Ngakhale kuti nkhandwe sizikhala ndi anthu, sizifunikira kudziwitsidwa mwapadera. Chifukwa cha zikhalidwe, ana adakali aang'ono amadziwa nyama yaying'ono, yomwe imalipira kufooka mwanzeru, koma siyiphonya yake, ngati zingatheke kukhumudwitsa ina yofooka.
Zachidziwikire, ndikofunikira kusiyanitsa chithunzi cha nkhandwe, chomwe chimapangidwa m'malingaliro athu mothandizidwa ndi nthano za ana ndi katuni, kuchokera ku moyo weniweni wa nkhandweyo. Monga m'modzi mwa ofufuza odziwika kwambiri Charles Roberts adalemba, nthawi zonse zimakhala zovuta kuti munthu afotokozere zizolowezi za nyama zolinganizidwa bwino kuti zipewe kukhala ndi mikhalidwe ina yaumunthu.
Kuchenjera kwa nkhandwe m'moyo weniweni kumangowonekera pokhapokha nyama zitasiya kuthamangitsa. Pakadali pano, nkhandwe zimauluka mwaluso kwambiri, ndikusokoneza mayendedwe, ndipo zimatha kudzibisa munthawi yomweyo, kuzimiririka m'munda wowonera. Pakasaka nkhandwe zimakhala zowongoka. Amagwira ntchito molingana ndi chiwembu "kuzindikira nyama - kuwombera mphezi - kutha kwa kusaka".
Pafupifupi, nkhandwe zimakhala zokulirapo kuyambira theka la mita mpaka mita kutalika. Mchira, womwe uli pafupifupi magawo awiri mwa atatu a kutalika kwa thupi, amawerengedwa padera. Kulemera kwakukulu kwa nkhandwe ndi 10-11 kg, pomwe kumakhala kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwa nyengo. Nkhandwe sikuti zimangokhala m'nkhalango zokha. M'malo mwake, ngakhale, atha kukhala kuti amadziwika kuti ndi okhala m'nkhalango ndi nkhalango - ndi m'malo amtunduwu omwe nkhandwe zimakhala ndi moyo ndikukula.
Mwachilengedwe, nkhandwe zimakhala pafupifupi kulikonse ku Northern Hemisphere, kupatula nyengo yovuta kwambiri. Kummwera kwa dziko lapansi, nkhandwe zimakhala ku Australia kokha, komwe anthu adaziyambitsa bwino. Komabe, kupambana kwa nkhandwe ku Australia ndizocheperako - adayambitsidwa, kufunitsitsa kuthana ndi akalulu, koma nkhandwe, zomwe zimapezeka mgulu laling'ono kwambiri, zimakonda kusaka nyama zazing'ono. Akalulu, kukhumudwa kwa alimi, adapitiliza kuswana.
1. Ngakhale atakhala ochepa, nkhandwe sizikusakidwa ndi nyama zokulirapo. Zachidziwikire, nkhandwe, chimbalangondo, lynx kapena wolverine sizingakane mwayi wogwira nkhandwe. Komabe, mwayi woterewu umapezeka kawirikawiri - nkhandwe zimakhala tcheru komanso mwachangu. Mwacholinga, komabe nkhandwe zazikulu sizisaka. Zinyama zazing'ono zili pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Ngakhale mbalame zodya nyama zimazisaka, koma sizinaphule kanthu. Poganizira zaumunthu - ndipo alenje, ngati n'kotheka, amenyetsa nkhandwe ndi zikwi - kutalika kwa moyo wa nkhandwe sikudutsa zaka zitatu. Nthawi yomweyo, nkhandwe sizimafa konse chifukwa chakutha kwa zinthu zathupi - mu ukapolo, milandu idalembedwa pomwe nkhandwe zimakhala zaka 20 - 25.
