Ngati mbiri ya Russia idalembedwa ndi a techies, osati ndi anthu, ndiye kuti "zathu zonse" zikadakhala, ndi ulemu wonse kwa iye, osati Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, koma Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834 - 1907). Wasayansi wamkulu waku Russia ali ofanana ndi zowunikira zapadziko lonse lapansi za sayansi, ndipo Periodic Law of Chemical Elements ndi amodzi mwamalamulo ofunikira a sayansi yachilengedwe.
Monga munthu wanzeru kwambiri, wokhala ndi malingaliro amphamvu kwambiri, Mendeleev amatha kugwira bwino ntchito m'magulu osiyanasiyana a sayansi. Kuphatikiza pa umagwirira, Dmitry Ivanovich "adadziwika" mu sayansi ya zakuthambo, kuwonera nyengo ndi ulimi, metrology ndi chuma pandale. Ngakhale sanali munthu wosavuta komanso njira yolumikizirana yolankhulirana komanso kuteteza malingaliro ake, Mendeleev anali ndi mphamvu zosatsutsika pakati pa asayansi osati ku Russia kokha koma padziko lonse lapansi.
Mndandanda wa ntchito za sayansi ndi zomwe D. Mendeleev anapeza sizovuta kupeza. Koma ndizosangalatsa kupitilira chimango cha zithunzi zazitali zaimvi ndi kuyesa kumvetsetsa kuti munthu wotchedwa Dmitry Ivanovich anali munthu wotani, momwe munthu wamtundu wotere akadatha kuwonekera mu sayansi yaku Russia, momwe adapangidwira komanso momwe Mendeleev adakhudzira iwo omuzungulira.
1. Malinga ndi mwambo wodziwika bwino ku Russia, mwa ana aamuna a atsogoleri achipembedzo omwe adasankha kutsatira mapazi a abambo awo, m'modzi yekha ndiye adasunga dzina lomaliza. Abambo a D. I. Mendeleev adaphunzira ku seminare ndi abale atatu. M'dziko lapansi akadakhalabe, malinga ndi abambo awo, a Sokolovs. Ndipo kotero yekha mkulu Timofey anakhalabe Sokolov. Ivan adapeza dzina la Mendeleev m'mawu oti "kusinthana" ndi "do" - zikuwoneka kuti anali wamphamvu pakusinthana kotchuka ku Russia. Dzina silinali loyipa kuposa ena, palibe amene adatsutsa, ndipo Dmitry Ivanovich adakhala moyo wabwino naye. Ndipo atadzipangira dzina mu sayansi ndikukhala wasayansi wodziwika, dzina lake lomaliza linathandiza ena. Mu 1880, mayi wina adawonekera kwa Mendeleev, yemwe adadziwonetsa yekha ngati mkazi wa mwinimunda wochokera m'chigawo cha Tver wotchedwa Mendeleev. Iwo anakana kulandira ana a Mendeleev mu cadet Corps. Malinga ndi chikhalidwe cha nthawiyo, yankho "posowa ntchito" lidawoneka ngati kufunikira kopereka ziphuphu. Tver Mendeleevs analibe ndalama, kenako mayi wosimidwa adaganiza zonena kuti utsogoleri wa matupiwo udakana kulandira adzukulu a Mendeleev mgulu la ophunzira. Anyamatawo adalembetsa nawo mthupi, ndipo mayi wopanda dyera adathamangira kwa Dmitry Ivanovich kukafotokozera zolakwika zake. Ndi kuzindikira kwina kotani kwa dzina lake "labodza" komwe Mendeleev akanayembekezera?
2. Pamalo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi, Dima Mendeleev sanaphunzirepo chilichonse chonjenjemera kapena kuchita mantha. Olemba mbiri yakale anena kuti anachita bwino mu sayansi ya zamankhwala, mbiri yakale komanso masamu, komanso Chilamulo cha Mulungu, zilankhulo ndipo, koposa zonse, Chilatini, zinali ntchito yovuta kwa iye. Zowona, pamayeso olowera ku Main Pedagogical Institute for Latin Mendeleev adalandira "zinayi", pomwe zomwe adachita mu fizikiki ndi masamu zimayerekezeredwa kuti 3 ndi 3 "ndi zowonjezerapo", motsatana. Komabe, zinali zokwanira kuti alowe.
