Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak (1887 - 1964) ndiye woyambitsa mabuku a ana aku Soviet Union. Sanathe kutengera chidwi cha owerenga achichepere ndi matsenga osatha a nthano (ngakhale nthano zake ndizabwino kwambiri), kuti asazengereze kuzama "Mwezi umayang'ana kumbuyo kwa nthambi - mwezi umakonda ana anzeru") osasinthira chilankhulo cha ana chosavuta. Ntchito zake kwa ana ndizosavuta, zomveka, komanso nthawi zonse zimakhala ndi maphunziro ozama, ngakhale zolinga. Ndipo, nthawi yomweyo, chilankhulo cha Marshak, chopanda chidwi chakunja, ndichofotokozera. Izi zidapangitsa kuti makanema ojambula pamanja azitha kusintha ntchito zambiri za Samuil Yakovlevich wa ana.
Marshak adatchuka osati chifukwa cha ntchito za ana zokha. Kuchokera pansi pa cholembera chake kunabwera zaluso za sukulu yomasulira Chirasha. S. Ya. Marshak adachita bwino kwambiri kumasulira kuchokera ku Chingerezi. Nthawi zina amakhoza kugwira zingwe ndi zolinga mu ndakatulo za Shakespeare kapena Kipling zomwe ndizovuta kuzipeza mukawerenga ntchito zamakedzana koyambirira. Matembenuzidwe ambiri a Marshak ochokera mchingerezi amawerengedwa kuti ndi achikale. Wolemba adamasuliranso ndakatulo za Mao Zedong kuchokera mzilankhulo za anthu angapo aku Soviet Union, ngakhale ochokera ku China.
Wolemba anali ndi luso lapadera lokonzekera. Adapanga zambiri, monga anganene tsopano, "zoyambira". Pa nthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, Samuel adathandizira malo osungira ana amasiye. Ku Krasnodar, Marshak adapangira ana zisudzo, mtundu womwe umangoyamba kumene ku Russia. Ku Petrograd, adayendetsa studio yotchuka kwambiri ya olemba ana. Marshak adapanga magazini ya "Sparrow", yomwe gulu lawo, popita kudzera mu "New Robinson", nthambi ya Leningrad ya "Detgiz" idabadwa. Ndipo pambuyo pake adakwanitsa kuphatikiza zolembalemba ndi gulu, ndipo adathandizanso achinyamata ambiri ogwira nawo ntchito.
1. M'modzi mwa olemba mbiri yakale a Samuil Marshak, a Matvey Geyser, adalemba ndakatulo ali mwana zomwe ankakonda anzawo onse akusukulu. Anzake akusukulu adatolera ndakatulo khumi ndi zitatu kuchokera kuma albamu a atsikana ndi manyuzipepala akumakoma kusukulu, natumiza ku Pionerskaya Pravda. Kuchokera pamenepo panadza yankho lokhumba kuwerenga zambiri Pushkin, Lermontov, ndi ena. Ophunzira anzawo omwe anali okwiya adatumiza ndakatulo zomwezo ku Marshak. Wolemba adabweretsanso zosunga zonse, ndikufotokoza zolakwika za imodzi mwamavesiwa. Atadzudzulidwa mwamphamvu chonchi, Glazer anasiya kulemba ndakatulo. Patatha zaka zambiri anali ndi mwayi wokaona Samuil Yakovlevich ngati mlendo. Ingoganizirani kudabwitsidwa kwake pomwe Marshak sanangokumbukira ndakatulo zachinyamata, komanso adawerenga imodzi mwandakatulo za Matthew pamtima. Leonid Panteleev adatcha kukumbukira kwa Marshak "ufiti" - amatha kukumbukira ngakhale ndakatulo za Velimir Khlebnikov kuyambira pomwe adawerenga mokweza.
Matvey Geyser ndi buku lake lokhudza Marshak
2. Abambo a wolemba, Yakov Mironovich anali wokhoza, koma wopulupudza kwambiri. Eni mafakitale opanga sopo komanso mphero zamafuta adathamangira kukamupempha kuti adzayang'anire, koma sanathe kukhala malo amodzi kwa nthawi yayitali. Yakov Marshak sanafune kuti atumikire, koma kukhala ndi bizinesi kuti athe kuzindikira malingaliro ake, ndipo analibe ndalama zogulira fakitale kapena chomera. Chifukwa chake, mkulu Marshak samakhala malo amodzi koposa chaka chimodzi, ndipo banja limayenera kusuntha nthawi zonse.
