Anthu onse amawona milatho yosiyanasiyana. Sikuti aliyense amaganiza kuti mlathowu ndi chinthu chakale kwambiri kuposa gudumu. M'zaka masauzande oyamba a mbiri ya anthu, anthu sanafunikire kunyamula chilichonse cholemera. Nkhuni zimatha kunyamulidwa ndi dzanja. Phanga kapena khumbi linali loyenera pogona. Nyama yotchuka ya mammoth, yomwe idaphedwa kuti idye, sinkafunika kukokedwa paliponse - idadya nthawi yayitali, pomwepo, kapena imagawa nyama zidutswa zoyenera kunyamula. Kuoloka mitsinje kapena zigwa, poyamba kugwa bwino, ndiyeno thunthu loponyedwa mwapadera, nthawi zambiri limayenera, ndipo nthawi zina moyo umadalira kuthekera kowoloka.
M'madera ena amapiri ku South America ndi Asia, kuli mafuko omwe sakudziwabe gudumu. Koma milatho imadziwika bwino kumafuko ngati amenewa, ndipo nthawi zambiri siyikhala chipika chomwe chidagwera mumtsinje wautali mita, koma zomangika za ulusi wosunthika ndi matabwa, zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zida zochepa, koma zimagwira ntchito kwazaka zambiri.
Ntchito yomanga milatho yayikulu idayambitsidwa ndi Aroma openga misewu. Malangizo akumanga mlatho omwe adapanga adalipo kwazaka zambiri, chitsulo, konkire ndi zina zamakono zisanabwere. Koma poganizira kupita patsogolo kwaposachedwa kwa sayansi, ntchito yomanga milatho ikadali ntchito yovuta yaukadaulo.
1. Milatho, ngakhale ili yonse mosiyanasiyana, ndi ya mitundu itatu yokha ndi mtundu wa zomangamanga: girder, chingwe chokhala ndi chingwe ndi arched. Mlatho wa girder ndiosavuta kwambiri, chipika chomwecho chomwe chimaponyedwa pamtsinje. Mlatho woyimitsa umakhala pazingwe; itha kukhala ulusi wazomera komanso zingwe zamphamvu zachitsulo. Bridge la arched ndilovuta kwambiri kumanga, koma nthawi yomweyo ndilolimba kwambiri. Kulemera kwake kwa mlatho pamiyala imagawidwa pazogwirizira. Zachidziwikire, pakupanga kwamilatho kwamakono kulinso kuphatikiza kwa mitundu iyi. Palinso milatho yoyandama, kapena ya pontoon, koma awa ndi nyumba zazing'ono, ndipo amagona pamadzi, osadutsa. Ndikothekanso kusiyanitsa milatho (kudutsa pamadzi) kuchokera ku viaducts (kuwoloka malo otsika ndi zigwa) ndi malo odutsa (kudutsa misewu), koma kuchokera pakuwona kwaukadaulo, kusiyana kwake kulibe tanthauzo.
2. Ngakhale kuti mlatho uliwonse, mwakutanthauzira, ndiwopangidwa, Padziko Lapansi, kupatula mabowo ang'onoang'ono, palinso milatho yayikulu yachilengedwe. Posachedwa, zithunzi za Bridge ya Fairy ku China zafalitsidwa kwambiri. Malingaliro ndi osangalatsa kwambiri - mtsinje umadutsa pansi pa chipilala chotalika kuposa 70 mita, ndipo kutalika kwa mlatho kuli pafupi mita 140. Komabe, Fairy Bridge siyomwe ili yokha, osati yayikulu kwambiri, yopanga. Ku Peru, kutsetsereka chakum'mawa kwa Andes, kumbuyo mu 1961, chipilala chotalika mamita 183 chidapezeka pamtsinje wa Cutibiren. Mlatho womwewo umakhala wopitilira mamitala 350. Komanso, "mlatho" uwu ndi wamtali pafupifupi mita 300, kotero okonda ngalande amatha kutsutsa zomwe ndendende izi ziyenera kuganiziridwa.