2. Nkhandwe sizimawopa anthu, chifukwa chake amaphunzitsidwa bwino ndikukhazikika mu ukapolo, kulola anthu kuti apange mitundu yatsopano. Anthu okhala kumidzi mwachilengedwe sakonda nkhandwe - zokongola za tsitsi lofiira nthawi zambiri zimawononga mbalame ndi ziweto zazing'ono. Komabe, akatswiri a zooge amanena kuti kuwonongeka kwa nkhandwe nthawi zambiri kumakhala kokokomeza.
3. Zosangalatsa za Chingerezi za "Fox Hunting" sizinachitike chifukwa anthu ammudzimo analibe zosangalatsa. England kuli anthu ambiri kotero kuti nkhandwe yomaliza idaphedwa koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 16. Kutha kwa mimbulu kwadzetsa mphukira zomwe sizinachitikepo, zomwe zataya mdani wawo womaliza wachilengedwe. Zotsatira za alimi zinali zomveka. Alimi okwiya adayamba kukonzekera kusaka nkhandwe zazikulu. Anakwanitsa kupha nyama zina, koma phokoso lomwe linakwezedwa ndi gulu la "alenje" linali lofunika kwambiri. Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa kusaka koteroko kunayamba mu 1534. Ukadaulowo udachita bwino kwambiri - pofika 1600, agalu oyenera makamaka amafunika kuti azisaka ankhandwe. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, njira zachuma zinali kuchitika ku England, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti alimi azikhala ndi malo opanda ufulu wolima, ndipo kusaka nkhandwe kunakhala chuma cha olemekezeka. Idasandulika mwambo wathunthu wokhala ndi zimbudzi zazimayi zokongola, zovala zachikale zosaka, ndi zina zambiri. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, patangotsutsana pang'ono, Nyumba Yamalamulo yaku Britain idaletsa kusaka nkhandwe mothandizidwa ndi paketi ya agalu opitilira 3. Voti imodzi ku Nyumba Yamalamulo inali yokwanira kuthetsa miyambo yakale ija.
4. Pali kusaka nkhandwe, popanda kufa kwa nyama izi. Ili ndi dzina losavomerezeka pamipikisano yopezera mayendedwe awayilesi. Udindo wa nkhandwe umachitidwa ndi ma transmitter ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi zonse obisika m'malo ovuta. Ochita masewera ali ndi zida zowalandirira. Ntchito yawo ndikupeza ma transmitter onse munthawi yochepa kwambiri (nthawi zambiri amakhala 5). Mpikisano wosaka Fox adatchuka kwambiri panthawi ya Cold War. Chofunika cha mpikisano chili pafupi kwambiri ndi ntchito yaukazitape kuti muzindikire ndikuchotsa njira zolumikizirana zanzeru. Chifukwa chake, mabungwe aboma, makamaka ankhondo ndi anzeru, amathandizira othamanga m'njira iliyonse. Kutha kwa Cold War komanso kupititsa patsogolo mwachangu ukadaulo wazidziwitso kunapangitsa "kusaka nkhandwe", ndipo tsopano okonda okha ndiomwe akuchita nawo masewerawa.
5. Chenjezo ndi kufulumira kwa nkhandwe zidakakamiza osaka kuti apange njira zingapo zosakira nyamazi. Nkhandwe imakopeka ndi nyambo. Nyama ya nyama kapena nyama yambiri imatsalira pamalo owombedwa bwino, ndipo alenjewo amabisala pafupi. Nkhandweyo imakopeka ndi zonyenga, ndipo mzaka zaposachedwa, zonyenga zamagetsi zamagawo awiri zayamba kutchuka. Mwa iwo, njira yolamulira ili m'manja mwa mlenje, ndipo mawu okopa amatulutsidwa ndi zokuzira mawu zakunja. Kujambula uku kumakupatsani mwayi wopita ndi nkhandwe kumalo oyenera kuwombera. Makampani akulu a alenje amachita kusaka ndi malipiro, ndi mbendera. Agalu osaka amagwiritsa ntchito, ma hound onse, ndi ma greyhound, kuthamangitsa nkhandwe m'munda (ma greyhound amadzipheranso okha othawa) ndi agalu obowola, kutulutsa nkhandweyo kunja kwa dzenje.
