"Palibe nyama yolimba kuposa mphaka!" - akuti khoswe wa mbewa mu nthano yodziwika bwino I. Wotchuka wamkulu waku Russia adakhala m'masiku amakolo akalewo, pomwe anthu abwino adawona makoswe m'makola okhaokha, ndipo azimayiwo adakomoka ndi mawu oti "khoswe". Ndiye, zowonadi, panalibe chifukwa chosiyanitsira nyama yomwe inali makoswe amtundu wanyanja yomwe inali yonyamula tirigu kuchokera m khola: khoswe wamkulu komanso wankhanza kapena mbewa yaying'ono yamanyazi.
Popita nthawi, mbewa zidakhalabe m'malo mwaomwe amafunkha zazinthu zakumunda. Koma makoswewo ankatsatira mwamunayo pamwamba pa unyolo. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono kunapezeka kuti kuwonongeka kwa chakudya ndiye vuto lomwe samayambitsa. Anthu atuluka pang'ono pang'ono m'dzenje la miliri yomwe idayambitsidwa ndi makoswe. Adalimbana ndi mliriwu posowetsa miyoyo ya anthu mamiliyoni ambiri, komanso kutayika kwamtengo wapatali kwachitukuko.
Zonse mu Chatsopano komanso munthawi yatsopanoyi, chikwapu chamiyendo inayi (cholemera kwambiri mpaka 500 g chotalika mpaka masentimita 35) chimabweretsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu pamunthu. Kumapeto kwa zaka za makumi awiri, zimayesedwa madola mabiliyoni makumi pachaka, ndipo mzaka zaposachedwa, zasiya kuyesedwa - makampani a inshuwaransi amalipira, ngakhale mutu wawo ukupweteka. Ndipo momwe mungayesere kutchinjiriza kodya chingwe champhamvu ngati sipadapezekenso gawo lalifupi? Kapena dzenje lomwe makoswewo adaluma kudzera konkriti ya wokhometsa mita ziwiri? Ngati amphaka amakhala "ndi munthu", ndiye kuti makoswe amakhala "motsutsana ndi munthu", ndipo nthawi yomweyo amamva bwino. Sachita mantha ndi ziphe, palibe zolusa zomwe zitha kuzichotsa, munthu amapereka zinyalala kuti azidya, ndi chiyani china chomwe nyama yogwira imafunikira kuti ibereke ndi kuberekanso?
1. Ntchito yandale ya wasayansi waku England a Bertrand Russell adaphedwa ndi makoswe. Mu 1907, Russell adasankhidwa kukhala Nyumba Yamalamulo yaku Britain kuchokera ku Liberal Party. Mfundo yofunika kwambiri mu pulogalamu yaufulu inali kuthandizidwa ndi omenyera ufulu - othandizira kufanana kwathunthu kwa azimayi. Chifukwa chake, omvera pamsonkhanowu, womwe Russell adatsegula nawo kampeni, anali amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Nthawi yomweyo poyambira kuyankhula kwa wachinyamata woyimira nyumba yamalamulo, makoswe akulu angapo adawonekera panjira yayikulu ya holo. Kulira ndi mantha zinayenera kutseka msonkhanowo, ndipo Russell sanayesenso kulowa ndale mu boma lachikhalidwe.
2. Mu 1948, asitikali aku US adathamangitsa anthu kuzilumba za Marshall, zomwe zidalandiridwa pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Zilumba zomwe zili m'nyanja ya Pacific, zomwe zimakhala ndi anthu angapo, zimawoneka ngati anthu ochokera ku Pentagon malo abwino oyeserera zida za nyukiliya. Kuphulika koyamba kwa atomiki, malinga ndi kuneneratu kwa asayansi, kumayenera kuwononga zamoyo zonse pachilumbacho, motero ofufuzawo adakafika pa Enewetok Atoll, pomwe kuphulikako kudachitika, patangopita zaka ziwiri zokha. Iwo adadabwa kuti sizomera zokha zomwe zidapulumuka pachilumbachi - atoll inali yodzaza ndi makoswe, zikuwoneka kuti idapulumuka mobisa mobisa. Kuphatikiza apo, analibe kusintha kwamtundu uliwonse, ndipo momwe amasinthira chilengedwe amaloleza makoswe ku Eniwetok kuti awonjezere moyo wawo. Apa ndipamene panali malingaliro oti pakagwa tsoka kwa anthu, makoswe adzalandira Dziko Lapansi.
