Kalekale, anthu amamvetsetsa kufunikira kwamagazi pamoyo wamunthu, ngakhale samadziwa ntchito zake. Kuyambira kalekale, magazi akhala opatulika pazikhulupiriro zonse zazikuluzikulu ndi zipembedzo komanso pafupifupi m'magulu onse a anthu.
Minofu yolumikizira madzi m'thupi la munthu - umu ndi momwe madotolo amagawira magazi - ndipo ntchito zake zakhala zovuta kwambiri kwa sayansi kwazaka zambiri. Kukwanira kunena kuti ngakhale mu Middle Ages, asayansi ndi asing'anga m'malingaliro okhudzana ndi magazi sanachoke mu Greek ndi Roma wakale poyerekeza kutuluka kwamwazi kumodzi kuchokera kumtima mpaka kumapeto. William Harvey asanakumane ndi chidwi, yemwe adawerengera kuti ngati chiphunzitsochi chikatsatiridwa, thupi liyenera kupanga malita 250 a magazi patsiku, aliyense anali wotsimikiza kuti magazi amatuluka mwazala ndipo amapangidwanso mchiwindi.
Komabe, ndizosatheka kunena kuti sayansi yamakono imadziwa chilichonse chokhudza magazi. Ngati ndikukula kwa mankhwala kunali kotheka kupanga ziwalo zopangira zopambana mosiyanasiyana, ndiye kuti ndi magazi funso lotere silowoneka patali. Ngakhale kupangidwa kwa magazi sikuli kovuta kwambiri malinga ndi momwe zimapangidwira, kulengedwa kwa analogue yake yokumba kumawoneka ngati nkhani yakutsogolo kwambiri. Ndipo podziwika kwambiri za magazi, zimawonekeratu kuti madzi awa ndi ovuta kwambiri.
1. Mwa kachulukidwe kake, magazi amayandikira kwambiri madzi. Kuchuluka kwa magazi kumayambira 1.029 mwa akazi ndi 1.062 mwa amuna. Kukhuthala kwa magazi kumakhala pafupifupi kasanu kuposa kwamadzi. Katunduyu amakhudzidwa ndi mamasukidwe akayendedwe ka madzi am'magazi (pafupifupi kawiri mamasukidwe akayendedwe amadzi), komanso kupezeka kwa mapuloteni apadera m'magazi - fibrinogen. Kuwonjezeka kwa mamasukidwe akayendedwe amwazi kumakhala kosavomerezeka kwambiri ndipo kumatha kuwonetsa matenda amtima kapena stroko.
2. Chifukwa chogwira ntchito mosalekeza kwa mtima, zitha kuwoneka kuti magazi onse m'thupi la munthu (kuyambira 4.5 mpaka 6 malita) amangoyenda. Izi zili kutali kwambiri ndi chowonadi. Pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu a magazi onse amasunthika mosalekeza - voliyumu yomwe ili mumitsuko yamapapu ndi ziwalo zina, kuphatikiza ubongo. Magazi otsalawo ali mu impso ndi minofu (25% iliyonse), 15% m'matumbo am'matumbo, 10% m'chiwindi, ndi 4-5% molunjika mumtima, ndikuyenda mosiyanasiyana.
3. Chikondi cha asing'anga osiyanasiyana pakukhetsa magazi, komwe kunanyozedwa nthawi zikwi m'mabuku apadziko lonse lapansi, kuli ndi chitsimikiziro chokwanira chokwanira cha chidziwitso chopezeka panthawiyo. Kuyambira nthawi ya Hippocrates, amakhulupirira kuti pali zinthu zinayi zamadzimadzi mthupi la munthu: ntchofu, bile yakuda, ndulu zachikaso ndi magazi. Momwe thupi limakhalira zimadalira kuchuluka kwa madzi. Kuchuluka kwa magazi kumayambitsa matenda. Chifukwa chake, ngati wodwalayo sakumva bwino, amafunika kutuluka magazi nthawi yomweyo, kenako ndikupitiliza kuphunzira mozama. Ndipo nthawi zambiri zidagwira - anthu olemera okha ndi omwe amatha kugwiritsa ntchito madokotala. Mavuto awo azaumoyo nthawi zambiri amayamba chifukwa chodya mopitirira muyeso chakudya chambiri komanso kukhala osayenda. Kutaya magazi kumathandiza anthu onenepa kwambiri kuti achire. Zinali zoyipa kwambiri osakhala onenepa kwambiri komanso oyenda. Mwachitsanzo, George Washington, amene ankadwala khosi, anaphedwa ndi magazi ambiri.
