Kuyambira kalekale, anthu akhala akumenya nkhondo ndi mikango, kuopa komanso kulemekeza nyama zokongolazi. Ngakhale malembedwe a Baibulo, mikango idatchulidwa kangapo, ndipo, makamaka, mwaulemu, ngakhale anthu sanawone chilichonse chabwino kuchokera kumodzi mwa ziwombankhanga zapadziko lapansi - adayamba kuwononga mikango (kenako mwamkhalidwe) kokha m'zaka za zana la 19 ndipo amangoyimira masewerawa. Ubale wonse wamunthu ndi mikango yeniyeni umakwanira mu "kupha - kuphedwa - kuthawa" mawonekedwe.
Zazikulu - mpaka 2.5 mita m'litali, 1.25 m zikufota - mphaka wolemera makilogalamu 250, chifukwa cha liwiro lake, kulimba mtima ndi luntha, pafupifupi makina abwino kupha. Nthawi zonse, mkango wamphongo simufunikiranso mphamvu yake posaka - zoyesayesa zazimayi ndizokwanira. Mkango, womwe wakhalabe ndi zaka zapakati (pakadali pano, wazaka 7-8), makamaka amateteza gawo ndi kunyada.
Kumbali imodzi, mikango imasinthasintha bwino pakusintha chilengedwe. Ofufuzawo akuti ku Africa, zaka zowuma, mikango imapulumuka pakuchepa kwa zakudya ndipo imatha kugwira nyama zazing'ono kwambiri. Kwa mikango, kupezeka kwa greenery kapena madzi sikofunikira. Koma mikango sinathe kuzolowera kukhalapo kwa anthu m'malo awo. Komabe posachedwapa - kwa Aristotle, mikango yomwe idakhala kuthengo inali chidwi, koma osati nthano zakale - amakhala kumwera kwa Europe, Western ndi Central Asia ndi Africa yense. Kwa zaka masauzande angapo, malo okhala ndi kuchuluka kwa mikango zatsika ndi maulamuliro angapo. M'modzi mwa ofufuzawo adazindikira ndi kuwawa kuti tsopano ndikosavuta kuwona mkango ku Europe - mumzinda uliwonse waukulu muli zoo kapena circus - kuposa ku Africa. Koma anthu ambiri, atha, angakonde kuyang'ana mikango ku malo osungira nyama kuti ipeze mwayi wokumana ndi zisindikizo zokongola izi.
1. Moyo wamkango mwa mikango umatchedwa kunyada. Liwu ili siligwiritsidwe ntchito konse kuti mwanjira inayake isiyanitse mikango ndi zolusa zina. Sympiosis yotereyi imapezeka mwa nyama zina. Kunyada si banja, osati fuko, komanso si banja. Uwu ndiye mawonekedwe osinthika a kukhalapo kwa mikango yamibadwo yosiyanasiyana, yomwe imasintha malingana ndi zakunja. Mikango ya 7-8 ndi anthu pafupifupi 30 adawonedwa mu kunyada. Nthawi zonse mumakhala mtsogoleri mwa iye. Mosiyana ndi anthu, nthawi yakulamulira kwake ndi yocheperako chifukwa chitha kuthana ndi kuzunzidwa ndi nyama zazing'ono. Nthawi zambiri, mtsogoleri wonyada amathamangitsa mikango yamphongo kwa iye, kuwonetsa zoyesayesa zochepa zolanda mphamvu. Mikango yathamangitsidwa imapita kukagula buledi waulere. Nthawi zina amabwerera kukatenga mtsogoleri. Koma nthawi zambiri mikango yomwe imachoka popanda kunyada imafa.
2. Mosiyana ndi njovu, omwe ambiri mwa anthu awonongedwa ndipo akupitilirabe kuphedwa ndi anthu opha nyama moperesa, mikango imavutika makamaka ndi anthu "amtendere". Kusaka mikango, ngakhale ngati gawo la gulu lokhala ndi maupangiri akumaloko, ndizowopsa kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, mosiyana ndi kusaka njovu, pafupifupi, kupatula zomwe tikambirana pansipa, sizimabweretsa phindu lililonse. Khungu, inde, limatha kuyalidwa pansi ndi malo ozimitsira moto, ndipo mutu ukhoza kupachikidwa pakhoma. Koma zikho zoterezi ndizosowa, pomwe minyanga ya njovu imatha kugulitsidwa ma kilogalamu ma kilogalamu pafupifupi mtengo wake kulemera ndi golide. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale Frederick Cartney Stilous, yemwe chifukwa chake mikango yoposa 30 idapha, kapena a Petrus Jacobs, drill, yemwe adapha nyama zoposa zana zamphongo, kapena Cat Dafel, yemwe adawombera mikango 150, sanawononge kwambiri mikango, yomwe mzaka za 1960 idali pafupifupi mitu mazana mazana. ... Kuphatikiza apo, ku Kruger National Park ku South Africa, komwe mikango idaloledwa kuwomberedwa kuti isunge mitundu ina ya nyama, kuchuluka kwa mikango kudakulirakonso pakuwombera. Zochita zachuma za anthu zimakhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa mikango.