3. Ngakhale kuti chaka chilichonse anthu zikwizikwi amafa chifukwa cholumidwa ndi makoswe ndipo mazana masauzande amavulala, pali okonda makoswe ambiri omwe amakonda makoswe m'malo mwa anthu. Nthawi zambiri anthuwa amakhala amisala kwathunthu malinga ndi malamulo, ndipo olamulira amayenera kukhala otsogola kuti athane ndi okonda nyama zakutchire. Ku Chicago, kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, akuluakulu aboma adayankha madandaulo a anthu okhala mdera lina lodziwika bwino. Oyandikana nawo adadandaula za mayi ndi mwana wamkazi, omwe adakonza dziko lonse la makoswe mnyumba yaying'ono - atatha kuwerengera kuti pafupifupi makoswe 500 amakhala mnyumbamo. Amayi, wamkulu pa onse anali ndi zaka 74, ndipo womaliza 47, adayimilira kuteteza makoswe ndi mabere awo. Apolisi ataganiza zolowa mnyumbayo, pansi pake panali chimbudzi chakuda masentimita angapo, azimayiwo adawakantha ndi zibakera. Ogwira ntchito pawailesi yakanema adathawa - makoswewo adawaukira mwadala, ngati kuti akudziwa bwino yemwe amayambitsa zoipa masiku ano. Ogwira ntchito zaukhondo adalowa mnyumbamo apolisi atapha makoswe angapo - asanawope. Sizinali zophweka kwa iwo - amayenera kutulutsa zinyalala zamphongo tani m'nyumba ya "Rat Ladies".
4. Tsoka lowopsa kwambiri kwa mfumu ya France Napoleon Bonaparte anali, monga mukudziwa, nkhondo ya ku Waterloo, pambuyo pake adataya mwayi wonse kuti akhalebe ndi mphamvu. Komabe, atakwanitsa kupulumuka munthu wa ku Waterloo, Napoleon adamwalira ndi khoswe wa ku Waterloo. Pachilumba cha St. Helena, pomwe mfumu yomwe idachotsedwa idasamutsidwira, makoswewo adakhala omasuka kotero kuti adakwera patebulo nthawi yamasana. Kuyesera kukhala ndi nkhuku pachilumbachi kunalephera kulephera kwa mbalamezo - makoswe adaphunzira kukwera mitengo ndikugwetsa nkhuku zodumpha zomwe zimayesera kuwuluka. Kuyesera kupha makoswe kunangokulitsa vutoli - makoswe sanachepe, koma kununkhira koopsa kudawonjezeredwa pamavuto ochokera kwa iwo. Nthawi ina Napoleon adapeza khoswe ngakhale pachipewa chake chomwe amachikonda kwambiri. Chifukwa chake nkutheka kuti matenda omwe Napoleon adadwala ndikufa mwankhanza adayambitsidwa ndi makoswe.
5. Nkhani zakuti makoswe amaba ndikudya mabanki akhoza kudzaza buku lonse. Opatsa thanzi kwambiri mwazinthu zochepa, makoswe amakhala m'nyumba yachifumu ya sheikh wa United Arab Emirates. M'zaka za m'ma 1960, a British anayamba kulipira ndalama zochepa kwa akoloni achikoloni - okha - mafuta omwe amapangidwa kudera la sheikh. Malipiro amapangidwa ndi ndalama m'matumba. Podziwa chilichonse chazinyumba zagolide kapena Rolls-Royces, wolamulirayo adangopinda matumbawo pansi pa kama. Makoswewo anafikira mapaundi atsokawo ndikuwononga mapaundi 2 miliyoni. Poganizira kukwera kwamitengo, ndalamayi ikadakhala miliyoni 30. Ndipo kuba pang'ono ndi kudya ndalama kumachitika nthawi zonse.
