Matekinoloje opanga komanso kupanga makanema ojambula azaka zosakwana 150, koma munthawi yochepa iyi malinga ndi mbiri yakale, adadumpha kwambiri pakukula. Kuwonetsedwa kwa zithunzi zochepa kwa anthu osankhidwa khumi ndi awiri adapita kumaholo akulu okhala ndi chinsalu chachikulu komanso zokometsera zabwino. Ojambula ojambula nthawi zambiri amawoneka bwino kuposa anzawo. Nthawi zina zimawoneka kuti makanema ojambula sanalowe m'malo mwa kanema chifukwa chomvera chisoni makampani opanga mafilimu kapena chifukwa cha mgwirizano wosanenedwa - osaponyera anzawo masauzande ambiri mumsewu chifukwa choti atha kukopeka kwambiri.
Makanema ojambula akula kukhala msika wamphamvu wokhala ndi malonda mabiliyoni ambiri. Sizosadabwitsa kuti ndalama zamakatuni ataliatali kuposa zomwe amawonetsa makanema ambiri. Ndipo nthawi yomweyo, kwa ambiri, kuwonera kanema wamtunduwu ndi mwayi kwakanthawi kochepa kuti ubwerere kuubwana, pomwe mitengo inali yayikulu, mitundu yake inali yowala, zoyipa zonse zapadziko lapansi zimayimilidwa ndi nthano imodzi, ndipo opanga makatuni amaoneka ngati mfiti zenizeni.
1. Ngati simufufuza mozama za nkhaniyi mutha kuwonera makanema ojambula ngati mchimwene wa cinema "wamkulu", "wozama". M'malo mwake, nyama zonse zoseketsa izi ndi anthu ang'onoang'ono sangakhale obadwa a abambo ndi amai omwe nthawi zina amakhala moyo wathunthu kwa ola limodzi ndi theka pazenera. M'malo mwake, nkhani zakuwopsa kwa kanema wa abale a Lumière zofika kwa sitimayi kwa owonera oyamba ndizokokomeza kwambiri. Tekinoloje zowonetsera mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazithunzi zosunthira, ngakhale zili zopanda ungwiro, zakhala zikuchitika kuyambira ma 1820s. Ndipo sizinangokhalapo zokha, koma zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita malonda. Makamaka, magulu onse a ma disc asanu ndi limodzi adasindikizidwa, ogwirizana ndi chiwembu chimodzi. Poganizira kusakhwima kwamalamulo komwe anthu anali nako, anthu ochita malonda adagula phenakistiscops (zida zotchedwa zida zomwe zinali ndi nyali ya incandescent ndi kasupe wa wotchi yomwe imazungulira disk ndi zojambula) ndipo, osaganizira zovuta zamalamulo, adawonetsa kuwonetsedwa pagulu kwazinthu zatsopano zomwe zili ndi mayina odziwika ngati "Pantomime Yopeka" "Chodabwitsa chimbale".
Kunali kutali kwambiri ndi kanema ...
2. Kusatsimikiza za tsiku lenileni la mafilimu opangidwa ndi makanema kwadzetsa kusagwirizana pakukhazikitsa tsiku la tchuthi cha akatswiri opanga makanema. Kuyambira 2002, yakondwerera pa Okutobala 28. Patsikuli mu 1892, Emile Reynaud adawonetsa zithunzi zake pagulu koyamba. Komabe, ambiri, kuphatikiza aku Russia, opanga makanema amakhulupirira kuti tsiku loti makanema ojambula azikongoleredwa liyenera kuganiziridwa pa Ogasiti 30, 1877, pomwe Reino adavomereza bokosi lake lachitetezo, ndikulipaka zojambula.
Emile Reynaud wakhala akugwira ntchito pazida zake pafupifupi zaka 30
3. Wolemba mbiri wotchuka waku Russia Alexander Shiryaev amadziwika kuti ndiye adayambitsa zidole. Zowonadi, adakonzekeretsa mini-ballet zisudzo mnyumba mwake ndipo adatha kupanga bwino kwambiri zisudzo zingapo za ballet. Kulondola kwa kuwombera kunali kwakukulu kwambiri (ndipo izi zidachitika koyambirira kwa zaka za makumi awiri) kuti owongolera pambuyo pake adazigwiritsa ntchito kutulutsa zisudzo. Shiryaev sanapangire luso lake pamoyo wabwino. Oyang'anira malo owonera achifumu adamuletsa kuwombera ballet moyo, ndipo njira yaku cinematographic yazaka zomwezo idasiyidwa - Shiryaev adagwiritsa ntchito kamera ya kanema ya 17.5 mm "Biocam". Kujambula zithunzi za zidole kuphatikiza mafelemu ojambula pamanja zidamuthandiza kukwaniritsa kuyenda koyenera.