3. Titha kunena kuti pali mikango yochepa yomwe yatsala pang'ono kutha. Komabe, kulingalira uku sikungasinthe mfundo yoti anthu omwe amakhala ndi mabanja ochepa ndi mikango pafupi sangapulumuke. Ng'ombe kapena njati zosachedwa komanso zosakhazikika nthawi zonse zimakhala nyama yabwino kwa mkango kuposa antelope othamanga kapena mbidzi. Ndipo mfumu yodwala ya nyama sikana thupi la munthu. Asayansi apeza kuti pafupifupi onse mikango yakupha anthu ambiri idavutika ndi mano. Zinawapweteka kutafuna nyama yolimba ya nyama zam'savanna. Komabe, sizokayikitsa kuti anthu khumi ndi atatu aja omwe adaphedwa ndi mkango womwewo panthawi yomanga mlatho ku Kenya sangakhale kosavuta atazindikira kuti wakuphayo wadwala mano. Anthu apitilizabe kusamutsa mikango m'malo osakhalamo, yomwe ikuchepera. Kupatula apo, mafumu azinyama amangopulumuka m'malo osungidwa.
4. Mikango imagawana gawo lachitatu lothamanga pakati pa nyama zonse ndi mphoyo ya Thompson ndi nyumbu. Atatu awa amatha kuthamangira makilomita 80 paola kwinaku akusaka kapena kuthawa kusaka. Mitengo ya pronghorn yokha imathamanga kwambiri (imathamanga mpaka 100 km / h) ndi cheetahs. Achibale a mikango m'banja la mphalapala amatha kupereka liwiro la 120 km / h. Zowona, pamlingo uwu, nyalugwe amathamanga kwa masekondi ochepa, akuwononga pafupifupi mphamvu zonse za thupi. Pambuyo pakuukira bwino, nyalugwe amayenera kupumula kwa theka la ola. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti mikango yomwe idali pafupi panthawi yopuma iyi imayenera kutenga nyama ya cheetah.
5. Mikango ndi akatswiri andalama zapadziko lonse lapansi. Munthawi yamatenda, yomwe nthawi zambiri imatenga masiku 3 mpaka 6, mkango umakwatirana mpaka 40 patsiku, uku ukuiwala za chakudya. Komabe, ichi ndi chiwerengero chapakati. Zochitika zapadera zidawonetsa kuti imodzi mwa mikango idakwatirana nthawi 157 pasanathe masiku awiri, ndipo wachibale wake adasangalatsa mikango iwiri yaikazi nthawi 86 patsiku, ndiye kuti zidamutengera mphindi 20 kuti achire. Pambuyo paziwerengerozi, sizosadabwitsa kuti mikango imatha kuberekana m'malo osavomerezeka kwambiri mu ukapolo.
6. Msomba wamkango sunafanane konse ndi dzina lake. Wokhala m'miyala iyi amatchedwa mkango chifukwa chakususuka. Ndiyenera kunena kuti dzina lakutchulidwa ndiloyenera. Ngati mkango wakuthengo ungadye chakudya chofanana pafupifupi 10% ya kulemera kwake kamodzi, ndiye kuti nsomba imameza ndikudya anthu okhala m'madzi ofanana. Ndipo, mosiyana, ndi mkango wapadziko lapansi, nsomba, yomwe chifukwa cha utoto wake nthawi zina imatchedwa nsomba ya mbidzi, itadya nsomba imodzi, siyima ndipo sagona pansi kuti idye chakudya. Chifukwa chake, lionfish imawerengedwa kuti ndi yowopsa pazachilengedwe zamiyala yamakorali - yosusuka kwambiri. Ndipo zosiyana zina ziwiri kuchokera mkango wapansi ndi nsonga zapoizoni za zipsepse ndi nyama yokoma kwambiri. Ndipo mkango wam'nyanja ndi chisindikizo, chomwe kubangula kwake kuli kofanana ndi kubangula kwa mkango wapamtunda.