6. Makoswe amanyamula matenda osachepera 35 oopsa kwa anthu. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, makoswewo ndiomwe amakhala onyamula - zamoyo zawo sizikhala ndi matenda (kupatula mliri). Ndipo palibe chitsimikizo kuti mndandanda wa matenda omwe amapezeka kale watopa. Kuphatikiza pa typhoid wodziwika kale, leptospirosis ndi malungo, matenda omwe atha kutchedwa achilendo, ngati sizotheka zomaliza, adapezeka posachedwa. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, asodzi angapo adamwalira ndi matenda opatsirana osadziwika ku New York. Kunapezeka kuti iwo anadabwa ndi otchedwa. Matenda a Weil ndi matenda omwe amapezeka mumkodzo wamakoswe. Zinagwa m'nthaka, ndi nthaka zinawonongedwa ndi mphutsi, pomwe asodzi osakonderawo adagwira nsomba.
7. Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti malinga ndi momwe zimakhudzira anthu, miliri ya miliri yomwe imayambitsidwa ndi makoswe ndi utitiri yomwe ikukhalamo ilibe zofananira m'mbiri. Miliri ya miliri (panali 85 yonse) idapangitsa kuchuluka (kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi kuchuluka kwa mizinda kunatsika ndi makumi khumi peresenti) ndikusintha kwamachitidwe pakati pa anthu. Makamaka, zikuwoneka kuti ndikuchepetsa komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha miliri komwe kudapangitsa kuti anthu azidalira ku Europe.
8. Makoswe amatha kuberekana mofulumira. Ngati tituluka masamu enieni, makoswe awiri ndi ana ake amatha kupanga anthu opitilira 300 miliyoni mzaka zitatu. Nthawi yomweyo, zinthu zakuthupi zakunja sizimakhudza kubereketsa makoswe kwambiri. Chilengedwe chasamalira kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa makoswewa "mbali inayo". Chiwerengero cha anthu chikangofika pamtengo winawake, gululo limalisiya, gawo limakhala lamphamvu kwambiri kotero kuti limatha msanga, ndipo gawo lina la moyo limangotsika. Zotsatira zake, nthawi yayitali yamphongo wamphongo imakhala pafupifupi miyezi 6, pomwe akazi amakhala motalikirapo.
9. Zachidziwikire, izi sizimalungamitsa makoswe ndi kuwonongeka komwe zimayambitsa, koma zimangoluma pazonse, osati poyesayesa kukafika pachakudya. Amakakamizidwa kuti achite izi mwakukula kosalekeza. Ayenera kupukusidwa pa 14.3 ndi 11.3 cm, motsatana, chaka chilichonse. Iyi ndi nkhani yofunikira kwambiri - ngakhale ma incisors atapatuka kuti asapumule motsutsana ndi mafupa ena a chigaza, chifukwa cha kutalika kwake, adzakhala osayenera pantchito yawo yayikulu. Kuphatikiza apo, makoswe ena amagwiritsa ntchito mawu omwe akupera ngati radera ya rangefinder, kujambula mawu akuwonekera kuchokera kuzinthu zakunja.
10. Makoswe amakula bwino mwakuthupi. Amatha kukwera khoma lopanda kanthu. Amatha kukwawa mkati mwa mapaipi osalala ofunda ngati gawo lamkati ndiloyenera (mutha kupumula msana wanu motsutsana ndi khoma la chitoliro). Makoswe amalumpha mita m'litali ndi kutalika. Pogwa kuchokera kutalika kwakukulu, amagwa ndi miyendo inayi. Mabwato oyang'anira apolisi mumtsinje wa Hudson ku New York nthawi ina adayang'ana makoswe atatu kwa maola atatu, osayima ndikupewa kuyandikira zombo, adasambira ndikuwoloka mtsinje waukulu mbali zonse. Amalinyero adawona kangapo makoswe akuyandama posweka zombo zomwe zidamira m'nyanja masiku atatu apitawa.