4. Mpaka 1628, kayendedwe ka kayendedwe ka magazi kamunthu kamawoneka kosavuta komanso kosavuta kumva. Magazi amapangidwa m'chiwindi ndipo amatengedwa kudzera m'mitsempha kupita kumimba ndi ziwalo, kuchokera komwe amapita. Ngakhale kupezeka kwa ma venous venous sikunagwedeze dongosolo lino - kupezeka kwa ma valve kumafotokozedwa ndikufunika kochepetsa magazi. Wachingelezi William Harvey anali woyamba kutsimikizira kuti magazi m'thupi la munthu amayenda mozungulira mozungulira wopangidwa ndi mitsempha ndi mitsempha. Komabe, Harvey sanathe kufotokoza momwe magazi amachokera m'mitsempha kupita m'mitsempha.
5. Pamsonkhano woyamba wa Sherlock Holmes ndi Dr. Watson mu buku la Arthur Conan-Doyle "Study in crimson tones", wapolisiyo monyadira alengeza kwa mnzake watsopano kuti wapeza reagent yomwe ingadziwitse molondola kupezeka kwa hemoglobin, chifukwa chake, magazi, ngakhale chaching'ono kwambiri kachidutswa. Sizinsinsi kuti m'zaka za zana la 19, olemba ambiri adatchuka pazokwaniritsa zasayansi, kuwadziwitsa owerenga zatsopano. Komabe, izi sizikugwira ntchito kwa a Conan Doyle ndi a Sherlock Holmes. Study in Scarlet Tones idasindikizidwa mu 1887, ndipo nkhaniyi idachitika mu 1881. Kafukufuku woyamba, yemwe anafotokoza njira yodziwira kupezeka kwa magazi, adasindikizidwa mu 1893, ngakhale ku Austria-Hungary. Conan Doyle anali zaka zosachepera 6 zaka zisanachitike asayansi.
6. Saddam Hussein, monga wolamulira wa Iraq, adapereka magazi kwa zaka ziwiri kuti alembe Koran pamanja. Kope lake lidapangidwa bwino ndikusungidwa mchipinda chapansi cha mzikiti wopangidwa ndi cholinga. Kugonjetsedwa ndikuphedwa kwa Saddam, zidapezeka kuti olamulira atsopano aku Iraq adakumana ndi vuto losathephera. Mu Chisilamu, magazi amawerengedwa kuti ndi odetsedwa, ndipo kulemba Korani nawo ndi haram, tchimo. Koma ilinso haram kuwononga Qur'an. Kusankha zoyenera kuchita ndi Korani wamagazi kwaimitsidwa kaye mpaka nthawi zabwinoko.
7. Sing'anga wa King Louis XIV waku France Jean-Baptiste Denis anali wokonda kwambiri kuthekera kowonjezera kuchuluka kwa magazi m'thupi la munthu. Mu 1667, dokotala wofunitsitsa adatsanulira pafupifupi 350 ml yamagazi a nkhosa mwa wachinyamata. Thupi laling'ono lidalimbana ndi zomwe zimachitika, ndipo Denis adamuwonjezera magazi. Nthawiyi, adatsanulira magazi a nkhosa kwa wantchito yemwe adavulala akugwira ntchito kunyumba yachifumu. Ndipo wantchito uyu adapulumuka. Kenako Denis anaganiza zopezera ndalama kuchokera kwa olemera odwala ndikusinthana ndi mwazi wowoneka bwino wa ng'ombe. Tsoka, Baron Gustave Bonde adamwalira atapatsidwa magazi kachiwiri, ndipo Antoine Maurois atamwalira wachitatu. Mwachilungamo, ziyenera kudziwika kuti womwalirayo sakanapulumuka ngakhale atathiridwa magazi kuchipatala chamakono - kwa nthawi yopitilira chaka, mkazi wake adamupatsira poizoni mwamuna wake wamisala ndi arsenic. Wochenjera mkazi anayesa mlandu Denis imfa ya mwamuna wake. Dokotala adakwanitsa kudzilungamitsa, koma kumveka kwake kunali kwakukulu. Ku France magazi analetsedwa. Lamuloli linachotsedwa patadutsa zaka 235.