6. Ngakhale kuti kusaka nkhandwe kumatchuka kulikonse komwe nyama izi zimapezeka, ngakhale wosaka njala wopambana kwambiri sangadye nyama ya nkhandwe ku Russia. Nkhandwe ndi nyama yolusa kwambiri, choncho palibe mafuta m'nkhandwe. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zolimba kwambiri, nyama ya nkhandwe imakhala yolimba kwambiri kuposa nyama ya adani ena. Nyama yotsitsimutsidwa imatulutsa fungo losasangalatsa, lomwe limafooka, koma silimatha ngakhale patatha maola 12 mukuviika mu viniga ndi mchere. Pomaliza, makoswe omwe amapanga chakudya cha nkhandwe amakhala ndi tiziromboti. Ankhandwe apanga chitetezo champhamvu kwambiri chomwe anthu alibe. Chifukwa chake, nyama iyenera kupatsidwa chithandizo chazitali cha kutentha. Mukatentha, fungo losasangalatsa limabweranso, ndiye njira yokhayo yophikira nkhandwe ndikuwotchera ndi zokometsera zambiri ndi zonunkhira. Anthu aku Scandinavians, akumenya aliyense ndi matenthedwe awo - zokometsera zam'manja - nawonso amadziwika. Ku Sweden ndi Denmark, ankhandwe amaweta kuti azidya nyama m'mafamu apadera ndipo ngakhale zina mwazogulitsa zimatumizidwa kunja. Pogulitsa, nyama ya nkhandwe imakhala pafupifupi ma euro 15 pa kilogalamu.
7. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, nkhandwe zinayamba kuweta ndi kuweta ziweto monga ziweto. Pamaziko a sayansi, izi zidagwira gulu la Dmitry Belyaev ku Novosibirsk. Kusankhidwa mosamala kwa anthu anzeru kwambiri komanso achikondi kunapereka zotsatira patadutsa zaka zambiri. D. Belyaev adakhala wophunzirira, adakhazikitsa chipilala chabwino ndipo m'modzi mwa ophunzira ake mtawuni ya Novosibirsk - wasayansi ndi nkhandwe amakhala pabenchi, akutambasula manja awo wina ndi mnzake. Koma ngakhale kuyesetsa kwazaka zambiri sikunatsogolere ku mtundu watsopano. Asayansi omwe akupitilizabe kukonza zikhalidwe za nkhandwe amatcha ziweto zawo "anthu" okha. Ndiye kuti, ndi gulu lalikulu chabe la anthu okhala mdera laling'ono.
8. "Olima" nkhandwe osakhulupirika akhala atakwanitsa kuphunzitsa abodza malingaliro akuti nkhandwe ndi galu yemweyo, ndi mphaka chabe. Mwanjira ina, chinyama chimakhala chokhulupirika kwambiri kwa eni ake, nthawi yomweyo, moyera komanso mosadalira. Ndipo ngati chinyama sichichita zomwe mwiniwake akufuna, ndiye vuto la mwini wake. Pokhapo pakukula kwa kulumikizana kwamisili ndi komwe obereketsa nkhandwe omvetsa chisoni adakwanitsa kugawana ndi dziko chisangalalo chosunga nkhandwe ngati chiweto. Khalidwe la nkhandweyo silidalira komwe kugula, kaya ndi nazale yapadera, wogulitsanso malonda, kapena ngakhale mbali ya mseu womwe chiweto chake chingagundidwe ndi galimoto. Mosasamala kanthu kuti muli ndi chiweto chowonongera kwaulere, kapena mudalipira ma ruble 10 kapena 80 zikwi, chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osasangalatsa. Adzawala kulikonse; kudziluma ndi kukumba kulikonse kumene kuli kotheka; kupanga phokoso usiku ndikununkha usana ndi usiku. Ndi fungo lomwe ndilo vuto loipa kwambiri la nkhandwe. Zitha kuzolowera thireyi (zomwe zili mkati mwake ziyenera kusinthidwa kawiri patsiku), koma nkhandwe sichidzasiya chizolowezi chobisa chinsinsi cha zoperewera, zomwe ndizosasangalatsa komanso zopweteka m'maso, ndikulimba mtima konse kuchokera kuchikondi mpaka mantha. Chifukwa chake, kusunga chiweto cha nkhandwe ndibwino kwambiri mndege yayikulu mnyumba yanyumba, koma osati mnyumba. Koma mulimonsemo, muyenera kusamalira magolovesi a mphira ndi zotsekemera zolimba mumalonda.