11. "Khoswe King", yemwe mu Middle Ages adawonetsedwa ngati khoswe wokhala pamiyendo yolukananayo ya makoswe ena ambiri, nthawi zina amakumana ndi anthu. M'malo mwake, awa ndi makoswe angapo omwe michira yawo yolumikizana mpaka coalescence. Pakhoza kukhala pafupifupi 32. Asayansi komaliza adawona makoswe otere mu 1963. Chikhulupiriro chokwanira kwambiri pakuwonekera kwa "mafumu amphaka" chitha kukhala lingaliro lakukula msanga kwambiri kwa ana omwe analibe nthawi yoti ayimitse michira yawo, koma ndizovuta kukhulupirira kukula kwa ana agalu. Malinga ndi kunena koyenera kwa m'modzi mwa ofufuzawo, tsopano asayansi akudziwa za "mafumu amphaka" monga momwe alimi akale ankagwirira ntchito.
12. M'zaka za zana la 19 ndi koyambirira kwa 20, masewera amakoswe anali otchuka kwambiri. Komabe, makoswewo ankagwira ntchito mwa iwo okha ngati chinthu - anali atadyetsedwa ndi agalu. Malipoti ampikisano adasindikizidwa m'manyuzipepala, ndipo ndewu ndimakoswe zidachitika m'magulu onse aanthu - "masewera" awa adangokhala okhawo ovomerezeka mwazi. Chifukwa chake, makampani omwe akutsatirawa adayamba: kugwira makoswe ndikugulitsa kwa eni makola "makola". Ku London kokha, kufunika kwa makoswe kudafika 2,000 pamlungu. United States sinabwerere m'mbuyo, ndipo idasakanikirana ndale ndi makoswe. M'mayiko ena, kulembera makoswe kunaletsedwa, ndipo okonza zosangalatsa zamtunduwu adamangidwa ndi apolisi, ndipo m'maiko ena, tikiti yolipirira imatha kufika $ 100. Agalu ophunzitsidwa - ng'ombe zamphongo zomwe zimapezeka pakati pa akatswiri - zimatha kupha makoswe mazana angapo mu ola limodzi ndi theka. Ndipo wokonda kutchuka kwambiri wokopa makoswe anali Charles Darwin.
13. Anthu akhala akuyesera kuphatikiza nyama zosiyanasiyana - adani awo achilengedwe - polimbana ndi makoswe. Kuyesera kwina kunatheka ngakhale poyamba. Mwachitsanzo, m'mizinda, amphaka amachepetsa magawidwe bwino a makoswe, ndipo mongoose ndi mbalame zodya nyama zimalimbana bwino m'minda ndi mbewa. Koma palibe njira iliyonse yolimbana ndi makoswe yomwe idathandizira kupambana kwathunthu. Mongooses ku Hawaii anali oyandikira kwambiri. Amayendetsa makoswe mumabowo awo ndipo sawalola kuti atuluke, koma masana okha. Usiku, makoswewo, ngakhale atakhala osamala, amapwetekabe m'minda. Ndipo mongooses, ochepetsa makoswe, adatenga nyama zina zazing'ono, ndikuyamba kuziwononga, ndikuchepetsa kwambiri mitundu yazinyama za pachilumbachi.
