Kadinala Richelieu

Armand Jean du Plessis, Duke de Richelieu (1585-1642), yemwenso amadziwika kuti Kadinala Richelieu kapena Cardinal Red - Kadinala wa Mpingo wa Roma Katolika, wolemekezeka komanso wolamulira ku France.

Adatumikira ngati alembi aboma pankhani zankhondo komanso zakunja mu 1616-1617. ndipo anali mutu waboma (nduna yoyamba ya mfumu) kuyambira 1624 mpaka kumwalira kwake.

Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Kadinala Richelieu, zomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.

Chifukwa chake, musanakhale mbiri yayifupi ya Richelieu.

Mbiri ya Kadinala Richelieu

Armand Jean de Richelieu adabadwa pa Seputembara 9, 1585 ku Paris. Iye anakula ndipo anakulira m'banja lolemera komanso lophunzira.

Abambo ake, a François du Plessis, anali wamkulu woweruza yemwe ankagwira ntchito motsogozedwa ndi Henry 3 ndi Henry 4. Amayi ake, a Suzanne de La Porte, adachokera kubanja la maloya. Kadinala wamtsogolo anali wachinayi mwa ana asanu a makolo ake.

Ubwana ndi unyamata

Armand Jean de Richelieu anabadwa mwana wofooka kwambiri komanso wodwala. Anali wofooka kwambiri mpaka anabatizidwa miyezi 7 yokha atabadwa.

Chifukwa chodwaladwala, Richelieu samakonda kusewera ndi anzawo. Kwenikweni, adagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yake yonse yaulere kuwerenga mabuku. Tsoka loyamba mu mbiri ya Armand lidachitika mu 1590, pomwe abambo ake adamwalira. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti pambuyo pa imfa yake, mutu wa banja adasiya ngongole zambiri.

Mnyamatayo ali ndi zaka 10, adatumizidwa kukaphunzira ku Navarre College, yomwe idapangidwira ana apamwamba. Kuphunzira kunali kosavuta kwa iye, chifukwa chake adaphunzira Chilatini, Chisipanishi ndi Chitaliyana. Pazaka zonse za moyo wake, adawonetsa chidwi chachikulu pakuphunzira mbiri yakale.

Atamaliza maphunziro awo kukoleji, ngakhale anali ndi thanzi labwino, Armand Jean de Richelieu anafuna kukhala msilikali. Kuti achite izi, adalowa sukulu yophunzitsa apakavalo, komwe adaphunzirira kupanga mipanda, kukwera pamahatchi, kuvina komanso ulemu.

Pofika nthawiyo, mchimwene wamkulu wa Kadinala wamtsogolo, dzina lake Henri, anali atakhala kale nduna yamalamulo. Mbale wina, Alphonse, amayenera kutenga bishopu ku Luzon, wopatsidwa kwa banja la Richelieu molamulidwa ndi a Henry III.

Komabe, Alphonse anaganiza zopita ku dongosolo la amonke la Cartesian, chifukwa chake Armand anali bishopu, kaya akufuna kapena ayi. Zotsatira zake, Richelieu adatumizidwa kukaphunzira za filosofi ndi zamulungu kumabungwe ophunzitsa am'deralo.

Kulandira kudzozedwaku inali imodzi mwazinthu zoyipa zoyambirira m'mbiri ya Richelieu. Atafika ku Roma kudzawona Papa, adanama za msinkhu wake kuti adzozedwe. Atakwaniritsa zake, mnyamatayo adangolapa zochita zake.

Kumapeto kwa 1608, Armand Jean de Richelieu adakwezedwa kukhala bishopu. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti Henry 4 sanamuyitane china chilichonse kupatula "bishopu wanga". Sizikunena kuti kuyandikana kotereku ndi amfumu kunazunza otsala onse achifumu.

Izi zidapangitsa kuti ntchito ya khothi ya Richelieu itheke, pambuyo pake adabwerera ku diocese yake. Panthawiyo, chifukwa cha nkhondo zachipembedzo, Dayosizi ya Luson inali yosauka kwambiri m'derali.

Komabe, chifukwa cha zomwe adakonza mosamala Kadinala Richelieu, zinthu zidayamba kusintha. Motsogozedwa ndi iye, tchalitchi chachikulu ndi nyumba ya bishopu zidamangidwanso. Apa ndiye kuti mwamunayo adatha kuwonetsa luso lake lokonzanso.