3. Mlatho wotchuka kwambiri wakale mwina ndi mlatho wa 400 mita ku Rhine, womangidwa mu 55 BC. e. Chifukwa cha kudzichepetsa kwa Julius Caesar, ndikulifotokoza mwakhama m'buku la "The Gallic War" (palibe umboni wina), tili ndi lingaliro lazodabwitsa za uinjiniya. Mlathowu unamangidwa kuchokera pamiyala yamitengo yolimba komanso yopingasa yokhala ndi kutalika kwa 7 - 8 mita (kuya kwa Rhine pamalo a mlatho ndi 6 mita). Pamwambapa, milumuyi inali yolumikizidwa ndi matabwa opingasa, pomwe padali zida zamatabwa. Chilichonse pazonse zidatenga masiku 10. Pobwerera ku Roma Kaisara adalamula kuti mlatho uwonongeke. China chake cholakwika chidakayikiridwa kale mu Middle Ages. Zowona, Andrea Palladio ndi Vincenzo Scamozzi adangokonza pang'ono za Kaisara wamkulu, "kusintha" njira yomangira ndikuwonekera kwa mlatho. Napoleon Bonaparte, ndi mawonekedwe ake omveka bwino, adalengeza kuti zonse zomwe zimafotokozedwa pakatikati pa mlatho ndizopanda pake, ndipo magulu ankhondo akuyenda pazitsulo zosadulidwa. August von Zoghausen, injiniya wankhondo waku Prussian, adapitilira apo. Anawerengera kuti ngati mutenga mulu ndi mkazi (nyundo yayikulu yonyamulidwa ndi zingwe) kuchokera m'mabwato awiri, kenako ndikuwonjezeranso pobwezeretsa, ntchitoyi ndiyotheka. Zikuwonekeratu kuti pakukonzekera milu, kunali koyenera kudula nkhalango yaying'ono, komanso kukumba miyala kuti abwezeretse. Kale m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri, wolemba mbiri Nikolai Ershovich adawerengetsa kuti ndi ntchito yosinthira kawiri yoyendetsa mulu, zimatenga masiku 40 a ntchito yopitilira kuyendetsa milu ndi magulu ankhondo a Kaisara. Chifukwa chake, mwachidziwikire, mlatho wapa Rhine udalipo m'malingaliro olemera a Kaisara.
4. Yemwe adayambitsa sayansi ya Bridge Bridge ndi mainjiniya aku Russia komanso wasayansi Dmitry Zhuravsky (1821 - 1891). Zinali iye amene anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito kuwerengetsera sayansi ndi molondola lonse mawerengeredwe yomanga mlatho. Zhuravsky ankagwira ntchito ya zomangamanga pomanga njanji zomwe zinali zazitali kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, St. Petersburg - Moscow. Ulemerero wa omanga milatho yaku America udagunda padziko lapansi. Wowunikirayo anali William Howe. Anapanga katemera wamatabwa wokhala ndi ndodo zachitsulo. Komabe, izi zidapangidwa mwadzidzidzi. Gau ndi kampani yake adamanga milatho yambiri ku United States, koma adawamanga, monga momwe sayansi yotchuka imanenera, mwamphamvu - mwachisawawa. Momwemonso, mwamphamvu, milatho iyi idagwa. Zhuravsky, kumbali inayo, adayamba kuwerengera kulimba kwa zomangira zomata masamu, ndikuchepetsa chilichonse kukhala njira yokongola. Pafupifupi milatho yonse yanjanji ku Russia mzaka za 19th zidamangidwa motsogozedwa ndi Zhuravsky, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito kuwerengera kwake. Zomwezo zidapezeka kuti ndizapadziko lonse lapansi - zidabweranso powerengera mphamvu ya Mpweya wa Cathedral wa Peter ndi Paul Fortress. M'tsogolo, wotchedwa Dmitry Ivanovich anamanga ngalande, anamanganso madoko, kwa zaka 10 akutsogolera dipatimenti njanji, kwambiri kuwonjezera matulukidwe a misewu.
