Nsomba ndi chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zofunika kwambiri m'zipembedzo zonse komanso zikhalidwe zonse. Mu Buddhism, nsomba zikuyimira kutaya chilichonse chadziko lapansi, ndipo m'zipembedzo zakale zaku India, zimaimiranso kubereka komanso kukhuta. M'nthano zambiri ndi nthano zambiri, nsomba yomwe imameza munthu mophiphiritsira imawonetsera "dziko lapansi", ndipo kwa Akhristu oyamba, nsombayo inali chizindikiro chosonyeza kutenga nawo gawo pachikhulupiriro chawo.
Chizindikiro chachinsinsi cha akhristu oyambilira
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba ndiyothekera kwambiri chifukwa chakuti munthu wakhala akudziwa nsomba kuyambira kale, koma samatha kumvetsetsa kapena makamaka kuweta nsomba. Kwa anthu akale, nsomba zinali chakudya chotchipa komanso chotetezeka. M'chaka cha njala, pomwe nyama zapamtunda zimayendayenda, ndipo nthaka idapereka zipatso zochepa, zinali zotheka kudyetsa nsomba, zomwe zimatha kupezeka popanda chiopsezo chilichonse pamoyo. Komano, nsombayo imatha kutha chifukwa chowonongera kapena ngakhale kusintha pang'ono mwachilengedwe, kosadziwika ndi anthu. Ndiyeno munthuyo anachotsedwa mwai wopulumutsidwa ku njala. Chifukwa chake, nsomba pang'onopang'ono idasintha kuchokera pachakudya ndikumakhala chizindikiro cha moyo kapena imfa.
Kudziwana kwakanthawi ndi nsomba, zachidziwikire, kudawonekera pachikhalidwe cha tsiku ndi tsiku cha munthu. Zakudya masauzande ambiri zimapangidwa kuchokera ku nsomba, mabuku ndi makanema amapangidwa za nsomba. Mawu oti "nsomba yagolide" kapena "fupa la kukhosi" amadzifotokozera. Kuchokera mwambi ndi zonena za nsomba, mutha kupanga mabuku osiyana. Chikhalidwe chosiyana ndichosodza. Chibadwa chachilengedwe cha mlenje chimakopa chidwi cha munthu pazambiri zilizonse zokhudza iye, kaya ndi nkhani yosapita m'mbali kapena chidziwitso chokhudza mamiliyoni a matani a nsomba omwe agwidwa munyanja ndi mafakitale.
Nyanja yodziwitsa za nsomba sichitha. Zosankhazi pansipa zili ndi gawo laling'ono chabe
1. Malinga ndi kalozera wovomerezeka kwambiri wamtundu wa nsomba, koyambirira kwa 2019, mitundu yoposa 34,000 ya nsomba yapezeka ndikufotokozedwa padziko lonse lapansi. Izi ndizoposa mbalame, zokwawa, nyama zoyamwitsa ndi amphibian kuphatikiza. Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu yofotokozedwayo ikuchulukirachulukira. M'zaka "zowonda", kabukhu kamadzazidwanso ndi mitundu 200 - 250, koma nthawi zambiri mitundu 400 - 500 imawonjezeredwa pachaka.