8. Mphotho ya Nobel yopeza magulu amwazi wamunthu idalandiridwa mu 1930 ndi Karl Landsteiner. Kupeza kumeneku, komwe kungapulumutse miyoyo yambiri m'mbiri ya anthu, adapanga koyambirira kwa zaka zana lino, komanso ndi zida zochepa zofufuzira. Waku Austria adatenga magazi kuchokera kwa anthu 5 okha, kuphatikiza iyemwini. Izi zinali zokwanira kutsegula magulu atatu amwazi. Landsteiner sanapite ku gulu lachinayi, ngakhale adakulitsa kafukufuku mpaka anthu 20. Sizokhudza kusasamala kwake. Ntchito ya wasayansi idachitidwa ngati sayansi chifukwa cha sayansi - palibe amene amatha kuwona chiyembekezo chopezeka. Ndipo Landsteiner adachokera kubanja losauka ndipo amadalira kwambiri aboma, omwe amagawa maudindo ndi malipiro. Chifukwa chake, sanaumirire kwambiri kufunikira kwakudziwika kwake. Mwamwayi, mphothoyo idapezekabe ngwazi yake.
9. Chakuti pali magulu anayi amagazi chidakhala choyamba kukhazikitsa Czech Jan Jansky. Madokotala amagwiritsabe ntchito magulu ake - I, II, III ndi IV. Koma Yansky ankakonda magazi kokha chifukwa cha matenda amisala - anali katswiri wazamisala. Pankhani yamagazi, Yansky anali ngati katswiri wopapatiza kuchokera ku aphorism ya Kozma Prutkov. Sanapeze mgwirizano pakati pa magulu amwazi ndi zovuta zamaganizidwe, molingana ndi chikumbumtima chake adapanga zotsatira zoyipa ngati ntchito yayifupi, ndipo adayiwala. Mu 1930, olowa m'malo a Jansky adakwanitsa kutsimikizira kufunikira kwake pakupeza magulu amwazi, ku United States.
10. Njira yapadera yodziwira magazi idapangidwa koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 19 ndi wasayansi waku France a Jean-Pierre Barruel. Mwa mwangozi anaponya magazi a ng'ombe ku sulfuric acid, adamva fungo la ng'ombe. Kuyesa magazi amunthu momwemonso, Barruel adamva kununkhira kwa thukuta lamphongo. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, adazindikira kuti magazi a anthu osiyanasiyana amanunkhira mosiyanasiyana akalandira mankhwala a sulfuric acid. Barruel anali wasayansi wozama, wolemekezeka. Nthawi zambiri amatenga nawo mbali pamilandu ngati katswiri, kenako zida zatsopano - munthu anali ndi mphuno zenizeni! Wopwetekedwa woyamba wa njirayi anali wopha nyama Pierre-Augustin Bellan, yemwe amamuimbira mlandu wakufa kwa mkazi wake wachichepere. Umboni waukulu wotsutsana naye unali magazi pazovala zake. Bellan adati magazi ake anali a nkhumba ndipo adavala zovala zake kuntchito. Barruel adathira asidi pazovala zake, adanunkhiza, ndikulengeza mokweza kuti magaziwo ndi a mayi. Bellan adapita pamtengo, ndipo Barruel adawonetsa kuthekera kwake kofufuza magazi ndi fungo m'makhothi kwazaka zingapo. Chiwerengero chenicheni cha anthu omwe adatsutsidwa molakwika ndi "Njira ya Barruel" sichikudziwika.