5. Mlatho wotalika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi - Danyang-Kunshan viaduct. Ochepera makilomita 10 kutalika kwake konse kwa 165 km amadutsa pamadzi, koma izi sizipangitsa kuti gawo la msewu wothamanga kwambiri pakati pa Nanjing ndi Shanghai likhale losavuta kumanga. Komabe, zidatenga antchito aku China ndi mainjiniya okha $ 10 biliyoni ndi pafupifupi miyezi 40 kuti amange chilombochi mdziko la milatho. Ntchito yomanga viaduct mwachidziwikire idalinso chifukwa chofunikira pandale. Kuyambira 2007, mlatho wotalika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi wakhala Zhanghua - Kaohsiung Viaduct. Wosunga mbiriyi adamangidwa ku Taiwan, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Republic of China ndipo amawona olamulira ku Beijing ngati olanda. Malo 3 mpaka 5 amakhala ndi milatho yambiri yaku China komanso ma viaducts kuyambira 114 mpaka 55 kilomita m'litali. Pafupifupi theka la khumi mwapamwamba pali milatho ku Thailand ndi United States. Milatho yayitali kwambiri pamilatho yayitali kwambiri ku America, yomwe ndi makilomita 38 kutalika kwa Pontchartrain Lake Bridge, idatumizidwa ku 1979.
6. Bridge yotchuka ku Brooklyn ku New York idaphedwadi osati antchito 27 okha, komanso awiri mwa omanga ake akuluakulu: John Roebling ndi mwana wake Washington. A John Roebling, panthawi yomwe ntchito yomanga Bridge Bridge idayamba, anali atamanga kale chingwe chodutsa pa Niagara pansi pamadzi otchuka. Kuphatikiza apo, anali ndi kampani yayikulu yazingwe yazitsulo. Roebling Sr. adapanga ntchito ya mlatho ndipo mu 1870 adayamba kumanga. Roebling adalamula kuti ayambe kumanga mlatho, osadziwa kuti aweruzidwa. Pakati pamiyeso yomaliza, bwato linagwera m'boti lomwe linali ndi injiniya. Womangamanga anavulaza zala zingapo. Sanachiritsidwe, ngakhale anali atadulidwa mwendo. Pambuyo pa imfa ya abambo ake, Washington Roebling adakhala mainjiniya wamkulu. Anawona Bridge la Brooklyn likumangidwa, koma thanzi la Roebling Jr. linasokonekera. Pochita ngozi mu caisson - chipinda chomwe madzi amakakamizidwa kutulutsa ndi kuthamanga kwa mpweya kuti agwire ntchito mozama - adapulumuka matenda opunduka ndipo adafa ziwalo. Anapitiliza kuyang'anira ntchito yomanga, atakhala pa chikuku ndipo amalankhula ndi omanga kudzera mwa mkazi wake, Anne Warren. Komabe, Washington Roebling anali ndi chifuniro chokhala ndi moyo kotero kuti adakhala wolumala mpaka 1926.
7. Mlatho wautali kwambiri ku Russia ndi "watsopano" - Bridge ya Crimea. Gawo lake lamagalimoto lidayamba kugwira ntchito mu 2018, ndipo njanji imodzi - mu 2019. Kutalika kwa gawo la njanji ndi 18,018 mita, mbali ya msewu - 16,857 mita.Gawoli kukhala magawo, inde, limayendera - kutalika kwa njanji za njanji ndi kutalika kwa mseu kunayezedwa. Malo achiwiri ndi achitatu pamndandanda wa milatho yayitali kwambiri ku Russia amakhala ndi malo opitilira Western High Speed Speed ku St. Petersburg. Kutalika kwa South Overpass ndi 9,378 mita, North Overpass ndi 600 mita kufupikitsa.