3. Pali nthano zokhudzana ndi zikhalidwe za ku Russia ndipo masamba mazana ambiri adalembedwa. Mendeleev adadziwanso iwo. Nditamaliza maphunziro, analemba pempho kutumiza ku Odessa. Kumeneko, ku Richelieu Lyceum, Mendeleev adafuna kukonzekera mayeso a master. Pempherolo lidakhutitsidwa kwathunthu, mlembi yekha ndiye anasokoneza mizindayo natumiza womaliza maphunziro ku Odessa, komanso ku Simferopol. Wotchedwa Dmitry Ivanovich anaponyera manyazi otere mu dipatimenti yolingana ya Unduna wa Zamaphunziro kotero kuti zidafika kwa Minister A.S. Norov. Sanasiyanitsidwe ndimakhalidwe oyenera aulemu, adayitanitsa a Mendeleev komanso wamkulu wa dipatimentiyi, ndikumafotokozera oyang'anira ake kuti anali olakwika. Kenako Norkin adakakamiza maphwando kuti ayanjanenso. Tsoka, malinga ndi malamulo a nthawi imeneyo, ngakhale mtumiki sanathe kuletsa lamulo lake, ndipo Mendeleev adapita ku Simferopol, ngakhale aliyense adamuzindikira kuti anali wolondola.
4. Chaka cha 1856 chidakhala chopindulitsa makamaka pakupambana kwa Mendeleev pamaphunziro. Wachinyamata wazaka 22 adalemba mayeso atatu apakamwa ndi m'modzi mu digiri ya master mu chemistry mu Meyi. Kwa miyezi iwiri yachilimwe, Mendeleev adalemba zolemba zake, pa Seputembara 9 adapempha kuti adziteteze, ndipo pa Okutobala 21 adapambana bwino. Kwa miyezi 9, omaliza dzulo ku Main Pedagogical Institute adakhala pulofesa wothandizira ku Dipatimenti ya Chemistry ku Yunivesite ya St.
5. Mu moyo wake waumwini, D. Mendeleev adasinthasintha pakati pamalingaliro ndi ntchito yake mwamatalikidwe akulu. Paulendo wopita ku Germany mu 1859-1861, adachita chibwenzi ndi wojambula waku Germany Agnes Voigtmann. Voigtman sanasiye chilichonse mu zisudzo, komabe, Mendeleev anali kutali ndi Stanislavsky pozindikira zoyipa zomwe adachita ndipo kwa zaka 20 adalipira mayi waku Germany kuti amuthandize mwana wake wamkazi. Ku Russia, Mendeleev anakwatira mwana wamkazi wopeza wa Pyotr Ershov, Feozva Leshcheva, ndikukhala mwamtendere ndi mkazi wake, yemwe anali wamkulu kuposa iye zaka 6. Ana atatu, malo okhazikika ... Ndipo apa, ngati kuwomba kwa mphezi, choyamba kulumikizana ndi namwino wa mwana wake wamkazi, kenako nthawi yayitali yakukhala chete ndikukondana ndi Anna Popova wazaka 16. Mendeleev anali ndi zaka 42 pamenepo, koma kusiyana kwa msinkhu wake sikunathe. Anasiya mkazi wake woyamba ndikukwatira.
6. Kulekana ndi mkazi woyamba ndikukwatiwa ndi wachiwiri ku Mendeleev kunachitika molingana ndi mndandanda wonse wamabuku azimayi omwe sanalipo panthawiyo. Panali zonse: kusakhulupirika, kusafuna mkazi woyamba kusudzulana, kuwopseza kudzipha, kuthawa kwa wokondedwa watsopano, kufunitsitsa kwa mkazi woyamba kulandira chipukuta misozi chachikulu momwe angathere, ndi zina zotero. Ndipo ngakhale pomwe chisudzulo chidalandilidwa ndikuvomerezedwa ndi tchalitchi, zidapezeka kuti Mendeleev adalapa Kwazaka 6 - sakanakwatiranso panthawiyi. Chimodzi mwazovuta zamuyaya zaku Russia nthawi ino chinachita bwino. Pa chiphuphu cha ma ruble 10,000, wansembe sanasamale kulapa. Mendeleev ndi Anna Popova adakhala mwamuna ndi mkazi. Wansembeyo adachotsedwa mwalamulo, koma ukwatiwo udamalizidwa malinga ndi malamulo onse.