Ndale

Richelieu analidi wandale waluso komanso wokonzekera, atachita zambiri pakukula kwa France. Uku ndiye kungoyamika kwa Peter 1, yemwe nthawi ina adayendera manda ake. Kenako mfumu yaku Russia idavomereza kuti minisitala ngati Cardinal anali, akadapereka theka lachifumu ngati akanamuthandiza kulamulira theka linalo.

Armand Jean de Richelieu adagwira nawo ziwembu zambiri, pofuna kukhala ndi chidziwitso chomwe amafunikira. Izi zidamupangitsa kuti akhale woyambitsa gulu loyamba lazankhondo ku Europe.

Posakhalitsa, kadinala amakhala pafupi ndi Marie de Medici ndi Concino Concini yemwe amakonda. Anakwanitsa kupeza mwayi wawo mwachangu ndikupeza udindo wa nduna mu nduna ya Mayi Amayi. Wapatsidwa udindo wachiwiri wa State General.

Munthawi imeneyi ya mbiri yake, Kadinala Richelieu adadzionetsa ngati woteteza bwino zofuna za atsogoleri achipembedzo. Chifukwa cha luso lake lamaganizidwe ndi luso, amatha kuthana ndi mikangano iliyonse yomwe ingabuke pakati pa oyimira madera atatuwo.

Komabe, chifukwa cha ubale wapamtima komanso wodalirana ndi amfumu, kadinala anali ndi otsutsa ambiri. Zaka ziwiri pambuyo pake, Louis 13 wazaka 16 akukonzekera chiwembu chotsutsana ndi zomwe amakonda amayi ake. Ndizosangalatsa kuti Richelieu adadziwa za zoyesayesa zakupha Concini, komabe amakonda kukhalabe pambali.

Zotsatira zake, Concino Concini ataphedwa mchaka cha 1617, Louis adakhala mfumu ya France. Maria de Medici nayenso anatumizidwa ku likulu la Blois, ndipo Richelieu anayenera kubwerera ku Luçon.

Pambuyo pazaka ziwiri, a Medici amatha kuthawa kunyumba yachifumu. Akakhala mfulu, mkaziyo amayamba kulingalira za njira yolanda mwana wake pampando wachifumu. Izi zikadziwika kwa Kadinala Richelieu, amayamba kukhala mkhalapakati pakati pa Mary ndi Louis 13.

Patatha chaka chimodzi, amayi ndi mwana adanyengerera, chifukwa chake adasaina mgwirizano wamtendere. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mgwirizanowu udanenanso za kadinala, yemwe amaloledwa kubwerera ku khothi la mfumu yaku France.

Nthawi ino Richelieu asankha kuyandikira kwa Louis. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti posakhalitsa adakhala Nduna yoyamba ya France, wokhala ndi udindowu kwa zaka 18.

M'malingaliro a anthu ambiri, tanthauzo la moyo wa kadinala linali kufunitsitsa chuma ndi mphamvu zopanda malire, koma sichoncho ayi. M'malo mwake, adayesetsa kuwonetsetsa kuti France ikukula m'malo osiyanasiyana. Ngakhale kuti Richelieu anali m'busa, ankachita nawo zandale komanso zankhondo mdzikolo.

Kadinalayo adatenga nawo gawo pamikangano yonse yankhondo yomwe France idalowa. Kuonjezera mphamvu boma la nkhondo, iye anayesetsa kwambiri kupanga zombo okonzeka kumenya nkhondo. Kuphatikiza apo, kupezeka kwa zombozi zidathandizira kukulitsa ubale wamalonda ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Kadinala Richelieu anali mlembi wazosintha zambiri pachuma ndi zachuma. Adathetsa ma dueling, adakonzanso ntchito zapositi, komanso adapanga maudindo omwe adasankhidwa ndi mfumu yaku France. Kuphatikiza apo, adatsogolera kupondereza kuwukira kwa Huguenot, komwe kudawopseza Akatolika.

Asitikali apamadzi aku Britain atalowa m'mbali mwa gombe la France mu 1627, Richelieu adaganiza zodzitsogolera. Patatha miyezi ingapo, asitikali ake adakwanitsa kulanda linga la Chiprotestanti la La Rochelle. Pafupifupi anthu 15,000 anafa ndi njala yokha. Mu 1629, kutha kwa nkhondo yachipembedzo imeneyi kunalengezedwa.