2. Ntchito yosodza imafotokozedwa m'mabuku mazana ambiri. Ngakhale mndandanda wa olemba ungatenge malo ochulukirapo. Komabe, ntchito zodziwika bwino ndizofunikirabe. Ntchito yowawa kwambiri yopha nsomba mwina ndi nkhani ya Ernest Hemingway "Munthu Wakale ndi Nyanja". Kumbali ina yamalingaliro okuluwika ndi nkhani yosangalatsa ya nsomba yotchedwa Amuna atatu a Jerome K. Jerome M'boti, Osati Kuwerengera Galu. Anthu anayi adauza ngwaziyo nkhani zowawa zakugwira nsomba yayikulu, nyama yovekedwa yomwe idapachikidwa mu malo omwera. Msodziwo udatha kukhala pulasitala. Bukuli limaperekanso malangizo abwino amomwe mungafotokozere za nsomba. Wofotokozera poyamba amadzinenera kuti ndi nsomba 10, ndipo nsomba iliyonse yomwe imagwidwa imapitilira khumi ndi iwiri. Ndiye kuti, mutagwira nsomba imodzi yaying'ono, mutha kuuza anzanu nkhani mosatekeseka mu mzimu wa "Panalibe kuluma, ndidagwira khumi ndi awiri pachilichonse, ndikuganiza kuti ndisatayenso nthawi." Ngati mungayeze kulemera kwa nsomba zomwe mwazigwira motere, mutha kukopa kwambiri. Kuchokera pakuwona chikumbumtima chofotokozera ndondomekoyi, a Victor Canning sadzapikisananso. Wolemba mabuku aukazitape m'mabuku ake onse mosamala kwambiri samangofotokoza za kuwedza kouluka, komanso kukonzekera. Usodzi, monga akunena, "kuchokera kukhasu", akufotokozedwa ndi Mikhail Sholokhov mu "Quiet Don" - ngwaziyo amangoyika ukonde wochepa pansi ndi dzanja kutulutsa carp yomwe idayikidwa mu silt mmenemo.
"Msamphawo udali pulasitala ..."
3. Zikuoneka kuti nsomba zimakhala m'madzi akuya kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Zatsimikiziridwa kuti ma slugs am'nyanja amakhala pakuya kwamamita 8,300 (kuya kwakukulu kwa World Ocean ndi 11,022 mita). A Jacques Piccard ndi a Don Walsh, atalowetsa mita 10,000 mu "Trieste" yawo, adawona komanso kujambula china chake chomwe chimawoneka ngati nsomba, koma chithunzicho sichikulola kuti titsimikizire motsimikiza kuti ofufuzawo adajambula ndendende nsombazo. M'madzi a subpolar, nsomba zimakhala pamafunde otentha (madzi amchere amchere samazizira kutentha mpaka -4 ° C). Kumbali ina, mu akasupe otentha ku United States, nsomba zimatha kupirira kutentha kwa 50-60 ° C. Kuphatikiza apo, nsomba zina zam'madzi zimatha kufuula zomwe zimakhala zamchere kawiri kuposa nyanja.
Nsomba zakuya panyanja sizimawala ndi kukongola kwa mawonekedwe kapena mizere yokongola
4. M'madzi a kunyanja yakumadzulo kwa United States, pali nsomba yotchedwa grunion. Palibe chapadera, nsomba mpaka 15 cm, yomwe ili mu Pacific Ocean komanso yosangalatsa. Koma grunion imabereka modabwitsa. Usiku woyamba pambuyo pa mwezi wathunthu kapena mwezi watsopano (mausiku awa ndi mafunde apamwamba kwambiri), nsomba zikwizikwi zimakwera mpaka kumapeto kwenikweni kwa mafunde. Amabisa mazira mumchenga - ndipamene pamakhala mazira 5 cm, akuya. Masiku khumi ndi anayi pambuyo pake, kachiwiri pamafunde apamwamba kwambiri, achanguwo amakwawa pamwamba ndikupita kunyanja.
Kuthira ma grun
5. Chaka chilichonse pafupifupi matani 90 miliyoni a nsomba zimagwidwa padziko lapansi. Chiwerengerochi chimasinthasintha mbali imodzi, koma mopanda tanthauzo: pachimake mu 2015 (matani 92.7 miliyoni), kutsika mu 2012 (matani 89.5 miliyoni). Kupanga kwa nsomba zomwe zimalimidwa ndi nsomba zikukula mosalekeza. Kuyambira 2011 mpaka 2016, idakwera kuchokera matani 52 mpaka 80 miliyoni. Pafupifupi, wokhala padziko lapansi pano amakhala ndi nsomba zokwana 20.3 kg pachaka. Pafupifupi anthu 60 miliyoni amachita nawo usodzi komanso kuswana nsomba.