Alexander Shiryaev adakwanitsa kukwaniritsa zenizeni za fanolo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zochepa
4. Pafupifupi kufanana ndi Shiryaev, mutu wina wa Ufumu waku Russia, Vladislav Starevich, adapanga njira yofananira yofananayo. Ngakhale m'malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi, Starevich anali kuchita nawo tizilombo, ndipo sanangopanga nyama zokhazokha, komanso mitundu. Atamaliza maphunziro awo kusukulu, adakhala woyang'anira nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale, ndikupatsa malo ake atsopano ntchito ma albamu awiri azithunzi zabwino kwambiri. Makhalidwe awo anali okwera kwambiri kotero kuti woyang'anira nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale anapatsa wogwira ntchitoyo kamera ya kanema, kuwalimbikitsa kuti atenge zachilendo panthawiyo - kanema. St. Starevich sanataye mtima ndipo anayamba kuchotsa nyama zowakulungidwa, ndikuzisuntha mwaluso. Mu 1912, adatulutsa kanema Lovely Lucinda, kapena the War of the Barbel and the Stag. Kanemayo, momwe tizilombo tidali ngwazi zachikondi cha chivalric, zidafalikira padziko lonse lapansi. Chifukwa chachikulu chokondera linali funso: wolemba adakwanitsa bwanji kuti "ochita zisudzo" azigwira ntchito mu chimango?
Starevich ndi ochita zisudzo
5. Chojambula chotsika kwambiri m'mbiri yamtunduwu ndikutengera nthano kwa H. H. Andersen "The Queen Queen". Chojambula chotchedwa Frozen chidatulutsidwa mu 2013. Bajeti yake inali $ 150 miliyoni, ndipo ndalama zidapitilira $ 1.276 biliyoni. Makatuni ena 6 adakweza madola biliyoni imodzi, onse omwe adatulutsidwa mu 2010 komanso pambuyo pake. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa katoni pama katoni kumakhala kovomerezeka kwambiri m'malo mwake kukuwonetsa kukwera kwamitengo ya matikiti aku cinema kuposa kutchuka kwa zojambula. Mwachitsanzo, malo 100 pa muyeso amatengedwa ndi chithunzi "Bambi", kuyambira 1942, asonkhanitsa ndalama zoposa madola 267 miliyoni. Tikiti yopita ku cinema kuwonetsero kwamadzulo kumapeto kwa sabata kenako imagula masenti 20. Kupezeka pagawoli kumawononga ndalama zosachepera 100 ku United States.
6. Ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri omwe adapanga zinthu zofunika kwambiri adalowa m'mbiri ya makanema ojambula pamanja, Walt Disney akuyenera kuwonedwa ngatiwosintha wamkulu padziko lonse lapansi. Ndikotheka kulembetsa zomwe adachita kwa nthawi yayitali, koma kupambana kofunikira kwambiri kwa wojambula wamkulu waku America ndikupanga makanema ojambula pafupifupi mafakitale. Zinali ndi Disney pomwe kuwombera makatuni kunakhala ntchito ya gulu lalikulu, kutha kukhala luso la okonda omwe amachita chilichonse ndi manja awo. Tithokoze pakugawika kwa anthu ogwira ntchito, gulu lazopanga lili ndi nthawi yopanga ndikukhazikitsa njira zatsopano. Ndipo ndalama zazikulu zothandizirana ndi makanema ojambula pamanja zidapanga mpikisano wazithunzithunzi zamafilimu.
Walt Disney ndi munthu wamkulu
7. Ubale wa Walt Disney ndi antchito ake sunakhalepo wangwiro. Anamusiya, mobwerezabwereza zochitika zakuba poyera, ndi zina zotero Disney nayenso sanali wachilendo pamanyazi ndi kudzikuza. Kumbali imodzi, onse ogwira nawo ntchito sanamuyitane china koma "Walt". Pa nthawi yomweyi, omverawo amaika timitengo tamatayala a bwana pa mwayi woyamba. Tsiku lina adalamula kuti azikongoletsa pamakoma a chipinda chodyera chaofesi ndi zithunzi za ojambula. Gululo lidatsutsa - si aliyense amene angakonde ntchito ikamakusamalirani mchipinda chodyera. Disney adalamulirabe kuti azichita mwanjira yake, ndipo adalandila kunyanyala - adayankhula naye pokhapokha atakhala ndi vuto lalikulu. Zithunzizo zimayenera kujambulidwa, koma Disney adabwezera. Mu holo yayikulu ya Disney World ku Florida, komwe kuli ziwerengero zosunthika za anthu odziwika, adaika mutu wa Purezidenti Lincoln, wopatukana ndi torso, pakati pa tebulo. Kuphatikiza apo, mutuwu udakuwa kwa ogwira ntchito olowa mu holoyo, kuwalandira. Mwamwayi, zonse zidangokhala zochepa.