11. Hemophilia - matenda omwe amabwera chifukwa chokhudzana ndi magazi, omwe amuna okha ndi omwe amadwala, kutenga matendawa kuchokera kwa omwe amanyamula amayi - siwo matenda obwera nawo ambiri. Potengera kuchuluka kwa milandu pa ana obadwa 10,000, amakhala kumapeto kwa khumi oyamba. Mabanja achifumu aku Great Britain ndi Russia apereka kutchuka chifukwa cha matenda amwaziwa. Mfumukazi Victoria, yemwe adalamulira Great Britain kwazaka 63, anali wonyamula jini ya hemophilia. Hemophilia m'banjamo adayamba ndi iye, asanalembedwe milandu. Kudzera mwa mwana wamkazi Alisa ndi mdzukulu wake Alice, wodziwika ku Russia monga Mfumukazi Alexandra Feodorovna, hemophilia idaperekedwa kwa wolowa m'malo pampando wachifumu waku Russia, Tsarevich Alexei. Matenda a mnyamatayo adadziwonetsera kale ali mwana. Anasiya zolemba zazikulu osati pa moyo wabanja wokha, komanso pazisankho zingapo pamilandu yaboma yotengera Emperor Nicholas II. Ndi chifukwa cha matenda olowa m'malo momwe njira yokhudza banja la Grigory Rasputin imalumikizidwira, yomwe idasandutsa mabwalo apamwamba kwambiri mu Ufumu wa Russia kutsutsana ndi Nicholas.
12. Mu 1950, James Harrison wazaka 14 wa ku Australia anachitidwa opaleshoni yoopsa. Atachira, adalandira malita 13 a magazi operekedwa. Pambuyo pa miyezi itatu pamphepete mwa moyo ndi imfa, James adalonjeza kuti akadzakwanitsa zaka 18 - zaka zovomerezeka zopereka ndalama ku Australia - apereka magazi pafupipafupi momwe angathere. Kunapezeka kuti magazi a Harrison ali ndi antigen yapadera yomwe imalepheretsa kusamvana pakati pa magazi a mayi wopanda Rh ndi magazi a Rh omwe ali ndi mwana. Harrison ankapereka magazi milungu itatu iliyonse kwazaka zambiri. Seramu yotengedwa m'magazi ake yapulumutsa miyoyo ya makanda mamiliyoni ambiri. Pamene adapereka magazi komaliza ali ndi zaka 81, anamwino adamangiriza mabaluni okhala ndi manambala "1", "1", "7", "3" pakama pake - Harrison adapereka maulendo 1773.
13. Wowerengera waku Hungary Elizabeth Bathory (1560-1614) adadziwika m'mbiri monga Wowona Magazi yemwe adapha anamwali ndikusamba m'mwazi wawo. Adalowa mu Guinness Book of Records ngati wakupha wamba ndi ovulala kwambiri. Mwalamulo, kupha atsikana achichepere 80 kumawerengedwa kuti akutsimikiziridwa, ngakhale nambala 650 idalowa m'buku lazolemba - akuti mayina ambiri anali m'kaundula wapadera wosungidwa ndi wowerengera. Mlanduwo, womwe udapeza kuti a Countess ndi antchito ake ali ndi mlandu wozunza komanso kupha, sipanalankhulidwe za malo osambira wamagazi - Bathory adaimbidwa mlandu wozunza komanso kupha. Mabafa amwazi amapezeka munkhani yamagazi wamagazi pambuyo pake, pomwe nkhani yake idali yopeka. The Countess adalamulira Transylvania, ndipo kumeneko, monga owerenga mabuku ambiri amadziwa, vampirism ndi zosangalatsa zina zamagazi sizingapewe.