Kadinala Richelieu analimbikitsa kudulidwa kwa misonkho, koma France atalowa nawo Nkhondo ya Zaka Makumi Atatu (1618-1648) adakakamizidwa kukweza misonkho. Opambana pamkangano wazankhondo womwe watenga nthawi yayitali anali Achifalansa, omwe samangowonetsa kupambana kwawo mdani, komanso adakulitsa gawo lawo.

Ndipo ngakhale Cardinal Red sanakhale ndi moyo mpaka kuwona kutha kwa nkhondo, France idayenera kupambana kupambana kwake makamaka kwa iye. A Richelieu nawonso adathandizira pantchito zaluso, zikhalidwe ndi zolemba, ndipo anthu azikhulupiriro zosiyanasiyana adapeza ufulu wofanana.

Moyo waumwini

Mkazi wa monarch Louis 13 anali Anne waku Austria, yemwe abambo ake auzimu anali Richelieu. Kadinala adamukonda mfumukazi ndipo anali wokonzeka zambiri kwa iye.

Pofuna kumuwona pafupipafupi, bishopuyo adakangana pakati pa okwatirana, chifukwa chake Louis 13 adasiya kuyankhulana ndi mkazi wake. Pambuyo pake, Richelieu adayamba kuyandikira kwa Anna, kufunafuna chikondi chake. Anazindikira kuti dzikolo likufuna wolowa m'malo pampando wachifumu, choncho adaganiza zothandiza "mfumukazi.

Mayiyo adakwiya ndimakhadinala. Amadziwa kuti ngati china chake chachitika mwadzidzidzi kwa Louis, ndiye kuti Richelieu adzakhala wolamulira ku France. Zotsatira zake, Anna waku Austria adakana kuyandikira kwa iye, zomwe mosakayikira zidanyoza kadinala.

Kwa zaka zambiri, Armand Jean de Richelieu anachita chidwi ndi kuzonda mfumukazi. Komabe, ndi iye amene adakhala munthu yemwe adatha kuyanjanitsa banja lachifumu. Zotsatira zake, Anna anabala ana awiri kuchokera ku Louis.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti kadinala anali wokonda kwambiri mphaka. Anali ndi amphaka 14, omwe amasewera nawo m'mawa uliwonse, kusiya zochitika zonse zaboma mtsogolo.

Imfa

Atatsala pang'ono kumwalira, Kadinala Richelieu adadwaladwala. Nthawi zambiri anali kukomoka, akuyesetsa kupitiliza kugwira ntchito zokomera boma. Pasanapite nthawi, madokotala anapeza mafinya ambiri.

Masiku angapo asanamwalire, Richelieu adakumana ndi mfumu. Anamuuza kuti amuwona Kadinala Mazarin monga wolowa m'malo mwake. Armand Jean de Richelieu anamwalira pa Disembala 4, 1642 ali ndi zaka 57.

Mu 1793, anthu adalowa mandawo, adaphwanya manda a Richelieu ndikuphwanya mtembo. Malinga ndi lamulo la Napoleon III mu 1866, zotsalira za kadinalayo zidatsitsidwanso.

Makhalidwe abwino a Kadinala Richelieu ku France asanayamikiridwe ndi m'modzi mwa omutsutsa komanso oganiza bwino, François de La Rochefoucauld, wolemba mabuku azamakhalidwe abwino:

“Ngakhale adani a Kadinala anali osangalala chotani pamene adawona kuti kutha kwa kuzunza kwawo kudafika, zomwe zidatsatira mosakaika zidawonetsa kuti kutayika kumeneku kudawononga dziko kwambiri; ndipo poti Kadinala analimba mtima kuti asinthe mawonekedwe ake mochuluka, ndi yekhayo amene akanatha kuwasunga ngati ulamuliro wake ndi moyo wake zikadakhala zazitali. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, palibe amene anali atamvetsetsa mphamvu yaufumu bwino, ndipo palibe amene anatha kuyigwirizanitsa kwathunthu m'manja mwa wodziyimira pawokha. Kukula kwa ulamuliro wake kunadzetsa magazi ambiri, olemekezeka muufumuwo adaswedwa ndikuchititsidwa manyazi, anthu adalemedwa ndi misonkho, koma kulandidwa kwa La Rochelle, kuphwanyidwa kwa chipani cha Huguenot, kufooketsa nyumba yaku Austria, ukulu wazinthu m'malingaliro ake, kulimba mtima pakuwakhazikitsa kuyenera kutenga mkwiyo. payekha komanso kukweza kukumbukira kwake ndikumuyamika koyenera.
Francois de La Rochefoucauld. Zikumbutso