6. Mwambi wabwino kwambiri wandale komanso zachuma umaperekedwa m'buku lodziwika bwino la mabuku awiri a Leonid Sabaneev lonena za nsomba zaku Russia. Wolemba, komabe, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zomwe adakwanitsa, adangofotokoza ngati nkhani yosangalatsa, osafufuza. Mu Nyanja ya Pereyaslavskoye, mabanja 120 a asodzi anali kugwira nsomba yokhayokha, mtundu wina wa herring, womwe, sunali wosiyana kwambiri ndi ena. Pokhala ndi ufulu wogwira hering'i, amalipira ma ruble atatu pachaka. Chowonjezera china chinali kugulitsa hering'i kwa wamalonda Nikitin pamtengo womwe adakhazikitsa. Kwa Nikitin, munalinso vuto - kulemba ntchito asodzi omwewo kuti anyamule hering'i yemwe wagwidwa kale. Zotsatira zake, zidapezeka kuti Nikitin adagula kopace kwa 6.5 imodzi, ndikugulitsa ma kopecks 10-15, kutengera mtunda wamayendedwe. Zidutswa za 400,000 zogulitsidwa zidapatsa thanzi mabanja a 120 komanso phindu kwa Nikitin. Mwina inali imodzi mwamagulu oyamba ogulitsa ndi kupanga?
Leonid Sabaneev - wolemba mabuku waluntha za kusaka ndi kusodza
7. Zambiri mwa nsomba zam'nyanja zimagwidwa ndi China, Indonesia, USA, Russia ndi Peru. Kuphatikiza apo, asodzi achi China amapha nsomba zochuluka mofanana ndi anzawo aku Indonesia, America ndi Russia.
8. Ngati tizingolankhula za mitundu ya atsogoleri a nsomba, ndiye kuti malo oyamba osatsutsika amayenera kukhala a anchovy. Amagwidwa pafupifupi matani 6 miliyoni pachaka. Ngati sichoncho "koma" imodzi - kupanga anchovy kumachepa, ndipo mu 2016 idataya konkriti wolimbitsa, monga zimawonekera zaka zingapo zapitazo, malo oyamba pollock. Otsogolera pakati pa nsomba zamalonda nawonso ndi tuna, sardinella, mackerel, Atlantic herring ndi Pacific mackerel.
9. Mwa mayiko omwe amagwira nsomba zambiri kuchokera kumadzi, maiko aku Asia akutsogolera: China, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Cambodia ndi Indonesia. Mwa maiko aku Europe, Russia yokhayo ndiyomwe imadziwika, ili pa 10.
10. Zokambirana zakuti nsomba zonse ku Russia zimatumizidwa kunja zilibe zifukwa zapadera. Zogulitsa nsomba ku Russia zikuyembekezeka kukhala $ 1.6 biliyoni pachaka, ndipo dzikolo lili pa 20 padziko lapansi ndi chizindikirochi. Nthawi yomweyo, Russia ndi amodzi mwa mayiko khumi apamwamba - omwe amatumiza nsomba zazikulu kwambiri, amalandira madola 3.5 biliyoni pachaka nsomba ndi nsomba. Chifukwa chake, zotsalazo ndi pafupifupi $ 2 biliyoni. M'mayiko ena, Vietnam yomwe ili m'mphepete mwa nyanja ikubweretsa nsomba kuchokera kunja komanso kutumizira kunja, zero zogulitsa ku China zikupitilira $ 6 biliyoni, ndipo United States imatumiza nsomba zoposa $ 13.5 biliyoni kuposa zomwe zimatumiza kunja.
11. Gawo lililonse mwa magawo atatu a nsomba zomwe zidaleredwa m'malo opangira ndi carp. Nile tilapia, crucian carp ndi Atlantic salmon nawonso amadziwika.
Carps mu nazale
12. Sitima yofufuzira za m'nyanja yomwe inkagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Soviet Union, kapena zombo ziwiri zotchedwa "Vityaz". Mitundu yambiri ya nsomba zam'nyanja zapezeka ndikufotokozedwa ndi maulendo a Vityaz. Pozindikira kuyenera kwa zombo ndi asayansi, sanatchulidwe mitundu 10 yokha ya nsomba, komanso mtundu umodzi watsopano - Vitiaziella Rass.