14. Ku Japan, amasamalira kwambiri gulu lamagazi amunthu, osati ndi kumuika magazi kotheka. Funso "Kodi magazi anu ndi otani?" zimamveka pafupifupi pamafunso onse pantchito. Zachidziwikire, gawo la "Mtundu wamagazi" ndilimodzi mwazovomerezeka mukamalembetsa ku Facebook ku Japan. Mabuku, makanema apa TV, masamba anyuzipepala ndi magazini amaperekedwa kutengera gulu lamagazi pamunthu. Mtundu wamagazi ndichinthu chofunikira m'mabuku ambiri azibwenzi. Zogulitsa zosiyanasiyana - zakumwa, chingamu, matchere amchere, ngakhale makondomu - amagulitsidwa ndikugulitsidwa kuti athandize anthu omwe ali ndi mtundu wina wamagazi. Izi sizachilendo - kale m'ma 1930 mu gulu lankhondo laku Japan, magulu apamwamba adapangidwa kuchokera kwa amuna omwe ali ndi gulu lomwenso lamagazi. Ndipo atapambana gulu la azimayi ku Mpikisano wa Beijing, kusiyanitsa kwa kuchuluka kwa maphunziro kutengera magulu amwazi omwe adasewera mpira adatchulidwa kuti ndichimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zopambana.
15. Kampani yaku Germany "Bayer" idachita nawo ziwopsezo zazikulu ndi zopangira magazi. Mu 1983, kafukufuku wodziwika bwino adawonetsa kuti gulu laku America pakampaniyo lidatulutsa mankhwala omwe amalimbikitsa kuundana magazi (mophweka, kuchokera ku hemophilia) kuchokera m'magazi a anthu, monga anganene tsopano, ku "magulu owopsa." Kuphatikiza apo, magazi ochokera kwa anthu osowa pokhala, osokoneza bongo, andende, ndi ena otengedwa mwadala - amatuluka otsika mtengo. Zinapezeka kuti pamodzi ndi mankhwalawa mwana wamkazi wa Bayer waku America adafalitsa matenda a hepatitis C, koma sizinali zoyipa kwenikweni. Malingaliro okhudzana ndi HIV / AIDS ayamba kumene padziko lapansi, ndipo tsopano ndi tsoka. Kampaniyo idadzazidwa ndi madola mamiliyoni mazana, ndipo idataya gawo lalikulu pamsika waku America. Koma phunziro silinapite mtsogolo. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka makumi awiri, kudawonekeratu kuti mankhwala oletsa mafuta-Baikol, opangidwa ndi kampaniyo, amatha kuyambitsa matenda a necrosis, kufooka kwa impso ndi kufa. Mankhwalawa adachotsedwa nthawi yomweyo. Bayer adalandiranso milandu yambiri, adalipira, koma kampaniyo idakana nthawi ino, ngakhale panali mwayi wogulitsa magawowa.
16. Osati chinthu chodziwika kwambiri - panthawi ya Great Patriotic War, magazi a asirikali omwe adamwalira kale ndi mabala adagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muzipatala. Omwe amatchedwa magazi a cadaver apulumutsa miyoyo masauzande ambiri. Kungopita ku Institute of Emergency Medicine. Sklifosovsky, munkhondo, malita a magazi a cadaver adabweretsedwa tsiku lililonse. Zonsezi zidayamba mu 1928, pomwe dokotala komanso dotolo waluso kwambiri a Sergei Yudin adaganiza zoika magazi amwamuna wachikulire yemwe anali atangomwalira kumene kwa wachinyamata yemwe adadula mitsempha yake. Kuikidwa magazi kudachita bwino, komabe, Yudin adatsala pang'ono kugunda m'ndende - sanayese magazi omwe adathiridwa kuti adziwe chindoko. Chilichonse chinayenda bwino, ndipo mchitidwe wa kuthira magazi magazi udalowa mu opaleshoni ndi zoopsa.
17. Palibe magazi mu Banki ya Mwazi, pali m'modzi yekha amene waperekedwa posachedwa kuti apatukane. Mwazi uwu (womwe uli m'matumba apulasitiki okhala ndi mipanda yolimba) amaikidwa mu centrifuge. Mochuluka kwambiri, magazi amagawika m'magulu: plasma, erythrocyte, leukocyte ndi ma platelets. Kenako zigawozi zimapatulidwa, mankhwala opha tizilombo ndikuwatumiza kuti asungidwe. Kuthira magazi kwathunthu kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha pakagwa masoka akulu kapena zigawenga.