Makolo a Samuil Marshak
3. Mchimwene wa Marshak Ilya anali wofunitsitsa kudziwa kuyambira ali mwana, zomwe pambuyo pake zidamuloleza kukhala wolemba waluso. Linasindikizidwa pansi pa dzina lodziwika bwino la M. Ilyin ndipo linalemba mabuku otchuka a sayansi kwa ana. Asanachitike Nkhondo Yaikulu Yokonda Dziko Lanu, olemba ambiri adagwira ntchito yamtunduwu, ndipo boma lidalimbikitsa - Soviet Union idafunikira nzika zanzeru. Popita nthawi, kutuluka kwamabuku asayansi otchuka a ana kudayamba kuchepa, ndipo tsopano mtundu wakale wa a M.Perelman amakhalabe pokumbukirabe achikulire, koma sanapeze zolemba zodziwika za sayansi zokha. Ndipo cholembera cha M. Ilyin ndi cha mabuku monga "One Hundred Thousand Why" ndi "Nkhani Zazinthu".
M. Ilyin
4. Woyamba kuzindikira luso la Marshak anali wotsutsa wotchuka Vladimir Stasov. Iye sanangotamanda mnyamatayo, komanso adamuyika ku malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi a III St. Munali m'sukuluyi momwe Marshak adalandira chidziwitso chachikulu cha zilankhulo, zomwe zidamupatsa mwayi womasulira wabwino. Omasulirawo aku Russia panthawiyo adamasulira kuchokera ku Chingerezi chovuta komanso chilankhulo. Kutanthauzira ndakatulo kotereku kunali kosathandiza. Ngakhale ndi mayina a anthu otchulidwawo, linali tsoka lenileni. "Sherlock Holmes" ndi "Dr. Watson", omwe mayina awo tidapeza kuchokera kwa omasulira okhawo, amayenera kukhala "Nyumba" ndi "Watson", motsatana. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka makumi awiri, panali dzina la wapolisiyo monga "Holmes" komanso "Holmz". Ndipo dzina loti "Paul" lidavalidwa ndi ngwazi zaku Chingerezi zotchedwa "Paul" m'zaka za m'ma 1990. Mphamvu zamatsenga zaluso ... Marshak samadziwa Chingerezi ngati mawu, koma ngati chinthu chofunikira, komanso munthawi zosiyanasiyana.
Vladimir Stasov. Popita nthawi, Marshak sanakhale wowongolera woyipitsitsa kuposa wotsutsa yemwe adamupatsa tikiti yolemba mabuku
5. Stasov adayambitsa Marshak atasowa kwa Leo Tolstoy - adawonetsa wolemba wamkulu zithunzi za ward yachichepere ndi ndakatulo zingapo. Tolstoy adayamika ndakatulozo bwino, koma adaonjezeranso kuti sakhulupirira "ma geek" awa. Pamene Stasov adauza Samueli za msonkhano, mnyamatayo adakwiya kwambiri ndi Tolstoy.
6. Maxim Gorky anali munthu wofunikira pamapeto a Marshak. Atakumana ndi Marshak wachichepere ku Stasov's, Gorky adayamika ndakatulo za mnyamatayo. Ndipo atazindikira kuti anali ndi mapapo ofooka, Gorky kwenikweni m'masiku ochepa adakonza kuti Samueli apite kumalo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi ku Yalta, ndikumupatsa malo okhala ndi banja lake.
Marshak ndi Maxim Gorky
7. Mpaka 1920, Marshak anali, ngakhale anali wachichepere, koma wolemba ndakatulo komanso wolemba "wozama". Adapita ku Palestina, adaphunzira ku England ndipo adalemba ndakatulo zabwino komanso zomveka kulikonse. Marshak adayamba kulembera ana akugwira ntchito m'malo owonetsera ana ku Krasnodar - bwaloli lidalibe zinthu zochititsa chidwi.
8. Ulendo wopita ku Palestina ndi ndakatulo zomwe zidalembedwa nthawi imeneyo zidadzetsa nthawi yotsatira Soviet kuti alengeze a Marshak kuti ndi wa Zionist komanso wotsutsa Stalinist. Malinga ndi ena mwa akatswiri, a Marshak adalemba zolemba zawo, amayang'anira magazini, amagwira ntchito yosindikiza, kuphunzira olemba achichepere, ndipo usiku adalemba ndakatulo zotsutsana ndi Stalin pansi pake. Kuphatikiza apo, Ziyoni uyu adabisala mwaluso kwambiri kotero kuti Stalin adachotsanso dzina lake pamndandandanda wakuphedwa. Zomwe zili zachilendo kwa olemba amtunduwu - tsamba lomwe Marshak adachita, amafotokoza zamphamvu za Cheka - NKVD - MGB - KGB. Popanda kudziwa za kapangidwe kameneka, monga mukudziwa, ku Soviet Union, palibe amene akanakhoza kubaya singano mu chithunzi cha nyuzipepala cha m'modzi mwa atsogoleri aku Soviet Union osalangidwa - izi zidanenedwa nthawi yomweyo kuti ndi uchigawenga ndikulangidwa pansi pa Article 58. Marshak anali kulandira mphotho za Stalin panthawiyo.