9. Nkhandwe zimasinthasintha pafupifupi malo aliwonse. Zakudya zazing'ono zazing'ono - nkhandwe zimasinthira mosavuta kukhala zakudya zamasamba, osavutikanso konse. Zimayamba kuzizira - timakula, kusangalatsa alenje, malaya akunja odula. Zimatentha - malaya amkati agwa, ndipo nkhandwe zimawoneka ngati mwana wagalu wodwala. Ngakhale utoto wa nkhandwe umangotengera chilengedwe. Ngati pali nyama zambiri m'nkhalangozi, nkhandwe zimakumba maenje akuya ndi njira zanthambi ndipo khumi ndi awiri, kapena kupitilira apo, zimatuluka. Mabowo oterewa amatha kufika 70 square metres. M. Pali zolusa zochepa - ndipo dzenje lidzakhala lalifupi komanso losaya, ndipo kutuluka kwadzidzidzi kawiri kapena katatu kudzakhala kokwanira. M'madera ozizira, khomo lalikulu la burrow limayang'ana kumwera, kumadera ofunda komanso otentha - kumpoto, komanso m'zipululu ndi m'mapiri - komwe mphepo imawomba pafupipafupi.
10. "Fox hole" pazifukwa zina amatchedwa mtundu wazinyumba, zofananira ndi dzenje, kupatula malo olowera otsetsereka. "Mabowo a nkhandwe" amakono, omwe mapulani ake amafunsidwa ndi makampani ambiri omanga, sangapite pansi penipeni - amangokhala nyumba, zomwe makoma ake ali mulu ndi nthaka. Anthu "mabowo a nkhandwe" ali ndi zabwino zonse komanso zoyipa, koma alibe chochita ndi nkhandwe, kupatula dzina.
11. Kuumitsa malamulo osakira ndi malamulo azachilengedwe kulikonse kumabweretsa mfundo yoti nkhandwe zikuyandikira pang'ono pang'ono kuti anthu azikhalamo. Ndikosavuta kupeza chakudya pafupi ndi anthu kuposa kuthengo, kuposa nkhandwe zomwe zimasangalala ndikusangalala. M'madera omwe kale anali USSR, ambiri amakhala okhawo okhala m'midzi ndi midzi ing'onoing'ono yomwe ili pafupi ndi nkhalango. Ndizosatheka kulimbana ndi akuba omwe amawononga ziweto zazing'ono. Lamuloli limaletsa kuwombera m'malo okhala anthu okha nyama zankhanza. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kutsimikizira matendawa, omwe sangachitike popanda kupha nkhandwe - bwalo loipa. Ku Europe, nkhandwe zimakhazikika m'mizinda yayikulu kwambiri. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa akatswiri a matenda a miliri, nkhandwe pafupifupi 10,000 zimakhala ku London. 86% yamatawuni ali ndi malingaliro abwino kwa achifwamba aubweya wofiira omwe amamenya nkhondo ndi agalu ndi amphaka, matumba a zinyalala m'matumbo, ndi zoyipa kulikonse komwe ayenera. Anthu, amatuluka, amadzimva olakwa pazinyama zomwe zakhala zikuvutitsidwa kwazaka zambiri. Ku Birmingham, nkhandwe zidakhala zoopsa kotero kuti gulu lapadera limayenera kupangidwa kuti liwagwire. Gululi lidachita ntchito yayikulu, likugwira nyama zana. Adawatengera kunkhalango yapafupi ndipo adawamasula - kupha mwankhanza. Ankhandwe abwerera kumzindawu (ndipo ndibwino ngati sanabweretse anzawo ndi atsikana anzawo) ndikupitilizabe machitidwe awo onyansa. Khalidwe losasamala la anthu akumatawoko ndi nkhandwe ndizodabwitsa - nkhandwe zimapirira matenda owopsa kwambiri, kuphatikizapo chiwewe.