8. Museum of Animation yakhala ikugwira ntchito ku Moscow kuyambira 2006. Ngakhale panali nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale zakale, ogwira nawo ntchito adakwanitsa kusonkhanitsa zowonetserako zambiri, kuwauza mbiriyakale ya makanema ojambula padziko lonse komanso zojambula zamakono. Makamaka, Hall of the History of Animation ili ndi oyambitsa makanema ojambula amakono: nyali yamatsenga, praxinoscope, zootrope, ndi zina zotero. Ikuwonetsanso Poor Pierrot, imodzi mwazithunzi zoyamba padziko lapansi, zowomberedwa ndi Mfalansa Emile Reynaud. Ogwira ntchito yosungiramo zinthu zakale amachita zosangalatsa zosiyanasiyana komanso maulendo ophunzitsa. M'maphunziro awo, ana sangodziwa kokha ndikupanga zojambula, komanso amatenga nawo gawo pakujambula.
9. Woyang'anira waku Russia komanso wojambula Yuri Norshtein apambana mphotho ziwiri zapadera. Mu 1984, chojambula chake "A Tale of Fairy Tales" chidadziwika kuti ndi kanema wanzeru kwambiri nthawi zonse ndi kafukufuku wa American Academy of Motion Picture Arts (bungweli limapatsa "Oscar" wotchuka). Mu 2003, kafukufuku wofanananso ngati wotsutsa komanso owongolera makanema adapambana chojambula cha Norstein "Hedgehog mu Chifunga". Mwachidziwikire, palibe chochitika china chokwaniritsa kwa wotsogolera: kuyambira 1981 mpaka pano wakhala akugwira ntchito yachithunzi chojambula potengera nkhani ya Nikolai Gogol "The Overcoat".
10. Nkhandwe mumakatuni odziwika bwino a Eduard Nazarov "Kalelo panali galu" wokhala ndi zizolowezi zake amafanana ndi Humpback - chikhalidwe cha Armen Dzhigarkhanyan kuchokera mufilimu yotchuka ya TV "Malo osonkhanira sangasinthidwe". Kufanana sikumangochitika mwangozi ayi. Pakadali pano, wotsogolera adazindikira kuti mawu a Dzhigarkhanyan sakugwirizana ndi chithunzi chofewa cha Nkhandwe. Chifukwa chake, pafupifupi mawonekedwe onse ndi Nkhandwe adapangidwanso kuti apatse mtundu wamankhwala achifwamba. Nyimbo yakumwa yaku Ukraine yomwe ikumveka mu zojambula sizinalembedwe mwapadera - idaperekedwa kwa wotsogolera kuchokera ku Museum of Ethnography ku Kiev, uku ndikuchita bwino kwa nyimbo wamba. Mumakatuni aku America a Wolf, Wolf adanenedwa ndi Chris Kristofferson. Ku Norway, wopambana pa Eurovision Alexander Rybak adasewera ngati Wolf, ndipo mnzake mu Galu anali woyimba "A-Ha" Morten Harket. Galu "Wachimwenye" adanenedwa ndi nyenyezi ya "Disco Dancer" Mithun Chakraborty.
11. Mkonzi wa nyimbo wamndandanda wamakanema "Chabwino, dikirani!" Gennady Krylov adawonetsa nyimbo zodabwitsa. Kuphatikiza pa nyimbo zotchuka zotchuka ndi oimba otchuka aku Soviet kuyambira Vladimir Vysotsky kupita ku Muslim Magomayev, zopita ku Wolf ndi Hare zimatsagana ndi nyimbo zomwe tsopano sizikudziwika. Mwachitsanzo, m'magulu angapo, nyimbo ndi nyimbo zimayimbidwa ndi a Hungarian Tamás Deják, polka Halina Kunitskaya, orchestra wa National People's Army of the GDR, Germany Guido Masalski, gulu la Hazi Osterwald kapena orchestra yaku Hungary yovina. Chiyambire gawo la 8, a Gennady Gladkov anali akuchita nawo nyimbo zakujambula, koma mawonekedwewo sanasinthe: kumenyedwa kudalowetsedwa ndi nyimbo zosadziwika.