18. Omwe amakonda masewera mwina adamva za doping yoopsa yotchedwa erythropoietin, kapena EPO mwachidule. Chifukwa cha ichi, othamanga mazana ambiri adavutika ndikutaya mphotho zawo, chifukwa chake zitha kuwoneka kuti erythropoietin ndichopangidwa ndi malo ena achinsinsi kwambiri, opangidwa kuti apange mendulo zagolide ndikupeza ndalama. M'malo mwake, EPO ndimadzi achilengedwe m'thupi la munthu. Imabisidwa ndi impso panthawi yomwe mpweya umachepetsa magazi, ndiye kuti, makamaka panthawi yolimbitsa thupi kapena kusowa kwa mpweya mumlengalenga (mwachitsanzo, m'malo okwera).Pambuyo povutirapo, koma mwachangu m'magazi, kuchuluka kwa maselo ofiira amawonjezeka, gawo limodzi lamagazi limatha kunyamula mpweya wochulukirapo, ndipo thupi limalimbana ndi katunduyo. Erythropoietin sichiwononga thupi. Kuphatikiza apo, imalowetsedwa mthupi mthupi mwa matenda owopsa angapo, kuyambira kuchepa kwa magazi mpaka khansa. theka la moyo wa EPO m'magazi ndi ochepera maola 5, ndiye kuti, mkati mwa tsiku limodzi kuchuluka kwa mahomoni kudzakhala kocheperako. Ochita masewera omwe "adagwidwa" akutenga erythropoietin patadutsa miyezi ingapo, sikuti ndi EPO yomwe idapezeka, koma zinthu zomwe, malinga ndi omenyera mankhwala osokoneza bongo, zimatha kubisa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mahomoni - okodzetsa, etc.
19. "White Blood" ndi kanema waku Germany wonena za wapolisi yemwe anang'ambika mlengalenga poyesa zida za nyukiliya. Zotsatira zake, mkuluyu adadwala radiation ndipo amamwalira pang'onopang'ono (palibe mathero osangalatsa). Magaziwo anali oyera kwambiri mwa wodwala yemwe adalemba kuchipatala ku Cologne mu 2019. Panali mafuta ambiri mu crvi yake. Choyeretsera magazi chinatsekeka, kenako madotolo amangokhetsa magazi ambiri a wodwalayo ndikuwapatsa omwe amapereka. Mawu oti "magazi akuda" potanthauza "kusinjirira, kusinjirira" adagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Mikhail Lermontov mu ndakatulo "Kufa kwa wolemba ndakatulo": "Mudzasinjirira mosafunikira / Sizikuthandizaninso. / Ndipo sudzasambitsa mwazi wako wonse wakuda / mwazi wolungama wa Alakatuli. " Komanso "Black Blood" ndi buku lodziwika bwino lopeka la Nick Perumov ndi Svyatoslav Loginov. Magazi amakhala obiriwira ngati munthu ali ndi sulfhemoglobinemia, matenda omwe mawonekedwe ake ndi mtundu wa hemoglobin amasintha. Pakusintha, olemekezeka amatchedwa "magazi abuluu". Mitsempha yama buluu imawonekera kudzera pakhungu lawo losalimba, ndikuwonetsa kuti magazi amtambo amayenda kudzera mwa iwo. Komabe, chinyengo cha malingaliro amenewa chidatsimikizika ngakhale mzaka za Great French Revolution.
20. Ku Europe, sikuti ndindalama zongophedwa zimangophedwa pamaso pa ana. Mu The Amazing World of Blood, yomwe adajambula ndi BBC mu 2015, womulandila Michael Mosley sanangopereka zambiri zosangalatsa zokhudzana ndi magazi ndi magwiridwe antchito a magazi. Chimodzi mwa zidutswa za filimuyi chinali chophikira. Mosley koyamba amauza omvera kuti mbale zopangidwa ndi magazi a nyama zilipo m'makhitchini a anthu ambiri padziko lapansi. Kenako adakonza zomwe adazitcha "pudding magazi" kuchokera ... mwazi wake womwe. Atayesera, Mosley adaganiza kuti mbale yomwe adakonza inali yosangalatsa kukoma, koma yowoneka bwino.