12. Nkhandwe yam'madzi ndi stingray yayikulu (mpaka 1.2 mita kutalika). Amakhala pagombe la Europe, kuphatikiza Nyanja Yakuda ndi Azov, komanso m'mbali mwa nyanja yonse ya Atlantic ku Africa. Fox shark amathanso kupezeka mgulu lamadzi. Izi ndi mitundu itatu ya nyama zolusa, kuyambira kukula kwake mpaka 3 mpaka 6 mita. Mwachidziwitso, nkhandwe zimaonedwa ngati zamanyazi komanso zosawopsa kwa anthu. Ankhandwe oyenda nawonso ndi amphaka okhawo omwe ali ndi mayina. Awa ndi mileme yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, mpaka posachedwa amaphatikizidwa ndi mileme. Thupi la nkhandwe zouluka limafikira kutalika kwa 40 cm, ndi mapiko a mita imodzi ndi theka.
13. Mawu achingerezi akuti "nkhandwe" - "nkhandwe" alibe chochita ndi mawu odziwika akuti "Fox ndiye kampani yamafilimu azaka za m'ma 2000". "Fox" pankhaniyi ndi dzina la munthu waku Hungary yemwe dzina lake anali Wilhelm Fuchs, kapena Vilmos Fried. Atafika ku United States, munthu wa ku Hungary adasintha dzina lake chifukwa cha chisangalalo ndipo adayambitsa kampani yamafilimu. Mu 1930, kampaniyo idachotsedwa kwa iye panthawi yolanda mwankhanza. Fox - Fuchs - Omasulidwa anamenya nkhondo koma anataya. Kuchokera kwa iye kampani yamakanema idatsalira, monga nyimbo imanenera, dzina lokha.
14. "Desert Fox" - Woyang'anira Nkhondo waku Germany a Erwin Rommel, omwe mu 1940-1943 adalamulira bwino asitikali aku Germany ku North Africa. Komabe, Rommel sanagwiritse ntchito chinyengo chilichonse mwalamulo. Monga atsogoleri onse ankhondo aku Germany opambana pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, adadziwa kuyika magulu ankhondo kutsogolo ndikudutsa chitetezo cha adani. Pomwe padalibe chilichonse choti azilingalire, "Desert Fox" adasiya asitikali ku Africa ndikupita kwa Hitler kuti akapemphe othandizira.
15. "Mchira wa Fox ndi pakamwa pa nkhandwe" - kotero, ena mwa nthabwala ndipo ena akunjenjemera ndi mantha, ku Russia kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 adatcha mfundo za General Mikhail Loris-Melikov. Pansi pa Emperor Alexander II, a Loris-Melikov, omwe adatchuka pankhondo yaku Russia ndi Turkey ya 1877-1878, panthawi imodzimodziyo anali Minister of Internal Affairs komanso mtsogoleri wa apolisi a gendarme. Utsogoleri wa Unduna wa Zam'kati panthawiyo umaphatikizapo pafupifupi ndale zonse zapakhomo, kuyambira pazinthu zachuma mpaka kusamalira ofooka ndi ana amasiye. Mu positi iyi, a Loris-Melikov anali ndi "mchira wa nkhandwe" - adalimbikitsa kufooka kwa malamulo, kukula kwa ntchito zaboma, ndi zina zambiri. Atasamukira ku ofesi ya wamkulu wa gendarmes, wamkuluyo adagwiritsa ntchito "pakamwa pa nkhandwe", kuteteza osintha ... Mchira wa nkhandwe mosadziwa unatulutsa pakamwa pa nkhandweyo - pa Marichi 1, 1881, Emperor Alexander II adaphedwa, ndipo m'modzi mwa zigawenga zomwe zidagwidwa adati mtsogoleri wawo adamangidwa asanamuphe, koma milandu yomwe a Loris-Melikov sanalandire umboni uliwonse wokhudza kuphedwa kumeneku.