14. Wogwira makoswe wabwino kwambiri adakhalabe bambo. Ntchito ya wogwira makoswe mu Middle Ages idalemekezedwa; omenyera makoswe anali ndi magulu komanso mwayi. Ku Frankfurt, Germany, Myuda wina yemwe adapereka mchira 5000 kwa akuluakulu aboma adapeza ufulu wofanana ndi nzika zina. Zolimbikitsazi zidapereka zotsatira zabwino, koma malingaliro kapena chikhulupiriro, malinga ndi akuluakulu aku India kapena China, zidagwira ntchito moyenera - makoswe mamiliyoni 12 adaphedwa ku India, ndipo achikominisi aku China, motsogozedwa ndi Mao Zedong, adanenanso za 1 biliyoni ndi theka anawononga adani a mbewu ndi nkhokwe. Panali zodabwitsa zina - pachilumba cha Java ku Indonesia, chilolezo chokwatirana chitha kupezeka pobweretsa michira 25 yamakoswe. Michira yokumba idagulitsidwa m'malo ochitira akatswiri, ndipo poyankha pakufuna nyama yonse, minda yonse yamakoswe idawonekera.
15. Pa Julayi 20, 1944, nthawi ya 19:00, wayilesi yaku Berlin idayenera kuwulutsa nkhani yayifupi. M'malo mwake, Ajeremani adadabwitsidwa ndi mbiri yoti Hitler waphedwa. Chifukwa cha kuphulika, Fuhrer sanavulazidwe, pali mikwingwirima ndi zotentha zochepa chabe. Kunalibenso nkhani, ndipo wailesiyo, pochotsa ndandanda ya msonkhanowo, inayamba kufalitsa maulendo ausilikali. Kukambirana pa njira zolimbana ndi makoswe kudalengezedweratu.
16. M'nyuzipepala ina ku America m'boma la Illinois, nkhani inalembedwa yomwe inali ndi ntchito yopindulitsa kwambiri yophatikiza ziweto zamphaka ndi makoswe. M'madera oyandikana nawo, akuti tikukweza amphaka 100,000 nthawi yomweyo ndi makoswe miliyoni. Adafunsidwa kuti apange amphaka azikopa, omwe amawononga masenti 30. Mutha kudyetsa amphaka ndi nyama ya makoswe, omwe amaberekana mwachangu kanayi kuposa amphaka. Makoswe, komano, ayenera kudya nyama ya amphaka yomwe yasalalidwa kale. Kuzungulira kwabwino kwambiri kwa makoswe amphaka kumawoneka kosalakwa kotero kuti nkhaniyi idasindikizidwanso ndi manyuzipepala otsogola aboma. Anayamba kulandira makalata, omwe olemba ake anali ndi chidwi ndi komwe mungaperekeko ndalama, ndipo kuchuluka kwake ndi kotani. Kuyamikiridwa ndi mlembi wa kalatayo, sanadziwikebe, ndipo mu 1875, momwe opus yake yotchuka, popanda kukokomeza, idasindikizidwa, sizinachitike izi ku United States.
17. Kubwerera mu 1660, waku Britain Robert Boyle ndi dzina lake Hook adachita zoyeserera za theka-zamankhwala ndi makoswe akuda. Pambuyo pake, anzawo anazindikira kuti zaka ziwiri zonse zomwe zimachitika mthupi la munthu kuyambira kubadwa kufikira ukalamba zimachitika mthupi la khoswe. Kwa zaka mazana angapo, khosweyo ndi imodzi mwanyama zofunika kwambiri pakuyesedwa kwamankhwala. Makoswe mamiliyoni mazana ambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakafukufuku chaka chilichonse. Charles River Laboratory ku USA kokha imagulitsa makoswe oyesera 20 miliyoni pachaka. Mankhwalawa, omwe amaphunziridwa koyamba ndi makoswe, amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita opareshoni ndi zilonda za mfuti, chimfine ndi zilonda, matenda ashuga komanso matenda amtima. M'malo mwake, ndi munthu wathanzi wathanzi yekha yemwe angadzitamande chifukwa chosagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala omwe adayesedwa ndi makoswe. Kuphatikiza apo, munthu wamkuluyu sanalandire katemera aliyense.
