Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) - mtsogoleri wa Nkhondo Yodziyimira pawokha ku United States, m'modzi mwa olemba Declaration of Independence, Purezidenti wachitatu wa United States (1801-1809), m'modzi mwa abambo oyambitsa dziko lino, wandale wodziwika bwino, kazembe komanso woganiza.
Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Jefferson, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, nayi mbiri yayifupi ya a Thomas Jefferson.
Mbiri ya Jefferson
A Thomas Jefferson adabadwa pa Epulo 13, 1743 mumzinda wa Shadwell, Virginia, womwe panthawiyo unali nzika zaku Britain.
Anakulira m'banja lolemera la wolima Peter Jefferson ndi mkazi wake Jane Randolph. Anali wachitatu mwa ana 8 a makolo ake.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Purezidenti wamtsogolo wa United States ali ndi zaka 9, adayamba kupita kusukulu ya abusa a William Douglas, komwe ana amaphunzitsidwa Chilatini, Greek Greek ndi French. Patatha zaka 5, bambo ake anamwalira, omwe mnyamatayo adalandira cholowa chawo maekala 5,000 ndi akapolo ambiri.
Pa mbiri ya 1758-1760. Jefferson adapita kusukulu ya parishi. Pambuyo pake, adapitiliza maphunziro ake ku Koleji ya William ndi Mary, komwe adaphunzirira filosofi ndi masamu.
Thomas adawerenga zolemba za Isaac Newton, John Locke ndi Francis Bacon, akuwawona ngati anthu otchuka kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu. Kuphatikiza apo, adachita chidwi ndi zolemba zakale, atatengeka ndi ntchito ya Tacitus ndi Homer. Nthawi yomweyo adakwanitsa kusewera vayolini.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti a Thomas Jefferson anali membala wa gulu lachinsinsi la ophunzira "The Flat Hat Club". Nthawi zambiri amapita kunyumba ya Bwanamkubwa wa Virginia, a Francis Fauquier. Kumeneko adasewera zeze pamaso pa alendo ndipo adalandira chidziwitso choyamba cha vinyo, yemwe adayamba kutolera.
Ali ndi zaka 19, a Thomas adamaliza maphunziro awo kukoleji ndipamwamba kwambiri ndipo adaphunzira zamalamulo, ndikupeza layisensi ya loya wawo mu 1767.
Ndale
Pambuyo pazaka 2 zakulimbikitsa, Jefferson adalowa nawo Virginia Chamber of Burgers. Mu 1774, Nyumba Yamalamulo yaku Britain itasainira Lamulo Losapiririka pokhudzana ndi madera, adasindikiza uthenga kwa nzika zake - "General Survey of the Rights of British America", pomwe adafotokoza chikhumbo cha madera oti adzilamulire.
A Thomas adatsutsa poyera zomwe akuluakulu aku Britain adachita, zomwe zidadzetsa chisoni pakati pa anthu aku America. Ngakhale nkhondo yodziyimira payokha isanayambike mu 1775, adasankhidwa kukhala Continental Congress.
Pasanathe zaka ziwiri, "Declaration of Independence" idapangidwa, yovomerezedwa pa Julayi 4, 1776 - tsiku lobadwa ladziko la America. Patatha zaka zitatu, a Thomas Jefferson adasankhidwa kukhala Governor wa Virginia. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1780, adagwira ntchito pa Notes on the State of Virginia.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti polemba ntchitoyi, a Thomas adapatsidwa ulemu wa sayansi yasayansi. Mu 1785 adapatsidwa udindo wokhala kazembe wa US ku France. Panthawi imeneyi ya mbiri, amakhala ku Champs Elysees ndipo amakhala ndiudindo pagulu.
Nthawi yomweyo, Jefferson adapitiliza kukonza malamulo aku America. Adapanga zosintha zina ku Constitution ndi Bill of Rights. Kwa zaka 4 zomwe adakhala ku Paris, adayesetsa kwambiri kukhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa ubale pakati pa mayiko awiriwa.
Atabwerera kunyumba, a Thomas Jefferson adasankhidwa kukhala Secretary of State of US, motero kukhala munthu woyamba kutenga udindowu.
Pambuyo pake, wandale, limodzi ndi James Madison, adakhazikitsa chipani cha Democratic Republican Party kuti chitsutse boma.
Kulengeza Kudziyimira pawokha
Declaration of Independence idalembedwa ndi amuna 5: Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman ndi Robert Livingston. Nthawi yomweyo, tsiku lomaliza kutulutsa chikalatacho, a Thomas adapanga zosintha kwa milungu yopitilira iwiri.
Pambuyo pake, kulembako kudasainidwa ndi olemba asanu ndi oimira mabungwe 13 oyang'anira. Gawo loyamba la chikalatacho linali ndi ma postulates atatu odziwika - ufulu wamoyo, ufulu ndi katundu.
M'magawo ena awiriwa, kulamulira madera onse kunaphatikizidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, Britain idalibe ufulu wolowerera pazomwe boma likuchita, podziwa kuti ndi ufulu. Chodabwitsa, Chidziwitso chinali chikalata choyamba chovomerezeka m'madera omwe amatchedwa "United States of America".