"Vityaz" adachita maulendo opitilira 70 ofufuza
13. Nsomba zouluka, ngakhale zimauluka ngati mbalame, sayansi yawo yowuluka ndiyosiyana kotheratu. Amagwiritsa ntchito mchira wamphamvu ngati chotengera, ndipo mapiko awo amangowathandiza kukonzekera. Nthawi yomweyo, nsomba zouluka nthawi imodzi mumlengalenga zimatha kupanga zodabwitsa zingapo pamwamba pamadzi, ndikuwuluka mpaka theka la kilomita mulifupi mpaka masekondi 20. Chowonadi chakuti nthawi ndi nthawi amauluka pamwamba pa sitima zapamadzi si chifukwa chofuna kudziwa. Ngati nsomba yowuluka ifika pafupi kwambiri ndi bwato, imatha kugwidwa mwamphamvu kuchokera mbali. Mtsinje uwu umangoponyera nsomba zowuluka pamwamba.
14. Nsombazi ndi zotetezeka kwambiri kwa anthu. Whale shark ndi shark zazikulu zili pafupi ndi anamgumi mwa kudyetsa njira - zimasefa ma cubic metres amadzi, ndikupeza plankton kuchokera pamenepo. Kuwona kwakanthawi kukuwonetsa kuti ndi mitundu 4 yokha ya nsombazi yomwe imawukira anthu nthawi zonse, osati chifukwa cha njala. Shaki zoyera, zamapiko ataliatali, akambuku komanso opanda mphuno zazikulu (ndi kulolerana kwakukulu, kumene) ndizofanana mofanana ndi kukula kwa thupi la munthu. Amatha kuwona munthu ngati wopikisana naye wachilengedwe, ndipo amangowukira pazifukwa izi.
15. Pamene mwambiwo udawonekera mu Chirasha, "Ndicho chifukwa chake pike ili mumtsinje, kuti carpian asagone," sichidziwika. Koma kale mu theka loyambirira la zaka za zana la 19, asodzi aku Russia akuwugwiritsa ntchito. Atazindikira kuti nsomba zomwe zimakhala m'malo amadziwe zimawonongeka mwachangu, adayamba kuyika nsomba m'madamu. Vuto lina linabuka: olusa olusa anali kuwononga nsomba zamitundumitundu. Ndipo njira yosavuta komanso yotsika mtengo yoyendetsera kuchuluka kwa nsomba idawonekera. Mitolo yamitengo, mitengo yamapayina kapena mitengo yokhayokha imatsitsidwa mpaka pansi. Chodziwikiratu chodzala nkhuku ndikuti mkazi amayikira mazira m'matumba angapo okhala ndi nthiti yayitali, yomwe amakulunga algae, timitengo, timisomali, ndi zina zambiri. Atabereka, "mafupa" amazirawo adakwezedwa pamwamba. Ngati kunali kofunikira kuti achepetse nsomba, ankaponyedwa kumtunda. Ngati panalibe nsomba zokwanira, mitengo ya Khrisimasi inali yokutidwa ndi ukonde wopha nsomba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mwachangu azikazinga ndi kupulumuka.
Nsomba caviar. Maliboni ndi mazira zimawoneka bwino
16. Eel ndiye nsomba yokhayo, yonse yomwe imamera pamalo amodzi - Nyanja ya Sargasso. Kupeza kumeneku kunapangidwa zaka 100 zapitazo. Izi zisanachitike, palibe amene akanatha kumvetsetsa momwe nsomba zodabwitsa zimaberekera. Eels adasungidwa kundende kwazaka zambiri, koma sanabereke ana. Zidachitika kuti ali ndi zaka 12, eels adayamba ulendo wautali wopita kugombe lakummawa kwa America. Kumeneku zimabala ndi kufa. Anawo, olimba pang'ono, amapita ku Europe, komwe amadzera m'mitsinje kupita kumalo omwe makolo awo amakhala. Njira yosamutsira kukumbukira kwa makolo kupita kwa mbadwa imakhalabe chinsinsi.