18. Monga mwa nthawi zonse polimbana ndi zochitika zachilengedwe, demokalase yokhala ndi kusintha kwamphamvu kwamphamvu ndi zina zotheka, polimbana ndi kuwukira kwa makoswe kulibe mphamvu. M'mayiko ambiri aku United States, kuwongolera makoswe kudutsanso pamitundu ingapo. Poyamba, mbewa zimachoka m'mafakitale kupita kumadera okhala anthu osauka. Kenako makoswewo adalowa m'zipinda zapakati, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatsata malingaliro aboma. Panali chipwirikiti, chomwe nthawi zina chimkafika mpaka mdziko lonse. M'zaka za m'ma 1960, zofuna kuti agonjetse makoswewo zidagwirizana ndi nkhondo yolimbana ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe ku Africa.Martin Luther King ndi abale ake adayimba monyodola, "Tikufuna Bill Rat!" - amati, mavuto athu ndiofunika kwambiri kuposa ana olumidwa ndi makoswe. Kenako kugawidwa kwa ndalama zolimbana ndi makoswe kudakakamizidwabe. Zotsatira zake, m'maboma omwe amalandila ndalama pafupifupi $ 50 pamunthu, vuto lamakoswe lidathetsedwa. Koma ma Congressman amasankhidwa pafupifupi kamodzi zaka ziwiri zilizonse, ndipo kuchuluka kwa makoswe kumachira pachaka. Pa bajeti yotsatira, makoswewo anaiwalika ndipo anabwerera msanga kubini la michere. Ku Berlin m'ma 1920, kampeni zanthawi zonse sizimangolimbana ndi makoswe, komanso amalipiritsa chindapusa eni malo omwe makoswe awo amadziwika. Chindapusa chosaloledwa mwalamulo chimangopangitsa kuti makoswe abwererenso pankhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse.
19. Makoswe amakhala ndi kamvekedwe kabwino ka kununkhiza, ndipo mwamaganizidwe amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, monga kupeza zophulika kapena kuzindikira matenda. Komabe, kuwongolera zochitika za makoswe m'njira yopindulitsa nthawi zambiri kumadza ndi mtengo wofananira kotero kuti njira zachikhalidwe ndizotsika mtengo kwambiri komanso zothandiza. Zomwezi zitha kunenedwanso za kuthekera kwa makoswe kuganiza mozama, kuneneratu zochitika ndikuphatikiza kuyanjana. Izi, komabe, sizilepheretsa asayansi kuti alandirenso ndalama zofufuzira ndikulengeza makoswe pafupifupi korona wa chisinthiko.
20. Kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa India, m'maiko apakati pa Myanmar ndi Bangladesh, tsoka lachilengedwe lomwe silikudziwika limachitika pafupifupi kamodzi m'zaka zana lililonse. Pambuyo pa nsungwi, maluwa osiyanasiyana amamera m'derali kamodzi pakatha zaka 50, makoswe akuda amawononga zokolola zonse za mpunga ndi mbewu zina. Bamboo amayamba kuphulika kumwera. Maluwa pang'onopang'ono amasunthira kumpoto. Momwemonso, makoswe akuda mamiliyoni ambiri amayenda pansi pa minda ya anthu osauka kuti akolole mbewu zonse usiku umodzi. Tsoka ili lidawonedwa kale m'zaka za zana la 18, komabe ndizosatheka kuti musalitanthauzire kapena kulimbana nalo. Onse aku Britain komanso boma lalikulu la India adathandizira anthu am'deralo omwe adataya mbewu zawo, komabe ndizosatheka kuchotsa makoswe. Boma ku Delhi chaka chilichonse limalengeza mphotho ya rupee 2 (rupee pamtengo umodzi wochepera ruble) pamchira wa khoswe. Makoswe amaphedwa makumi masauzande, ndipo mchaka chabwinochi iyi ndi ndalama yabwino kwambiri kwa nzika zakomweko, koma mchaka cholowa kwa makoswe, ngakhale iye samatsimikizira kuti adzapulumuka. Ndipo kwa theka lotsatira la zaka, mbewa zakuda zimasowa pafupifupi nyama zakomweko, zomwe zimawerengera 10% yokha ya makoswe onse.