7. Mfumu yomwe ilipo pakadali pano ku South Africa Eswatini (yomwe kale inali Swaziland, dzikolo lidasinthidwa dzina kuti lisasokonezeke ndi Switzerland) Mswati III adakhala pampando wachifumu ku 1986. Malinga ndi mwambo wakale, kuti agwirizane kwathunthu ndi mphamvu zake, mfumu iyenera kupha mkango. Panali vuto - panthawiyi kunalibe mikango mu ufumuwo. Koma malangizo a makolo ndiopatulika. Mswati adapita ku Kruger National Park komwe chilolezo chowombera mkango chingapezeke. Mwa kupeza laisensi, mfumu idakwaniritsa chikhalidwe chakale. Mkango "wololedwa" udakhala wosangalala - ngakhale panali zotsutsa mobwerezabwereza, Mswati Wachitatu wakhala akulamulira dziko lake ndi moyo wotsika kwambiri ngakhale ku Africa kwazaka zopitilira 30.
8. Chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe mkango umatchedwa mfumu ya nyama ndizobuma kwake. Chifukwa chomwe mkango umamvekera phokoso loopsali sichikudziwika motsimikizika. Kawirikawiri, mkango umayamba kubangula ola lisanalowe, ndipo konsati yake imapitilira pafupifupi ola limodzi. Kubangula kwa mkango kumakhudza munthu, izi zidadziwika ndi apaulendo omwe mwadzidzidzi adamva kubangula kutseka mokwanira. Koma apaulendo omwewo samatsimikizira zikhulupiriro za mbadwazo, kutengera momwe mikango imalepheretsa nyama zomwe zingagwire motere. Gulu la mbidzi ndi mphalapala, zikumva kubangula kwa mkango, zimamuchenjeza m'masekondi oyamba okha, kenako zimapitirizabe kudyetsa modekha. Lingaliro lodziwikiratu likuwoneka kuti mkango umabangula, kuwonetsa kupezeka kwake kwa amitundu amitundu.
9. Wolemba nkhani yokhudza mtima kwambiri yokhudza mikango ndi anthu adaphedwabe, makamaka kuchokera ku mkango, a Joy Adamson.Wobadwa ku Czech Republic pakadali pano, pamodzi ndi amuna awo, adapulumutsa ana atatu a mikango kuimfa. Awiri adatumizidwa kumalo osungira nyama, ndipo m'modzi adaleredwa ndi Joy ndikukonzekera moyo wachikulire kuthengo. Lioness Elsa adakhala heroine wamabuku atatu komanso kanema. Kwa Joy Adamson, chikondi cha mikango chidathera pamavuto. Adaphedwa ndi mkango, kapena nduna ya National Park yomwe idalandila moyo.
10. Mikango imalekerera kwambiri chakudya. Ngakhale ali ndi mbiri yachifumu, amadya mosavuta nyama yakufa, yomwe imawola kwambiri, yomwe afisi amanyansidwa nayo. Kuphatikiza apo, mikango imadya nyama yovunda osati malo okha omwe zakudya zawo zimakhala zochepa chifukwa cha chilengedwe. Kuphatikiza apo, ku Etosha National Park, yomwe ili ku Namibia, mkati mwa mliri wa anthrax, zidapezeka kuti mikango sivutika ndi matenda owopsawa. M'malo osungirako anthu ochulukirapo, munakonzedwa ngalande zamtundu wina, zomwe zimakhala ngati mbale zakumwa za nyama. Zinapezeka kuti madzi apansi panthaka omwera mbale zakumwa anali ndi ziphuphu za anthrax. Mliri waukulu wa nyama unayamba, koma anthrax sinagwire ntchito pa mikango, ikudya nyama zomwe zagwa.
11. Moyo wa mikango ndi waufupi, koma wodzaza ndi zochitika. Ana a mikango amabadwa, monga amphongo ambiri, alibe chochita ndipo amafunikira chisamaliro kwanthawi yayitali. Zimachitika osati ndi amayi okha, komanso ndi akazi onse onyada, makamaka ngati mayi akudziwa kusaka bwino. Aliyense amakhala wotsika kwa ana, ngakhale atsogoleri amalekerera kukopana. Wopereka chipiriro amabwera mchaka chimodzi. Ana a mikango akukula nthawi zambiri amawononga kusaka kwa fuko ndi phokoso losafunikira, ndipo nthawi zambiri mlandu umatha ndi chikwapu chamaphunziro. Ndipo pafupifupi zaka ziwiri, achinyamata okulirapo amachotsedwa kunyada - amakhala owopsa kwa mtsogoleri. Mikango yachichepere imayenda mozungulira savannah mpaka itakhwima mokwanira kuti ichotse mtsogoleriyo kunyada komwe kwachitika pansi pa mkono. Kapena, zomwe zimachitika nthawi zambiri, osafa pomenya nkhondo ndi mkango wina. Mtsogoleri watsopanoyu nthawi zambiri amapha tazinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe akunyada - potero magazi amapangidwanso. Azimayi achichepere amathamangitsidwanso m'gululi - ofooka kwambiri kapena osafunikira, ngati kuchuluka kwawo pakudzikuza kwachuluka kwambiri. Kwa moyo woterowo, mkango womwe wakhalapo zaka 15 umawerengedwa kuti ndi aksakal wakale. Ali mu ukapolo, mikango imatha kukhala ndi moyo nthawi ziwiri. Mwaufulu, imfa kuchokera ku ukalamba sikuopseza mikango ndi mikango yaikazi. Okalamba ndi odwala amatha kusiya kunyada, kapena amathamangitsidwa. Mapeto ndi osadabwitsa - kufa kwa abale kapena m'manja mwa adani ena.
