumikiza kusiyanasiyana kwamitundu itatu ndi ndege.
Pambuyo pake, Andrea Verrocchio anali mlangizi wa Sandro. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti wophunzira wa Verrocchio anali Leonardo da Vinci wosadziwika. Patatha zaka 2, Botticelli adayamba kupanga yekha luso lake.
Kujambula
Sandro ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 25 adayamba zokambirana zake. Ntchito yake yoyamba idatchedwa Allegory of Power (1470), yomwe adalemba ku Khothi Lamalonda. Pakadali pano mu mbiri yake, wophunzira wa Botticelli waku Philippines akuwonekera - mwana wamwamuna wa mphunzitsi wake wakale.
Sandro adajambula zojambulajambula zambiri ndi a Madonnas, omwe amadziwika kwambiri ndi "Madonna a Ukalistia". Pofika nthawi imeneyo, anali atapanga kale kalembedwe kake: phale lowala komanso kusamutsa matani akhungu kudzera mumithunzi yolemera.
M'zojambula zake, Botticelli adakwanitsa kuwonetsa momveka bwino komanso mwachidule seweroli, ndikupatsa otchulidwawo malingaliro ndi mayendedwe. Zonsezi zitha kuwonetsedwa pazakuyambirira kwa Italiya, kuphatikiza diptych - "Kubwerera kwa Judith" ndi "Kupeza Thupi la Holofernes".
Chithunzi chamaliseche chomwe Sandro adawonetsedwa koyamba pachithunzi "Saint Sebastian", chomwe chidayikidwa mwampingo ku Santa Maria Maggiore mu 1474. Chaka chotsatira adapereka ntchito yotchuka "Adoration of the Magi", pomwe adadziwonetsa.
Munthawi imeneyi ya mbiri yake, Botticelli adadziwika kuti ndi wojambula waluso kwambiri. Zojambula zotchuka kwambiri za mbuye wamtunduwu ndi "Chithunzi cha Munthu Wosadziwika wokhala ndi Mendulo ya Cosimo Medici", komanso zithunzi zingapo za Giuliano Medici ndi atsikana akumaloko.
Kutchuka kwa waluso waluso kudzafika patali kupitirira malire a Florence. Analandira maulamuliro ambiri, chifukwa chake Papa Sixtus IV adadziwa za iye. Mtsogoleri wa Tchalitchi cha Katolika anamupatsa ntchito yopenta tchalitchi chake m'nyumba yachifumu ya Roma.
Mu 1481, Sandro Botticelli adafika ku Roma, komwe adayamba kugwira ntchito. Ojambula ena otchuka, kuphatikiza Ghirlandaio, Rosselli ndi Perugino, nawonso adagwira nawo ntchito.
Sandro adajambula mbali ina ya makoma a Sistine Chapel. Adakhala wolemba 3 frescoes: "Chilango cha Korea, Dathan ndi Aviron", "Kuyesedwa kwa Khristu" komanso "Kuyitanidwa kwa Mose".
Kuphatikiza apo, adajambula zithunzi 11 zapapa. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti pomwe Michelangelo adajambula denga ndi guwa la guwa koyambirira kwa zaka zikubwerazi, Sistine Chapel idzakhala yotchuka padziko lonse lapansi.
Atamaliza ntchito ku Vatican, Botticelli adabwerera kunyumba. Mu 1482 adapanga chojambula chodziwika bwino komanso chodabwitsa "Spring". Olemba mbiri ya wojambulayo akuti mwaluso wake udalembedwa motsogozedwa ndi malingaliro a Neoplatonism.
"Kasupe" akadalibe tanthauzo lomveka. Amakhulupirira kuti nkhani ya chinsalucho idapangidwa ndi Italiya atawerenga ndakatulo ya "On the Nature of Things" yolembedwa ndi Lucretius.
Ntchitoyi, komanso zojambula zina ziwiri za Sandro Botticelli - "Pallas ndi Centaur" ndi "The Birth of Venus", anali a Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco Medici. Otsutsa amati izi zimawononga kuyanjana ndi kupindika kwa mizere, komanso nyimbo zomwe zimafotokozedwa munthawi zobisika.
Chojambula "Kubadwa kwa Venus", chomwe ndi ntchito yotchuka kwambiri ya Botticelli, chikuyenera chisamaliro chapadera. Idapangidwa utoto pa chinsalu cha 172.5 x 278.5 cm. Chinsalucho chikuwonetsera nthano yakubadwa kwa mulungu wamkazi Venus (Greek Aphrodite).
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, Sandro anajambula utoto wake wotchuka wotchuka wotchedwa Venus ndi Mars. Idalembedwa pamtengo (69 x 173 cm). Lero, ntchitoyi imasungidwa mu London National Gallery.
Pambuyo pake Botticelli adayamba kugwira ntchito yofanizira Divine Comedy ya Dante. Makamaka, pazithunzi zochepa zomwe zidatsala, chithunzi "Phompho la Gahena" chatsalabe. Pazaka zambiri za mbiri yake yolenga, mwamunayo adalemba zojambula zambiri zachipembedzo, kuphatikiza "Madonna ndi Mwana Wokhazikitsidwa pampando", "Annunciation of Chestello", "Madonna wokhala ndi Khangaza", ndi zina zambiri.
M'zaka za 1490-1500. Sandro Botticelli adatengera monk waku Dominican Girolamo Savonarola, yemwe adayitanitsa anthu kuti alape ndikukhala olungama. Pokhala ndi malingaliro aku Dominican, Wachitaliyana adasintha luso lake. Mitundu yamitunduyi idakhala yocheperako, ndipo matani akuda amapitilira pazithunzi.
Zonena za Savonarola zakupandukira tchalitchi ndi kuphedwa kwake mu 1498 zidadabwitsa kwambiri Botticelli. Izi zidapangitsa kuti ntchito yakuda idawonjezeredwa.
Mu 1500, waluntha analemba "Mystical Christmas" - chojambula chomaliza chomaliza cha Sandro. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti idakhala ntchito yokhayo ya ojambula yomwe idalembedwa ndikusainidwa ndi wolemba. Mwa zina, zolembedwazo zidati:
"Ine, Alessandro, ndidalemba chithunzichi mu 1500 ku Italy, theka la nthawi pambuyo pa nthawi yomwe zidanenedwa mu chaputala 11 cha Chivumbulutso cha John Theology, za phiri lachiwiri la Apocalypse, panthawi yomwe satana adamasulidwa kwa zaka 3.5 ... Kenako adamumanga maunyolo molingana ndi chaputala 12, ndipo tidzamuwona (akuponderezedwa), monga chithunzi ichi. "
Moyo waumwini
Pafupifupi palibe chomwe chimadziwika pazambiri za Botticelli. Sanakwatire kapena kukhala ndi ana. Akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuti mwamunayo ankakonda mtsikana wotchedwa Simonetta Vespucci, wokongola woyamba wa Florence komanso wokondedwa wa Giuliano Medici.
Simonetta adakhala ngati chitsanzo pazambiri za Sandro, akumwalira ali ndi zaka 23.
Imfa
M'zaka zomalizira za moyo wawo, mbuyeyo adasiya zaluso ndikukhala muumphawi wadzaoneni. Ngati sichoncho chifukwa chothandizidwa ndi abwenzi, ndiye kuti mwina adafa ndi njala. Sandro Botticelli adamwalira pa Meyi 17, 1510 ali ndi zaka 65.
Zojambula za Botticelli