9. Aleksey Tolstoy atamuwonetsa Marshak zojambula zake zomasulira nthano ya Carlo Goldoni "Pinocchio", a Samuel Yakovlevich nthawi yomweyo adanenanso kuti sayenera kutsatira choyambirira cha Italiya, koma alembe ntchito yake, pogwiritsa ntchito chiwembu cha a Goldoni. Tolstoy adagwirizana ndi pempholi, ndipo "The Adventures of Buratino" idabadwa. Zolankhula zonse kuti Tolstoy adabera nthano kuchokera ku Italiya zilibe maziko.
10. Mikhail Zoshchenko, yemwe adakumana ndi zovuta zamasiku onse, Marshak adalangiza kulembera ana. Pambuyo pake, Zoshchenko adavomereza kuti atagwira ntchito ndi ana, adachita bwino kulembera achikulire. Mndandanda wa olemba ndi ndakatulo omwe Samuil Yakovlevich adawathandiza pantchito yawo mulinso Olga Berggolts, Leonid Panteleev ndi Grigory Belykh, Evgeny Charushin, Boris Zhitkov ndi Evgeny Schwartz.
11. Kamodzi Alexander Tvardovsky adabwereka galimoto ku Marshak - yake idawonongeka. Atafika pagalaja, Tvardovsky adawona dalaivala yemwe amamudziwa bwino, pafupifupi akulira chifukwa cha voliyumu yayikulu. Wolemba ndakatuloyo adafunsa Afanasy - limenelo linali dzina la woyendetsa, bambo wazaka zapakati - vuto linali chiyani. Anati: anali kudutsa pa siteshoni ya njanji ya Kursk, ndipo Marshak adakumbukira kuti ndipamene Anna Karenina adadutsa asanamwalire. Samuel Yakovlevich adafunsa ngati Afanasy amakumbukira momwe Karenina adaonera zonse. Dalaivala anali ndi chidziwitso chodziwitsa Marshak kuti sanayendetseko Karenins aliyense. A Marshak okwiya adamupatsa buku la Anna Karenina ndipo adati mpaka Afanasy atawerenga bukuli, sagwiritsa ntchito ntchito zake. Ndipo malipiro a madalaivala adalipira ma mileage, kapena nthawi yapaulendo, ndiye kuti, atakhala mu garaja, Afanasy adapeza zochepa kwambiri.
12. Ndakatulo za Marshak zidapezeka mwachangu kwambiri, koma nthawi yomweyo zinali zapamwamba kwambiri, ndipo kwa quatrain imodzi amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mapepala khumi. Koma ngakhale ndikusinthidwa, kuthamanga kwa kulemba ndakatulo kunali kosangalatsa. Pa Great Patriotic War, Marshak adagwirizana ndi Kukryniksy (ojambula zithunzi M. Kupriyanov, P. Krylov ndi N. Sokolov). Lingaliro loyambirira linali loti ojambula atatuwo adalemba makatuni, ndipo Marshak amabwera ndi ma siginecha awo ndakatulo. Koma patadutsa masiku ochepa, mfundo yantchito idasintha: Marshak, atatha kumvera lipoti la Sovinformburo, adakwanitsa kulemba ndakatulo, kuvomereza olamulira oyenera ndikubweretsa kapena kuyisamutsira kwa ojambula omwe analibe lingaliro la caricature. Mizere ya Marshak "Kwa womenya makhorka ndiokwera mtengo, utsi ndi utsi wa adani" zidasindikizidwa pamaphukusi mamiliyoni ambiri a makhorka osuta. Pogwira ntchito yawo munthawi yankhondo, Kukryniksy ndi Marshak adaphatikizidwa pamndandanda wa adani a Hitler.
Adani a Fuhrer
13. Marshak anali ndi ubale wovuta kwambiri ndi Korney Chukovsky. Pakadali pano, sizinabwere kudzatsegula zipolowe, koma olemba sanaphonye mwayi woti apereke kunyoza kwa anzawo. Mwachitsanzo, a Marshak ankakonda kunyoza kuti Chukovsky, ataphunzira Chingerezi kuchokera kwa omwe amadziphunzitsira okha omwe ali ndi gawo loti "Kutchulidwa" adang'ambika, mopanda manyazi mawu achingerezi. Kusiyana kwakukulu, kwazaka khumi ndi theka, kudabwera pomwe ku Detgiz mu 1943 adakana kufalitsa buku la Chukovsky "Tidzagonjetsa Barmaley". Marshak, yemwe anali atathandizira kale Chukovsky kufalitsa, nthawi ino sanadzudzule ntchitoyi mopanda chisoni. Chukovsky adavomereza kuti ndakatulo zake ndizofooka, koma adakwiya ndikumutcha Marshak wochenjera komanso wachinyengo.