8. Trinity Bridge ku St. Petersburg koyambirira kwa zaka za zana lamakumi awiri amatchedwa wokongola waku France kapena ku Paris. Pomwe kulumikizana kwandale pakati pa Russia ndi France, ulemu womwe udalipo kale ku France wonse udafika pamwamba. Ndi mafakitale ndi mainjiniya aku France okha omwe adatenga nawo gawo pampikisano womanga Bridge Bridge. Wopambana anali Gustave Eiffel, yemwe anamanga nsanja ku Paris. Komabe, chifukwa chazinthu zina zodabwitsa za mzimu waku Russia, a Batignolles adalamulidwa kuti amange mlatho. Achifalansa sanakhumudwitse, pomanga zokongoletsa zina za mzindawo. Bridge la Trinity limakongoletsedwa ndi zipilala zoyambirira m'mabanki ndi nyali zomwe zimakweza chipilala chilichonse. Ndipo kuchokera ku Troitsky Bridge mutha kuwona milatho isanu ndi iwiri ya St. Mu 2001 - 2003, mlathowu unamangidwanso kwathunthu ndikusintha kwa zinthu zakuda zolimba za konkriti, misewu yamtunda, njanji zama tram, makina olowera ndikukhazikitsa kuyatsa. Zinthu zonse zokongoletsa ndi zomangamanga zabwezeretsedwa. Kusinthana kwa Multilevel kwawoneka pamakwerero ochokera pa mlatho.
9. Gawo la chithunzi chowoneka chomwe chimapezeka pamutu pa munthu pa mawu oti "London" chikuyenera kukhala mlatho - awa ndi magulu okhazikitsidwa. Komabe, kulibe milatho yambiri likulu la Britain. Pali pafupifupi 30. Poyerekeza: omwe analemba buku la Guinness Book of Records amakhulupirira kuti pali milatho pafupifupi 2,500 ku Hamburg, Germany. Ku Amsterdam, kuli milatho yokwana 1,200, ku Venice, yomwe imayimirira pafupifupi pamadzi, pali 400. St. mitu yawo ndi 342, kuphatikiza 13 yosinthika.
10. Milatho yakale kwambiri pamtsinje wa Moskva mu likulu la Russia, ponena za nyumba zofanana, si yakale kwambiri. Inamangidwa ndi katswiri wazomangamanga Roman Klein mu 1912 kuti akumbukire zaka zana za Nkhondo Yachikunja. Kuyambira pamenepo, mlathowu wamangidwanso kawiri. Zipilala zosunthika zidasinthidwa, mlatho udakulitsidwa, kutalika kwake kudakulitsidwa - pa mlatho womwe uli pamtunda wa makilomita angapo kuchokera ku Kremlin, sikuti ma aesthetics okha ndiofunikira, komanso amakhala ndi mphamvu. Maonekedwe a mlathowo amasungidwa bwino limodzi ndi makhadi ake abizinesi - zithunzi zammbali ndi zipilala.
11. Chiyambi cha zaka za XXI chinali nthawi yagolide pagulu lanyumba yaku Russia. Popanda kukondweretsedwa kwakukulu, osalengeza mapulogalamu adziko lonse kapena ntchito zomanga dziko lonse lapansi, milatho yambiri yazitali kwambiri komanso zovuta zomanga zamangidwa mdziko muno. Kukwanira kunena kuti milatho 9 mwa 10 ndi 17 mwa 20 yayitali kwambiri ku Russia idamangidwa mu 2000-2020. Mwa "oldies" mwa khumi apamwamba panali mlatho wa Amur ku Khabarovsk (3,891 mita, malo a 8), womwe ungawonekere pa chikalata chachisanu. Saratov Bridge (2804, 11) ndi Metro Bridge ku Novosibirsk (2 145, 18) ndi ena mwa milatho makumi awiri yayitali kwambiri ku Russia.
