Augusto José Ramon Pinochet Ugarte (1915-2006) - Kazembe waku Chile komanso mtsogoleri wankhondo, wamkulu wamkulu. Adayamba kulamulira pomenya nkhondo yankhondo ya 1973 yomwe idalanda boma lazachisoni la Purezidenti Salvador Allende.
Pinochet anali Purezidenti komanso wolamulira mwankhanza ku Chile kuyambira 1974-1990. Mtsogoleri Wamkulu wa Asitikali aku Chile (1973-1998).
Pali zambiri zosangalatsa pamfundo ya Pinochet, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, musanakhale ndi mbiri yayifupi ya Augusto Pinochet.
Mbiri ya Pinochet
Augusto Pinochet adabadwa pa Novembala 25, 1915 mumzinda waku Chile wa Valparaiso. Abambo ake, Augusto Pinochet Vera, adagwira ntchito zadoko, ndipo amayi ake, Avelina Ugarte Martinez, adalera ana 6.
Ali mwana, Pinochet adaphunzira pasukulu ku Seminary ya St. Raphael, adapita ku Marista Catholic Institute komanso kusukulu ya parishi ku Valparaiso. Pambuyo pake, mnyamatayo anapitiliza maphunziro ake kusukulu yoyenda ana, yomwe anamaliza maphunziro ake mu 1937.
Pa mbiri ya 1948-1951. Augusto adaphunzira ku Higher Military Academy. Kuphatikiza pakuchita ntchito yake yayikulu, ankaphunzitsanso ntchito zamaphunziro ankhondo.
Ntchito yankhondo komanso kupandukira boma
Mu 1956, Pinochet adatumizidwa ku likulu la Ecuadorian kuti apange Military Academy. Anakhala ku Ecuador pafupifupi zaka zitatu, kenako atabwerera kwawo. Mwamunayo mwamphamvu adakweza makwerero pantchito, chifukwa chake adapatsidwa gawo lotsogolera gulu lonse.
Pambuyo pake, Augusto adapatsidwa udindo wachiwiri kwa director of the Military Academy of Santiago, komwe amaphunzitsa ophunzira za geography ndi geopolitics. Posakhalitsa adakwezedwa paudindo wa brigadier general ndikusankhidwa kukhala woyang'anira zigawo za Tarapaca.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 70, Pinochet anali atatsogolera gulu lankhondo la likulu, ndipo atasiya ntchito Carlos Prats, adatsogolera gulu lankhondo ladziko. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti Prats adasiya ntchito chifukwa chozunza asitikali, omwe adakonzedwa ndi Augusto mwini.
Panthawiyo, dziko la Chile lidadzala ndi zipolowe, zomwe zimakula kwambiri tsiku lililonse. Zotsatira zake, kumapeto kwa 1973, gulu lankhondo linachitika m'boma, momwe Pinochet adasewera gawo limodzi mwamagawo akuluakulu.
Pogwiritsa ntchito oyenda pansi, zida zankhondo komanso ndege, zigawengazo zidawombera kunyumba yamtsogoleri. Izi zisanachitike, asitikali anena kuti boma lomwe lilipo silikutsatira malamulowa ndipo likulowetsa dzikolo kuphompho. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti maofesala omwe amakana kuthandizira kulanda boma aweruzidwa kuti aphedwe.
Pambuyo pa kugonjetsedwa bwino kwa boma komanso kudzipha kwa Allende, gulu lankhondo linakhazikitsidwa, lopangidwa ndi Admiral José Merino ndi akazembe atatu - Gustavo Li Guzman, Cesar Mendoza ndi Augusto Pinochet, omwe akuyimira gulu lankhondo.
Mpaka Disembala 17, 1974, anayiwo adalamulira ku Chile, pambuyo pake bungweli lidaperekedwa kwa Pinochet, yemwe, poswa mgwirizano womwe udalipo patsogolo, adakhala mtsogoleri wadziko.
Bungwe Lolamulira
Podzitengera mphamvu, Augusto pang'onopang'ono anachotsa omutsutsa onse. Ena adangochotsedwa ntchito, pomwe ena adamwalira modabwitsa. Zotsatira zake, Pinochet adakhala wolamulira wankhanza, wokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri.
Mwamunayo mwiniwake adapereka kapena kuchotsa malamulo, komanso adasankha oweruza omwe amawakonda. Kuyambira pamenepo, nyumba yamalamulo ndi zipani zidasiya kuchita chilichonse polamulira dzikolo.
Augusto Pinochet yalengeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo omenyera nkhondo mdzikolo, komanso kuti mdani wamkulu wa anthu aku Chile ndi achikominisi. Izi zidadzetsa kuponderezana kwakukulu. Ku Chile, adakhazikitsa malo achinsinsi, ndipo ndende zingapo zozunzirako akaidi andale adamangidwa.
Anthu zikwizikwi adamwalira mkati mwa "kuyeretsa". Kupha koyamba kunachitika mu National Stadium ku Santiago. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti polamula Pinochet, sikuti ndi achikominisi komanso otsutsa okha, komanso akuluakulu omwe adaphedwa.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, woyamba kuphedwa anali General Carlos Prats yemweyo. M'dzinja la 1974, iye ndi mkazi wake adaphulitsidwa mgalimoto yawo likulu la Argentina. Pambuyo pake, oyang'anira zankhondo aku Chile adapitiliza kuthana ndi othawa kwawo m'maiko osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza United States.