16. Nkhandwe zimaphatikizidwa mwamphamvu m'nthano za anthu ambiri, ndipo zomwe amachita pamunthu zitha kukhala zotsutsana ndendende, mosasamala kanthu komwe amakhala anthu. Anthu aku Korea, China, ndi Japan amapikisana pamlingo wa nkhandwe. Kusintha kwa nyama kukhala mkazi wokopa ndi kuzunza komwe kumachitika chifukwa chazisangalalo sichomwe chimakhala choyipa kwambiri chomwe chimayembekezera munthu waku Far East. Kitsune (m'Chijapani "nkhandwe") amafalitsa moyo wa iwo omwe adadza ngati mawonekedwe okongola, osuta - amawononga amalonda kapena amachititsa manyazi olamulira. Ziri zovuta kulingalira zomwe adachita ku Japan mzaka zamakedzana ndi amuna omwe Kitsune adawoneka ngati wachinyamata wokongola. Nthawi yomweyo, ku India, Amwenye aku North America komanso anthu angapo aku Europe, nkhandweyo zikuyimira chitukuko, mwayi kapena chuma. Akhristu kale kale adazindikira kuti nkhandwe ndi omwe amathandizira Satana - okongola, akugwedeza mchira wawo, ngakhale ubweya wofiirira. Komabe, anthu ena, kuphatikiza Asilavo, adasungabe nkhandwe molakwika."Tikudziwa, nkhandwe, za zozizwitsa zanu", "Ndipo nkhandwe ndi yonyenga, ndipo khungu lake lagulitsidwa", "Nkhandwe imasamala, mphaka wapotoza" - miyambi iyi ikuwonetsa momveka bwino kuti anthu akhala akuganiza kale za mdani wofiira.
17. Wogwira ntchito ku Voronezh Zoo Tatyana Sapelnikova adafotokoza nkhani yosangalatsa kwambiri. Ogwira ntchito za zinyama amafunika kudziwa kuchuluka kwa nyama zing'onozing'ono monga mbewa m'dera lina la nkhalango. Nthawi zonse, ogwira ntchito ku zoo amatchera misampha ya mbewa. Komabe, ntchito ya asayansi idasokonekera kwambiri ndi nkhandwe zomwe zimakhala m'chigawochi. Kwa zaka zingapo, akatswiri a zoo adatchera misampha yofanana, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mbewa zomwe zidakodwa m'mitengoyo kudazindikira kuchuluka kwa anthu. Komabe, popita nthawi, njirazo zidawonetsa kuti winawake amachepetsa mbewa zomwe zatsekedwa powachotsa mosamala ndikudya pafupi. Akatswiri a zinyama anazindikira kuti nkhandweyo sakutsogoleranso mbewa, koma ndi fungo la anthu omwe amatchera misampha. Pambuyo pamasewera ochepa oti "ndigwireni" adakwanitsa kunyengerera nkhandwe - akatswiri odyera ziweto poyambirira adamupatsa dzina loti Ginger - kukhala mtundu wa aviary. Nkhandweyo sinadandaule konse za ukapolo. Asayansi atakwanitsa kuyesa zofunikira ndi mbewa, Ryzhik adamasulidwa. Sanathawire patali, ndipo ngakhale ma chanterelles awiri adawonekera chapafupi. Iwo eniwo sanadziwe momwe angapeze mbewa ndikuzitulutsa mumisampha, koma mosakayikira adayamika luso lapadera la mkwatibwi wamtsogolo.