12. Tsogolo la mlatho woyamba wa St. Petersburg ndiloyenera kupitilizabe kulembedwa. Linamangidwa ndi Alexander Menshikov mu 1727. Pambuyo pa imfa ya Peter I, yemwe sanavomereze kumangidwa kwa milatho ku St. Petersburg, wokondedwayo adakhala wamphamvuyonse ndipo adamupatsa udindo woyang'anira. Ndipo Admiralty anali kuchokera ku Menshikov estate pachilumba cha Vasilievsky kutsidya lina la Neva - ndizotheka kupita kokatumikira osasintha mabwato ndi kubwerera. Chifukwa chake adamanga mlatho woyandama, womwe udakokoloka kuti zombo zitheke ndikudulidwa m'nyengo yozizira. Pamene Menshikov anagwetsedwa, iye analamula kuti agwetse mlatho. Afika pachilumbachi, ndipo nzika za St. Petersburg zidakoka mlathowo mwachangu kwambiri. Isaac (Tchalitchi cha St. Isaac adayima pafupi ndi mlatho pa Admiralty) mlatho udapangidwanso mu 1732, koma nthawi yomweyo udasweka ndi kusefukira kwamvula. Mu 1733, mlathowu udapangidwa kukhala wamphamvu kwambiri, ndipo udayima mpaka 1916. Zoona, mu 1850 adasamukira ku Spit ya Vasilievsky Island ndipo mlathowo udakhala Bridge Bridge. Mwinanso, ngati chikumbutso chakale, mlathowu ukadapezekabe mpaka pano, koma wina adapeza lingaliro m'nthawi ya sitima zapamadzi kuti akonze nyumba yosungiramo mafuta. Zotsatira zake zinali zodziwikiratu: mchilimwe cha 1916, ntchentche kuchokera kuntchito zidayatsa nyumbazo ndipo lawi lidafika palafini msanga. Zotsalira za mlathowo zinayaka kwa masiku angapo. Komanso inali mlatho woyamba padziko lapansi wokhala ndi magetsi - mu 1879 nyali zingapo zopangidwa ndi P.N Yablochkov adayikidwapo.
13. Monga mukudziwa, muyenera kulipira chilichonse. Milatho nthawi zambiri imalipira miyoyo ya anthu chifukwa chokomera. Nthawi zina zimawonongeka chifukwa chosalingalira kapena kunyalanyaza kwa anthu, nthawi zina pazifukwa zachilengedwe, koma nthawi zambiri mlathowo umawonongedwa ndi zovuta zonse. Milandu mu French Angers (1850) kapena ku St. Petersburg (1905), pomwe milatho idagwa chifukwa choti magulu omwe akuyenda adayambanso kugwedezeka kwa mlatho, atha kuonedwa ngati abwino - chiwonongeko chili ndi chifukwa chimodzi chodziwikiratu. Clark Eldridge ndi Leon Moiseeff, popanga mlatho ku Tacoma-Narrows ku United States, nawonso adanyalanyaza kamvekedwe kake, pankhaniyi mphepo yamkuntho idamveka. Mlathowo unagwa pamaso pa eni kamera angapo omwe adalemba zithunzi zosangalatsa. Koma mlatho wapa Firth of Tay ku Scotland unagwa mu 1879 osati chifukwa cha mphepo yamkuntho ndi mafunde okha, komanso chifukwa choti zogwirizira zake sizinapangidwe kuti zizinyamula katundu wambiri - sitimayo idayambitsidwanso. Madzi amtsinje wa Tei adakhala manda a anthu 75. "Silver Bridge" ku United States pakati pa West Virginia ndi Ohio, yomangidwa mu 1927, yangokhala yotopa m'zaka 40. Zinkawerengedwa poyenda kwamagalimoto okwera masekeli 600 - 800 ndi magalimoto ogwirizana. Ndipo m'ma 1950, nthawi ya gigantism yamagalimoto idayamba, ndipo magalimoto olemera kukula kwa galimoto isanachitike nkhondo adayamba kukwera pa "Silver Bridge". Tsiku lina, mlatho wosakhala wangwiro kwa anthu 46, udagwera m'madzi aku Ohio. Tsoka ilo, milatho ipitilizabe kugwa - maiko tsopano akukana kwambiri kugulitsa zinthu zomangamanga, ndipo mabizinesi azinsinsi amafunikira phindu mwachangu. Simungathe kuzipeza pamilatho.