Kusuntha ziphuphu
17. Nthano za mapikisi akulu akulu komanso akale, zomwe zafalikira kuyambira Middle Ages, sizangolowa m'mabuku azopeka komanso otchuka, komanso zofalitsa zina zapadera, komanso ma encyclopedia. M'malo mwake, pike amakhala zaka 25 - 30 ndipo amalemera makilogalamu 35 ndi kutalika kwa mita 1.5. Nkhani zokhudzana ndi zoopsa zomwe zimawoneka ngati pike mwina ndizabodza (mafupa a "Barbarossa's pike" amapangidwa ndi mafupa angapo), kapena nkhani zosodza.
18. Sardine amatchedwa - kuphweka - mitundu itatu yokha yofanana kwambiri ya nsomba. Amasiyana kokha ndi ichthyologists ndipo ali ofanana mwamapangidwe, kapangidwe kake ndi zinthu zophikira. Ku South Africa, nsomba zam'madzi zimakhazikika m'sukulu yayikulu yokhala ndi nsomba mabiliyoni ambiri popanga nsomba. Panjira yonse yosamukira (ndipo awa ndi makilomita masauzande angapo), sukuluyi imakhala ngati chakudya cha nyama zambiri zam'madzi ndi zamapiko.
19. Salimoni akupita kokasaka amagwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo zakuwonekera mumlengalenga. Kutali kwambiri kuchokera komwe adabadwira - nsomba zimabala mumtsinje womwewo momwe adabadwiramo - amatsogoleredwa ndi dzuwa ndi nyenyezi. Nthawi yamvula, amathandizidwa ndi "kampasi yamaginito" yamkati. Kufika pafupi ndi gombe, nsomba zimasiyanitsa mtsinje womwe ukufunidwa ndi kukoma kwa madzi. Poyenda kumtunda, nsomba izi zitha kuthana ndi zopinga za mita 5. Mwa njira, "goof" ndi nsomba yomwe imakokolola mazira. Nsomba zimakhala zofooka komanso zocheperako - nyama yodetsa nyama iliyonse.
Salimoni akubereka
20. Hering'i ndi chotupitsa cha dziko la Russia osati kuyambira nthawi zakale. Ku Russia nthawi zonse kunali ma herring ambiri, komabe, amachitira nkhanza nsomba zawo. Zotumizidwa kunja, makamaka hering'i yaku Norway kapena Scotland idawonedwa ngati yabwino kudya. Hering'i awo anagwidwa pafupifupi kokha chifukwa cha kusungunuka mafuta. Pokhapokha mu Nkhondo ya Crimea ya 1853-1856, pomwe hering'i wochokera kunja adatha, pomwe adayesa kuthira mchere wawo. Zotsatira zake zidapitilira ziyembekezo zonse - kale mu 1855, zidutswa za hering'i 10 miliyoni zidagulitsidwa zochuluka zokha, ndipo nsomba iyi idalowa mwamphamvu m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu osauka kwambiri.
21. Mwachidziwitso, nsomba yaiwisi imakhala yathanzi. Mwachizolowezi, komabe, ndibwino kuti musachite ngozi. Kusintha kwa nsomba mzaka makumi angapo zapitazi kuli kofanana ndi kusinthika kwa bowa: m'malo opanda chitetezo, ngakhale kuyambira kale, bowa wodyedwa akhoza kukhala wowopsa. Inde, palibe tiziromboti m'nyanja ndi m'madzi nsomba zomwe zimapezeka munthawi ya nsomba. Koma kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka kwa madera ena m'nyanja ndikuti ndibwino kuti nsombazo zithandizidwe. Osachepera amawononga mankhwala ena.