12. Situdiyo yayikulu kwambiri yaku Soviet Union "Soyuzmultfilm" idapangidwa mu 1936 motsogozedwa ndi kupambana kwamakampani akuluakulu aku America aku makanema ojambula. Pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, situdiyoyo idadziwa bwino zojambula, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zithandizire kwambiri kupanga. Komabe, mwachangu, utsogoleri wapamwamba mdzikolo (ndipo situdiyo idatsegulidwa motsogozedwa ndi I.V. Stalin) adazindikira kuti mavoliyumu aku America sangakokedwe ndi Soviet Union, ndipo samafunika. Chifukwa chake, kutsindika kunayikidwa pamitundu yazithunzi zopangidwa. Amunawo adasankhiranso zonse pano: ambuye omwe adakwanitsa kale adapatsidwa udindo wophunzitsa achinyamata maphunziro apadera. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, malo osungira anthu anayamba kudziwonetsera, ndipo zaka za m'ma 1970 - 1980 zidakhala tsiku lotsogola la Soyuzmultfilm. Ngakhale panali vuto lalikulu lazachuma, owongolera aku Soviet adawombera makanema omwe sanali otsika, ndipo nthawi zina amapitilira miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi. Kuphatikiza apo, izi zimakhudza zinthu zosavuta komanso zojambulajambula zomwe zimapereka mayankho atsopano.
13. Poona mawonekedwe apadera ofalitsa kwa Soviet, sizotheka kupanga zojambula zaku Soviet Union ndi kuchuluka kwa owonera omwe amaonera zojambulazo. Ngati pali zambiri zomwe sizingafanane ndi makanema, ndiye kuti makanema ojambula pamakanema adawonetsedwa bwino pamisonkhano kapena ngati chiwembu chisanachitike. Omvera akulu amakatoni amawawonera pawailesi yakanema, mavoti omwe anali omaliza kwa akuluakulu aku Soviet Union. Chifukwa chake, kuwunika kokha kokha kopanga zojambula za Soviet kungakhale kuwerengera kwa malo ovomerezeka a makanema. Chomwe chiri chodziwika: kuwerengera kwa Internet Movie Database ndi ma portopo a Kinopoisk nthawi zina amasiyana ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi, koma makatuni khumi apamwamba ndi omwewo. Izi ndi "Kalekale panali galu", "Chabwino, dikirani!", "Atatu ochokera ku Prostokvashino", "Winnie the Pooh", "Kid ndi Carlson", "The Bremen Town Musicians", "Gena Crocodile", "Return of Prodigal Parrot", "Snow mfumukazi "ndi" The Adventures of Leopold the Cat ".
14. Mbiri yaposachedwa ya makanema ojambula aku Russia ili kale ndi masamba omwe ayenera kunyadira. Kanemayo "Ngwazi Zitatu ku Distant Shores", yomwe idatulutsidwa mu 2012, idapeza ndalama zokwana $ 31.5 miliyoni, zomwe zidayika pamalo okwana 12 pamndandanda waku Russia wapamwamba kwambiri. Pamwambapa 50 mulinso: "Ivan Tsarevich and the Gray Wolf" (2011, 20th place, $ 24.8 miliyoni), "Three Heroes: a Knight's Move" (2014, $ 30, $ 19.4 miliyoni). ), "Ivan Tsarevich and the Gray Wolf 2" (2014, 32, 19.3 dollars dollars), "Ngwazi zitatu ndi mfumukazi ya Shamakhan" (2010, 33, 19 miliyoni dollars), "Ngwazi zitatu ndi mfumukazi yaku Egypt" (2017, 49, 14.4 miliyoni dollars) ndi "Ngwazi zitatu ndi mfumu yam'madzi" (2016, 50, 14 miliyoni dollars).
15. Chimodzi mwazigawo zamakanema aku Russia "Masha ndi Bear" mu 2018 chidakhala kanema wodziwika kwambiri wosakhala wanyimbo womwe udatumizidwa pakuwonetsa makanema pa YouTube. Nkhani zakuti "Masha ndi Porridge", zomwe zidatumizidwa pa Januware 31, 2012, zidawonedwa nthawi 3.53 biliyoni koyambirira kwa Epulo 2019. Ponseponse, kanema wapa kanema "Masha ndi Bear" adapeza zowonera zoposa 5.82 biliyoni.