14. Mu 1850 ku St. Petersburg ntchito yomanga mlatho wachitsulo pamwamba pa Neva wokhala ndi pafupifupi mita 300 idamalizidwa. Poyamba, adatchedwa Blagoveshchensky wotchedwa tchalitchi chapafupi. Kenako, pambuyo pa imfa ya Nicholas I, iye anadzatchedwa Nikolaevsky. Mlathowo unali nthawi yayitali kwambiri ku Europe. Nthawi yomweyo adayamba kulemba nkhani zonena za iye. Emperor, yemwe adapanga mlathowo, a Stanislav Kerbedzu, akuti adapatsidwa udindo wina wankhondo pambuyo pokhazikitsa gawo lililonse. Kerbedz adayamba kupanga mlatho waukulu. Ngati nthanoyo idalidi yowona, atatha kuthawa kwachisanu, adzakhala kazembe wamkulu, kenako Nikolai ayenera kupanga magulu ena atatu malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa ndege zotsalira. Amuna akuyenda ndi azimayi adalimbana wina ndi mzake za kukongola kwa mlatho - kwanthawi yayitali ndi njira yokhayo yomwe kusuta kumaloledwa - milatho yonse inali yamatabwa. Atatsala pang'ono kumwalira, a Nicholas I, akudutsa mlathowo, adakumana ndi gulu lamaliro lodzichepetsa. Iwo adayika msirikali yemwe adagwira zaka 25. Mfumu idatsika m'galimoto ndikuyenda msirikali paulendo wake womaliza. Otsatirawo adakakamizidwa kuchita zomwezo.Pomaliza, pa Okutobala 25, 1917, mfuti ya 6-inchi ya cruiser Aurora, yomwe idayikidwa pafupi ndi mlatho wa Nikolaevsky, idapereka chizindikiritso chakuyamba kwa kulanda boma mu Okutobala, komwe kudadzatchedwa Great October Socialist Revolution.
15. Kuyambira 1937 mpaka 1938, milatho 14 idamangidwa kapena kumangidwanso ku Moscow. Pakati pawo pali okha Crimea Crimea Bridge (Moscow) likulu, amene amakonda anthu amene akufuna kudzipha, ndi Bolshoi Kamenny Bridge - ndi panorama wotchuka wa Kremlin. Bridge la Bolshoi Moskvoretsky, lomwe limalumikiza Vasilievsky Spusk ndi Bolshaya Ordynka, linamangidwanso. Panali kuwoloka kuno m'zaka za zana la 16, ndipo mlatho woyamba unamangidwa mu 1789. M'zaka zaposachedwa, mlatho uwu wadziwika chifukwa chakuti ndi pomwe panali ndege yowala ya Germany Matthias Rust, yomwe mu 1987 idapambana dongosolo lonse lakutetezera mpweya la USSR. Kenako anamanga mlatho wakale kwambiri ku Russia, Smolensky. Oyendetsa oyamba a mlatho wamtali wamitala 150 wamtali wamtali makamaka adazindikira kusiyana pakati pamakoma amdima a ngalande ya metro ndi malingaliro abwino a Mtsinje wa Moskva ndi magombe ake omwe adawoneka mwadzidzidzi.