Chuma chadzikoli chatenga gawo posintha ubale wama msika. Pakadali pano mu mbiri yake, Pinochet adapempha kusintha kwa Chile kukhala dziko la eni, osati proletarians. Chimodzi mwamawu ake odziwika akuti: "Tiyenera kusamalira olemera kuti apereke zochulukirapo."
Zosinthazi zidapangitsa kuti mapenshoni akonzedwenso kuchokera pamakina olipirira-ndalama kupita ku omwe amalandila ndalama. Zaumoyo ndi maphunziro adapita m'manja mwaanthu. Mafakitole ndi mafakitale adagwera m'manja mwa anthu wamba, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti bizinesi ikule komanso kuyerekezera kwakukulu.
Potsirizira pake, Chile idakhala amodzi mwa mayiko osauka kwambiri, pomwe kusagwirizana pakati pa anthu kudakula. Mu 1978, UN idadzudzula zomwe a Pinochet adachita pomupatsa chigamulo chofananira.
Zotsatira zake, wolamulira mwankhanza adaganiza zokhala ndi referendum, pomwe adapambana mavoti 75%. Chifukwa chake, Augusto adawonetsa anthu padziko lonse lapansi kuti ali ndi chithandizo chachikulu kuchokera kwa nzika zake. Komabe, akatswiri ambiri ananena kuti deta ya referendum inali yabodza.
Pambuyo pake ku Chile, Constitution yatsopano idapangidwa, pomwe, mwazinthu zina, nthawi ya purezidenti idayamba kukhala zaka 8, kuthekera kosankhidwanso. Zonsezi zinadzetsa mkwiyo waukulu pakati pa anthu a Purezidenti.
M'chilimwe cha 1986, kunyanyala kunachitika mdziko lonselo, ndipo kumapeto kwa chaka chomwecho, kuyesayesa kunachitika pa moyo wa Pinochet, womwe sunapambane.
Atakumana ndi otsutsa, wolamulira mwankhanza anakhazikitsa zipani zandale ndikuloleza zisankho.
Kuti apange chisankho chotere, a Augusto adalimbikitsidwa mwanjira ina ndi msonkhano ndi Papa Yohane Paulo Wachiwiri, yemwe adamuyitanira ku demokalase. Pofuna kukopa ovota, adalengeza zakuchulukirachulukira kwa mapenshoni ndi malipiro a ogwira ntchito, adalimbikitsa amalonda kutsitsa mitengo yazinthu zofunikira, komanso analonjeza alimi magawo.
Komabe, "katundu" uyu ndi enanso adalephera kupereka ziphuphu kwa anthu aku Chile. Zotsatira zake, mu Okutobala 1988, Augusto Pinochet adachotsedwa pampando. Kuphatikiza apo, nduna 8 zidataya maudindo awo, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ntchito yoyeretsa ikuchitika.
Pamawayankhulidwe ake pawailesi komanso pawayilesi, wolamulira mwankhanza adawona zotsatira za mavoti ngati "cholakwika cha aku Chile," koma adati amalemekeza chiwonetsero chawo.
Kumayambiriro kwa 1990, Patricio Aylvin Azokar adakhala Purezidenti watsopano. Nthawi yomweyo, Pinochet adakhalabe wamkulu wa asitikali mpaka 1998. Chaka chomwecho, adasungidwa koyamba ali kuchipatala cha London, ndipo patatha chaka chimodzi, wopanga malamulo sanalandire chitetezo chokwanira ndipo adaimbidwa mlandu wambiri.
Pambuyo pa miyezi 16 yakumangidwa panyumba, Augusto adachotsedwa ku England kupita ku Chile, komwe mlandu udatsegulidwa motsutsana ndi purezidenti wakale. Adaimbidwa mlandu wakupha anthu ambirimbiri, kuba ndalama, katangale komanso kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Komabe, woimbidwayo anamwalira mlandu usanayambe.
Moyo waumwini
Mkazi wa wolamulira mwankhanza anali Lucia Iriart Rodriguez. Muukwatiwu, banjali linali ndi ana atatu aakazi ndi ana awiri aamuna. Mkazi amathandizira kwathunthu mwamuna wake mu ndale komanso madera ena.
Pambuyo pa imfa ya Pinochet, abale ake adamangidwa kambiri chifukwa chosunga ndalama komanso kuzemba misonkho. Cholowa cha mkuluyu chinali pafupifupi $ 28 miliyoni, osawerengera laibulale yayikuluyo, yomwe inali ndi mabuku ofunikira zikwizikwi.
Imfa
Sabata imodzi asanamwalire, Augusto anadwala nthenda ya mtima, yomwe idamupha. Augusto Pinochet anamwalira pa Disembala 10, 2006 ali ndi zaka 91. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti anthu masauzande ambiri adayenda m'misewu ya ku Chile, omwe adazindikira mwachidwi imfa yamwamuna.
Komabe, panali ambiri omwe anali ndi chisoni ndi Pinochet. Malinga ndi ena, mtembo wake udawotchedwa.
Zithunzi za Pinochet