16. Kuyambira 1932, mphotho yapadera ya Academy yakhala ikupatsidwa Best Animated Short (yasinthidwa kukhala Animated mu 1975). Walt Disney akhala mtsogoleri wosatsutsika kwazaka zambiri zikubwerazi. Zithunzithunzi zomwe adawombera adasankhidwa kuti apambane Oscar 39 ndipo adapambana maulendo 12. Woyandikira kwambiri, Nick Park, yemwe adatsogolera Wallace ndi Gromit ndi Shaun Nkhosa, ali ndi zopambana zitatu zokha.
17. Mu 2002 zithunzithunzi zazitali zonse zidasankhidwa kukhala "Oscar". Wopambana woyamba anali wotchuka "Shrek". Nthawi zambiri, "Oscar" wa kanema wathunthu amapita ku "Pstrong" - mayankho 10 ndi kupambana 9.
18. Masukulu akuluakulu amitundu yonse okhala ndi zojambulajambula ali ndi mawonekedwe awo, komabe, kutuluka kwa ukadaulo wamakompyuta, makanema ojambula adayamba kukhala mtundu womwewo. Kudalirana kwadziko sikukhudza ma anime okha - zojambula zaku Japan. Sizomwe zili za maso akulu komanso zidole za otchulidwa. Kwazaka zopitilira 100 zakukhalapo kwake, anime yakhala gawo lazikhalidwe zaku Japan. Poyamba, zojambula zomwe zimajambulidwa mu Land of the Rising Sun zidalunjika kwa omvera achikulire padziko lonse lapansi. Zolingalira, malingaliro olakwika, mbiri yakale komanso zikhalidwe, zomveka kwa Ajapani zokha, zidayikidwa. Makhalidwe a anime ndi nyimbo zotchuka zoyambilira komanso kumapeto kwa chojambula, kujambula bwino kwa mawu, kutsata omvera ochepera poyerekeza zojambula zaku Western, komanso kusungidwa kwazinthu zambiri - ndalama zomwe ma studio a anime amakhala ndizogulitsa zogwirizana.
19. Zithunzi za makompyuta zisanachitike, ntchito ya ojambula makanema ojambula pamanja inali yosangalatsa komanso yochedwa. Palibe nthabwala, kuti muwombere zojambulazo mphindi imodzi, kunali koyenera kukonzekera ndikuwombera zithunzi 1,440. Chifukwa chake, ma bloopers m'makatuni akale sizachilendo konse. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa mafelemu nthawi yomweyo kumalepheretsa owonera kuti azindikire zolakwika kapena zopanda pake - chithunzicho chimasintha msanga kuposa kanema.Zojambula zamakatuni zimawonedwa ndi owonera mosamala kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mu zojambula "Chabwino, dikirani!" ndi "Maholide ku Prostokvashino" nthawi zonse china chake chimachitika pakhomo. Amasintha mawonekedwe, malo komanso mbali yomwe amatsegulira. M'gawo la 6 "Chabwino, dikirani miniti!" Mmbulu umathamangitsa Kalulu motsatira sitima, ndikugwetsa chitseko chonyamula ndikudziwulukira kolowera. Chojambula "Winnie the Pooh" nthawi zambiri chimafotokoza zamatsenga. Mmenemo, mitengo imakula nthambi mwadala kuti igwetse chimbalangondo chomwe chikuuluka pansi (pokweza, thunthu linalibe nthambi), nkhumba zimadziwa kuyendetsa telefoni pakagwa ngozi, ndipo abulu amamva chisoni kwambiri kotero kuti amawononga zomera zonse pafupi ndi dziwe popanda kuzikhudza.
Amayi a Amalume a Fyodor ndi omwe amawonekera kwambiri pamagulu ojambula
20. Mu 1988, American Fox Broadcasting Network idayamba kuwonetsa makanema ojambula pamanja a The Simpsons. Nthabwala yokhudzana ndi moyo wabanja lachigawo ku America ndi oyandikana nawo yamasulidwa kwa nyengo 30. Munthawi imeneyi, owonera adawona magawo opitilira 600. Mndandandawu wapambana mphotho 27 za Annie ndi Emmy Mphotho iliyonse ya Best Television Film ndi mphotho zina zambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Kanemayo ali ndi nyenyezi yake pa Hollywood Walk of Fame. Mu The Simpsons, amaseka chilichonse kapena zofanizira chilichonse chomwe angafune. Izi zadzetsa mobwerezabwereza kutsutsa kwa opanga, koma nkhaniyi siyinafikirebe zoletsa kapena njira zazikulu. Mndandandawu waphatikizidwa mu Guinness Book of Records katatu: ngati mndandanda wautali kwambiri wa TV, monga mndandanda womwe umatchulidwa kwambiri (151), komanso ngati mndandanda wokhala ndi nyenyezi zodziwika kwambiri.
Olemba mbiri