7. Mendeleev adalemba buku labwino kwambiri "Organic Chemistry" pazifukwa zamalonda. Atabwerera kuchokera ku Europe, adasowa ndalama, ndipo adaganiza zopeza Mphotho ya Demidov, yomwe idayenera kupatsidwa buku labwino kwambiri la chemistry. Kukula kwa mphothoyo - pafupifupi ma ruble 1,500 a siliva - adadabwitsa Mendeleev. Komabe, pamtengo wotsika katatu, iye, Alexander Borodin ndi Ivan Sechenov, adayenda bwino ku Paris! Mendeleev adalemba buku lake m'miyezi iwiri ndikupambana mphotho yoyamba.
8. Mendeleev sanapangire 40% vodka! Adalembadi mu 1864, ndipo mu 1865 adateteza chiphunzitso chake "Pa kaphatikizidwe ka mowa ndi madzi", koma palibe mawu onena za kafukufuku wamankhwala am'magazi amitundu yambiri yothetsera mowa m'madzi, ndipo makamaka za momwe mayankho awa angakhudzire anthu. Dissertation ladzipereka pakusintha kachulukidwe kazakumwa zakumwa zoledzeretsa kutengera kuchuluka kwa mowa. Mulingo wosachepera wa 38%, womwe udayamba kufikira 40%, udavomerezedwa ndi lamulo lapamwamba kwambiri mu 1863, chaka chimodzi asayansi wamkulu waku Russia asanayambe kulemba zolemba zake. Mu 1895, Mendeleev sanatchulidwepo mwachindunji pakukonza kapangidwe ka vodka - anali membala wa komiti yaboma yothetsa kupanga ndi kugulitsa vodka. Komabe, pantchito iyi Mendeleev adalongosola za mavuto azachuma okha: misonkho, misonkho yachilendo, ndi zina. Udindo wa "woyambitsa 40%" adapatsidwa Mendeleev ndi William Pokhlebkin. Katswiri wodziwa zophikira komanso wolemba mbiri adalangiza mbali yaku Russia pamilandu ndi opanga akunja pamtundu wa vodka. Atanyenga dala, kapena osasanthula kwathunthu zomwe zilipo, Pokhlebkin adati vodka idayendetsedwa ku Russia kuyambira kale, ndipo Mendeleev adapanga 40% muyezo. Mawu ake sakugwirizana ndi zenizeni.
9. Mendeleev anali munthu wachuma kwambiri, koma wopanda kunyinyirika nthawi zambiri amakhala mwa anthu otere. Anayamba kuwerengera ndi kulemba kaye ndalama zake kenako zolemba za banja. Amakhudzidwa ndi sukulu ya amayi, yomwe inkayendetsa banja lawo, ndikuyesetsa kukhala ndi moyo wabwino komanso wolandila ndalama zochepa. Mendeleev adamva kufunikira kwa ndalama ali mwana. Pambuyo pake, adayimilira mwamphamvu, koma chizolowezi chowongolera ndalama zake, kusunga mabuku owerengera ndalama, chidatsalirabe ngakhale adalandira ma ruble akuluakulu 25,000 pachaka ndi malipiro a pulofesa waku yunivesite a 1,200 ruble.
10. Sitinganene kuti Mendeleev adadzikopa yekha, koma panali zinthu zambiri zokwanira pamoyo wake. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1887 anakwera kumwamba mu buluni yotentha kuti akaone kadamsana. Kwa zaka izi, opaleshoniyi inali yaying'ono kale, ndipo ngakhale wasayansi mwiniyo ankadziwa bwino momwe mpweya ulili ndipo amawerengera kukweza kwa mabuloni. Koma kadamsanayu adatenga mphindi ziwiri, ndipo Mendeleev adawulukira pa baluni kenako adabwerako masiku asanu, ndikupatsa alamu ake okondedwa.