22. Nsomba zili ndi mwayi waukulu wopanga mankhwala. Ngakhale anthu akale ankadziwa. Pali mndandanda wakale waku Egypt wokhala ndi maphikidwe mazana azinthu zothana ndi matenda osiyanasiyana. Agiriki akale adalembanso za izi, makamaka Aristotle. Vuto ndiloti kafukufuku m'derali adayamba mochedwa ndipo adayamba kuchokera kumalingaliro otsika kwambiri. Anayamba kufunafuna tetrodotoxin yemweyo wopezedwa ndi nsomba za puffer chifukwa amangodziwa kuti nsomba iyi ndi yowopsa kwambiri. Ndipo lingaliro loti ma shark shark ali ndi chinthu chomwe chimaletsa kufalikira kwa ma cell a khansa sichingafanane. Sharki samakhala ndi khansa, ndipo amapanga zinthu zofanana. Komabe, kwazaka khumi zapitazi, nkhaniyi yakhala ikumangidwa pamayeso asayansi. Sizikudziwika kuti zitenga nthawi yayitali bwanji mpaka mankhwalawa atatheka.
23. Trout ndi imodzi mwasamba zolimba kwambiri. M'mikhalidwe yoyenera, mumapezeka nsomba zikuluzikulu amadya chakudya chofanana ndi 2/3 ya kulemera kwake patsiku. Izi ndizofala pakati pa mitundu yomwe imadya zakudya zamasamba, koma mumapezeka nsomba mumadya nyama. Komabe, kususuka kumeneku kuli ndi vuto lake. Kubwerera m'zaka za zana la 19, zidadziwika ku America kuti mbalame zam'madzi zomwe zimadyetsa tizilombo tomwe timauluka zimakula msanga ndikukula. Kuwonongeka kowonjezera kwa mphamvu kokonza nyama kumakhudza.
24. M'zaka za zana la 19, nsomba zouma, makamaka zotsika mtengo, zidagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya chabwino kwambiri.Mwachitsanzo, kumpoto konse kwa Russia kunali kusodza kuti asungunuke m'mitsinje ndi m'nyanja - mtundu wopanda madzi wamba wamadzi odziwika a St. Petersburg. Nsomba yaying'ono yooneka ngati yopanda zolemba zinagwidwa matani masauzande ambiri ndikugulitsa ku Russia. Osati konse ngati chotukuka cha mowa - iwo omwe akanatha kugula mowa amakonda nsomba zabwino kwambiri. Anthu amakono adazindikira kuti msuzi wopatsa thanzi wa anthu 25 ukhoza kukonzedwa kuchokera pa kilogalamu ya fungo louma, ndipo kilogalamu iyi idawononga pafupifupi ma kopecks 25.
25. Carp, yomwe ndi yotchuka kwambiri kumayendedwe athu, amadziwika kuti ndi nsomba zonyansa ku Australia, ndipo mzaka zaposachedwa lakhala vuto lakontinenti. Anthu aku Australia amatcha carp ngati "kalulu wamtsinje" mofanizira. Carp, monga dzina lake lotchera nthaka, adabweretsedwa ku Australia - sichinapezeke ku kontrakitala. M'mikhalidwe yabwino - madzi ofunda, othamanga pang'onopang'ono, matope ambiri komanso opanda adani oyenera - carp idakhala nsomba yayikulu ku Australia. Ochita mpikisano amathamangitsidwa ndikudya mazira awo ndikusokoneza madzi. Nsomba zosakhazikika ndi nsomba zikuthawa m'madzi akuda, koma pang'onopang'ono alibe poti athawireko - ma carps tsopano amapanga 90% ya nsomba zonse zaku Australia. Akumenyedwera pamlingo waboma. Pali pulogalamu yolimbikitsira kusodza kwamalonda ndi kukonza carp. Ngati msodzi agwira ndikubwezeretsanso carp mosungira, amamulipiritsa chindapusa madola 5 amutu pamutu. Kuyendetsa ma carp amoyo mgalimoto kumatha kukhala nthawi ya ndende - ma carps omwe amatulutsidwa posungira ndi trout amatsimikizika kuti awononga bizinesi ya wina. Anthu aku Australia amadandaula kuti ma carps amakula kwambiri kwakuti samawopa ziwombankhanga kapena ng'ona.
Carp wodwala herpes ngati gawo limodzi la dongosolo lapadera la anti-herpes la boma la Australia