Ndemanga Pazandale
Poyamba, a Thomas Jefferson adalankhula zoyipa pamalamulo oyamba aku US, popeza sanatchule kuchuluka kwa mawu amtsogoleri wa munthu m'modzi.
Pankhaniyi, mtsogoleri waboma adakhala mfumu yeniyeni. Komanso, wandaleyo adawona ngozi pachitukuko cha mafakitale akulu. Amakhulupirira kuti chinsinsi cha chuma champhamvu ndichikhalidwe cha anthu wamba olima.
Aliyense ali ndi ufulu, osati ufulu wokha, komanso ufulu wofotokoza zakukhosi kwawo. Komanso nzika zikuyenera kukhala ndi mwayi wopeza maphunziro aulere, chifukwa ndikofunikira pachitukuko cha dziko.
A Jefferson adanenetsa kuti tchalitchi sichiyenera kulowerera nkhani za boma, koma kuchitapo kanthu pazokha. Pambuyo pake, adzalengeza masomphenya ake a "Chipangano Chatsopano", omwe adzaperekedwe kwa mapurezidenti aku America mzaka zapitazi.
Thomas adatsutsa boma. M'malo mwake, adalimbikitsa kuti boma lililonse liyenera kukhala ndi ufulu wodziyimira pawokha kuchokera kuboma.
Purezidenti wa U.S.A
Asanakhale purezidenti wa United States, a Thomas Jefferson anali wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wadzikolo zaka 4. Atakhala mtsogoleri watsopano waboma mu 1801, adayamba kusintha zina zingapo zofunika.
Mwa lamulo lake, dongosolo la 2-polar Party la Congress lidapangidwa, ndipo kuchuluka kwa asitikali apamtunda, asitikali apanyanja ndi oyang'anira adachepetsanso. Jefferson akupitilizabe kulengeza za Zipilala 4 za Kupambana Kwachuma, kuphatikiza alimi, amalonda, makampani opepuka komanso kutumiza.
Mu 1803, mgwirizano udasainidwa kuti kugula kwa Louisiana ndi United States kuchokera ku France kwa $ 15 miliyoni. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti pakadali pano pali zigawo 15 m'derali. Kugula kwa Louisiana kunakhala chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu kwambiri pakupanga ndale kwa a Thomas Jefferson.
Munthawi yachiwiri ya Purezidenti, mtsogoleri wadzikolo adakhazikitsa ubale wazokambirana ndi Russia. Mu 1807, adasaina chikalata choletsa kutumizidwa kwa akapolo ku United States of America.
Moyo waumwini
Mkazi yekha wa Jefferson anali msuweni wake wachiwiri a Martha Wales Skelton. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti mkazi wake amalankhula zinenero zingapo, komanso amakonda kuimba, ndakatulo ndi kusewera piyano.
Muukwatiwu, banjali linali ndi ana 6, anayi mwa iwo adamwalira adakali aang'ono. Zotsatira zake, banjali lidakhala ndi ana awiri aakazi - Martha ndi Mary. Wokondedwa wa Thomas anamwalira mu 1782, mwana wake womaliza atangobadwa.
Madzulo a imfa ya Martha, Thomas adamulonjeza kuti sadzakwatiranso, popeza akwanitsa kukwaniritsa lonjezo lake. Komabe, akugwira ntchito ku France, adayamba kucheza ndi mtsikana wina wotchedwa Maria Cosway.
Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti mwamunayo adalemberana naye moyo wake wonse. Kuphatikiza apo, ku Paris, anali ndiubwenzi wapamtima ndi mtsikana wantchito Sally Hemings, yemwe anali mlongo wake wa mkazi wake womwalirayo.
Ndizomveka kunena kuti ali ku France, Sally akanatha kupempha apolisi kuti akhale omasuka, koma sanatero. Olemba mbiri ya a Jefferson akuwonetsa kuti ndipamene chibwenzi chidayamba pakati pa "mbuye ndi kapolo".
Mu 1998, kuyesa kwa DNA kunachitika kuwonetsa kuti Aston Hemings ndi mwana wa a Thomas Jefferson. Ndiye, mwachiwonekere, ana onse a Sally Hemins: Harriet, Beverly, Harriet ndi Madison, nawonso ndi ana ake. Koma nkhaniyi imadzetsabe kutsutsana.
Imfa
Jefferson adafika pamwamba osati pazandale zokha, komanso pakupanga zomangamanga, kupanga ndi kupanga mipando. Panali mabuku pafupifupi 6,500 mulaibulale yake!
Thomas Jefferson adamwalira pa 4 Julayi 1826, chikumbutso cha 50th chokhazikitsidwa cha Declaration of Independence. Pa nthawi ya imfa yake, anali ndi zaka 83. Chithunzi chake chimawoneka pa 2 dollar bil ndi ndalama ya 5 cent.
Zithunzi za Jefferson