12. M'mapaki ndi malo osungira nyama momwe alendo amaloledwa, mikango imawonetsa msanga luso lawo loganiza. Ngakhale mikango yobwera kapena yobwera yokha, kale m'badwo wachiwiri, ilibe chidwi ndi anthu. Galimoto imatha kudutsa pakati pa mikango yayikulu ndi ana omwe akutenthedwa ndi dzuwa, ndipo mikango siitembenuza mitu yawo. Makanda ochepera miyezi isanu ndi umodzi okha ndi omwe amawonetsa chidwi chachikulu, koma amphakawa amawona anthu ngati osafuna, ulemu. Kudekha koteroko nthawi zina kumakhala nthabwala yankhanza ndi mikango. Ku Mfumukazi Elizabeth National Park, ngakhale pali zidziwitso zambiri, mikango imamwalira nthawi zonse pansi pamagalimoto. Mwachiwonekere, pazochitika zotero, chibadwa cha zaka chikwi chimakhala cholimba kuposa luso lomwe adapeza - munyama zakutchire mkango umangolowa njovu yokha ndipo, nthawi zina, chipembere. Galimotoyo sanaphatikizidwe mndandanda wachidulewu.
13. Mafotokozedwe achikhalidwe cha mikango ndi afisi akuti: mikango imapha nyama zawo, imadziyendetsa bwino, ndipo afisi amayenda mtembo atadyetsa mikangoyo. Phwando lawo limayamba, limodzi ndi phokoso lowopsa. Chithunzi choterocho, ndithudi, chimakopa mafumu a nyama. Komabe, mwachilengedwe, zonse zimachitika chimodzimodzi. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti afisi oposa 80% amangodya nyama yomwe adapha okha. Koma mikango imamvetsera mwachidwi "zokambirana" za afisi ndikukhala pafupi ndi malo omwe amasakira. Fisi akangogwetsa nyama yawo, mikango imawathamangitsa ndikuyamba kudya. Ndipo gawo la alenjewo ndi lomwe mikango silidzadya.
14. Chifukwa cha mikango, Soviet Union yonse idadziwa banja la a Berberov. Mutu wa banja la Leo amatchedwa katswiri wazomangamanga wotchuka, ngakhale palibe chidziwitso chazopanga zake. Banja lidatchuka chifukwa cha mkango King, yemwe adapulumutsidwa kuimfa, amakhala mmenemo mzaka za m'ma 1970. A Berberov adamutengera kunyumba yamzinda ku Baku ali mwana ndipo adatha kutuluka. King adakhala nyenyezi yaku kanema - adawomberedwa m'mafilimu angapo, yotchuka kwambiri inali "The Incredible Adventures of Italians in Russia." Pa kujambula kwafilimuyi, a Berberovs ndi a King amakhala ku Moscow, m'sukulu imodzi. Atasiyidwa osasamaliridwa kwa mphindi zingapo, King adafinya galasi ndikuthamangira kusitediyamu ya sukulu. Kumeneko anaukira mnyamata wina amene anali kusewera mpira. Mnyamata wapolisi wachinyamata dzina lake Alexander Gurov (pambuyo pake adadzakhala wamkulu wa asitikali komanso chiwonetsero cha ofufuza a N. Leonov), yemwe amadutsa pafupi, adawombera mkango. Chaka chotsatira, a Berberov anali ndi mkango watsopano. Ndalama zogulira King II zidasonkhanitsidwa mothandizidwa ndi Sergei Obraztsov, Yuri Yakovlev, Vladimir Vysotsky ndi anthu ena otchuka. Ndi Mfumu yachiwiri, zonse zidakhala zowopsa. Novembala 24, 1980, pazifukwa zosadziwika, adamenya Roman Berberov (mwana wamwamuna), kenako mbuye Nina Berberova (mutu wabanja adamwalira mu 1978). Mayiyo adapulumuka, mnyamatayo adamwalira mchipatala. Ndipo nthawi ino moyo wa mkango udafupikitsidwa ndi chipolopolo cha apolisi. Kuphatikiza apo, oyang'anira zamalamulo anali ndi mwayi - ngati Gurov adawombera clip yonse ku King, kuwombera pamalo otetezeka, ndiye wapolisi wa Baku adagunda King II pamtima ndikuwombera koyamba. Chipolopolo ichi chikhoza kupulumutsa miyoyo.