14. Wolemba ntchito zambiri za ana anali ndi chikhalidwe chachibwana. Sanakonde kugona nthawi, ndipo amadana ndi kusokoneza makalasi pa nkhomaliro panthawi yake. Kwa zaka zambiri, kudya panthawi yake kunakhala kofunikira - matenda amadzipangitsa kumva. Marshak adalemba ganyu wantchito wokhala ndiukali kwambiri. Rosalia Ivanovna, pa nthawi yoikika, adagubuduza tebulo mchipinda, osatengera zomwe Samuel Yakovlevich anali kuchita kapena kuyankhula. Anamutcha "Empress" kapena "Administration".
15. Samuil Marshak, akadali ku Palestina, adakwatirana ndi a Sophia Milvidskaya. Okwatiranawo amathandizana bwino, ndipo ukwati ukhoza kutchedwa wokondwa ngati sichoncho kwa ana awo. Mwana wamkazi woyamba wa Nathaniel, atangoposa chaka chimodzi, adamwalira chifukwa cha kupsa atagunda samovar yotentha. Mwana wina wamwamuna, Yakov, adamwalira ndi chifuwa chachikulu mu 1946. Pambuyo pake, mkazi wa Marshak adadwala kwambiri ndipo adamwalira mu 1053. Mwa ana atatuwa, mwana wamwamuna m'modzi yekha, Immanuel, yemwe adakhala sayansi ya sayansi, adapulumuka.
16. Kuyambira 1959 mpaka 1961, mtolankhani wotchuka waku Russia a Vladimir Pozner, yemwe anali atangomaliza kumene maphunziro ku yunivesite, anali mlembi wa Marshak. Kugwirizana kwa a Pozner ndi a Marshak kunathera pachisokonezo - Posner adayesa kutulutsa matanthauzidwe ake kuchokera mchingerezi kupita ku ofesi yolemba magazini ya Novy Mir, ndikuwaphatikiza ndi matanthauzidwe a Marshak. Wolemba nthawi yomweyo anathamangitsa wachinyamata wanzeru. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, Posner adapereka chochitika chosasangalatsa ngati kuyesera kusewera prank pagulu lotsogolera.
Mwa manambala, cholowa cha Samuil Marshak chikuwoneka motere: 3,000 mwa ntchito zake, zomasulira 1,500, zofalitsa m'zilankhulo zakunja za 75. Mu Chirasha, kufalitsa kopitilira muyeso kwa buku la Marshak kunali makope 1.35 miliyoni, pomwe kufalitsa kwathunthu kwa zolembedwa za wolemba kumayerekezedwa kukhala makope 135 miliyoni.
18. Samuil Marshak adapatsidwa ma Orders awiri a Lenin, Order of Red Banner of Labor ndi Order of the Patriotic War, digiri yoyamba. Anali wopambana mphotho 4 za Stalin ndi Lenin. M'mizinda ikuluikulu yonse yomwe wolemba amakhala, zidutswa zolembapo zidakhazikitsidwa, ndipo ku Voronezh pali chipilala cha S. Marshak. Chikumbutso china chikukonzekera kuikidwa pa Lyalina Square ku Moscow. Mzere wa Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya wa metro wa ku Moscow umayendetsa sitimayi "My Marshak".
19. Pambuyo pa imfa ya a Samuel Marshak, a Sergei Mikhalkov, omwe adaganizira zokambirana naye mwachangu pantchito yake, adalemba kuti mlatho woyendetsa sitimayo ya mabuku a ana aku Soviet Union udalibe. Pa nthawi ya moyo wake, Mikhalkov adatcha Samuil Yakovlevich "Marshak wa Soviet Union".
20. Posanja katundu ndi zikalata zomwe bambo ake adasiya, a Emmanuel Emmanuel Marshak adapeza zojambulidwa zambiri pakamera yamafilimu. Akuwayang'ana, adadabwa: kulikonse komwe abambo ake anali pagulu, nthawi yomweyo adazunguliridwa ndi ana. Chabwino, mu Soviet Union - kutchuka kwa Samuil Yakovlevich kunali konsekonse. Koma chithunzi chomwecho - apa Marshak akuyenda yekha, ndipo apa ali kale ndi ana - adayamba kujambula ku London, ndi ku Oxford, ndi ku Scotland pafupi ndi nyumba ya Robert Burns.