15. The Field Museum of Natural History ku Chigako ikuwonetsa mikango iwiri. Kunja, mawonekedwe awo ndi kusowa kwa mane - chofunikira kwambiri cha mikango yamphongo. Koma sizowoneka zomwe zimapangitsa mikango yaku Chicago kukhala yachilendo. Pakumanga mlatho pamtsinje wa Tsavo, womwe ukuyenda mchigawo cha Kenya, mikangoyo idapha anthu osachepera 28. "Osachepera" - chifukwa amwenye ambiri omwe akusowa adawerengedwa koyamba ndi oyang'anira zomangamanga a John Patterson, omwe pamapeto pake adapha mikango. Mikango nayonso inapha anthu akuda, koma, mwachiwonekere, sanalembedwe kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19. Patapita nthawi, a Patterson anawerengetsa kuti ndi anthu 135. Nkhani yofananira komanso yokongoletsa ya nkhani ya akambuku awiri odyera anthu imapezeka mukamayang'ana kanema "Ghost and Darkness", momwe Michael Douglas ndi Val Kilmer adasewera.
16. Wasayansi wodziwika, wofufuza malo komanso mmishonale David Livingston adatsala pang'ono kumwalira koyambirira kwa ntchito yake yotchuka. Mu 1844, mkango unagunda Mngelezi ndi anzake akumaloko. Livingston adawombera nyama ija ndikumumenya. Komabe, mkangowo unali wamphamvu kwambiri moti unakwanitsa kufika kwa Livingstone ndi kumugwira paphewa. Wofufuzayo adapulumutsidwa ndi m'modzi mwa anthu aku Africa, yemwe adasokoneza mkangowo. Mkango udakwanitsa kuvulaza anzawo awiri a Livingston, ndipo pambuyo pake adagwa pansi namwalira. Aliyense mkango unatha kumulasa, kupatula Livingstone yemweyo, yemwe anamwalira ndi poyizoni wamagazi. Ku England, mbali inayo, akuti chipulumutso chake chozizwitsa chimachokera ku nsalu yaku Scotland komwe adasoka zovala zake. Ndi nsalu iyi yomwe idaletsa, malinga ndi Livingston, mavairasi ochokera mano a mkango kuti asalowe m'mabala ake.Koma wasayansi dzanja lamanja anali wolumala moyo.
17. Fanizo labwino kwambiri la chiphunzitso chakuti msewu waku gehena wapangidwa ndi zolinga zabwino ndiye tsogolo la mikango yamasewera a Jose ndi Liso. Mikango idabadwira mu ukapolo ndipo imagwira ntchito yamasewera ku likulu la Peru, Lima. Mwina akadagwira mpaka lero. Komabe, mu 2016, Jose ndi Liso adakumana ndi tsoka loti adagwidwa ndi omwe amateteza nyama ku Animal Defenders International. Moyo wamikango udawonedwa ngati wowopsa - khola lothinana, zakudya zoperewera, antchito amwano - ndipo nkhondo idayamba mikangoyo. Mwachilengedwe, zidatha ndikupambana mosaganizira omenyera ufulu wa nyama, omwe anali ndi mkangano womwe udapitilira zonse - adamenya mikango mu ukapolo wamisasa! Pambuyo pake, mwini mikangoyo adakakamizidwa kuti agawane nawo powopseza kuti apatsidwa chilango. Lvov adapita naye ku Africa ndikukakhazikika. Jose ndi Liso sanadye mphatso zaufulu kwanthawi yayitali - kumapeto kwa Meyi 2017 adapatsidwa chiphe. Osaka nyamawo adangotenga mitu ndi miyendo ya mikango, ndikusiya mitembo yotsalayo. Amatsenga a ku Africa amagwiritsa ntchito zikopa za mkango ndi mitu yawo popanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mimbulu. Tsopano iyi ndiye njira yokhayo yogulitsira mikango yophedwa.