11. Mu 1865 Mendeleev adagula malo a Boblovo m'chigawo cha Tver. Malo amenewa adagwira ntchito yayikulu pamoyo wa Mendeleev ndi banja lake. Wotchedwa Dmitry Ivanovich anakwanitsa munda ndi moona sayansi, wanzeru njira. Momwe amadziwira bwino malo ake akuwonetsedwa ndi kalata yosatumizidwa, mwachidziwikire kwa kasitomala. Zikuwonekeratu kuti Mendeleev samadziwa kokha dera lokhalamo nkhalango, komanso amadziwa za msinkhu komanso kufunika kwamasamba ake osiyanasiyana. Wasayansi adalemba zomanga nyumba (zonse zatsopano, zokutidwa ndi chitsulo), zida zosiyanasiyana zaulimi, kuphatikiza "wopuntha waku America", ng'ombe ndi akavalo. Kuphatikiza apo, pulofesa wa ku St. Petersburg amatchulanso za amalonda omwe amagulitsa malonda ndi malo omwe kumakhala kopindulitsa kwambiri kupeza antchito. Mendeleev sanali mlendo ndi akawunti. Akuyerekeza kuti malowa ndi ma ruble 36,000, pomwe kwa 20,000 akuvomera kutenga ngongole yapa 7% pachaka.
12. Mendeleev anali wokonda dziko lako lenileni. Adateteza zokonda za Russia nthawi zonse komanso kulikonse, osasiyanitsa boma ndi nzika zake. Wotchedwa Dmitry Ivanovich sanakonde pharmacologist wotchuka Alexander Pel. Iye, malinga ndi Mendeleev, anali wofunika kwambiri pamaso pa akuluakulu aku Western. Komabe, kampani yaku Germany "Schering" itabera dzina la mankhwala "Spermin" kuchokera ku Pel, omwe amapangidwa kuchokera ku zotulutsa zamoyo zam'mimba, Mendeleev adangowopseza Ajeremani. Nthawi yomweyo adasintha dzina la mankhwalawo.
13. Dongosolo la nthawi ndi nthawi la Mendeleev lazinthu zopangidwa ndi mankhwala linali chipatso cha zaka zambiri akuphunzira za zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mankhwala, ndipo sizinachitike chifukwa choloweza pamaloto. Malinga ndi zikumbukiro za abale a wasayansiyo, pa February 17, 1869, panthawi ya kadzutsa, mwadzidzidzi adaganizira ndikuyamba kulemba china kumbuyo kwa kalata yomwe idabwera pansi pake (kalata yochokera kwa Secretary of Free Economic Society, Hodnen, idalemekezedwa). Kenako Dmitry Ivanovich adatulutsa makhadi angapo abizinesi kuchokera m'dirowa ndikuyamba kulemba mayina azinthu zamankhwala, panjira akuyika makhadi ngati tebulo. Madzulo, pamalingaliro ake, wasayansi adalemba nkhani, yomwe adapatsa mnzake Nikolai Menshutkin kuti ifalitsidwe tsiku lotsatira. Chifukwa chake, mwambiri, chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu kwambiri zopezeka m'mbiri ya sayansi zidapangidwa tsiku ndi tsiku. Kufunika kwa Lamulo la Nthawi kumakwaniritsidwa patadutsa zaka makumi ambiri, pomwe zinthu zatsopano "zonenedweratu" patebulo zidapezeka pang'onopang'ono, kapena zomwe zidapezeka kale zidafotokozedwa.
14. M'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, Mendeleev anali munthu wovuta kwambiri. Kusintha kwanthawi yomweyo kunawopsa ngakhale banja lake, osanena chilichonse za abale omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi a Mendeleevs. Ngakhale Ivan Dmitrievich, yemwe ankakonda abambo ake, amatchulanso m'mabuku ake momwe mamembala amabisalira m'makona a nyumba ya profesa ku St. Petersburg kapena nyumba ku Boblov. Nthawi yomweyo, zinali zosatheka kuneneratu malingaliro a Dmitry Ivanovich, zimatengera pafupifupi zinthu zosavomerezeka. Pano ali, atadya chakudya cham'mawa osakhutira, akukonzekera kupita kuntchito, apeza kuti malaya ake ayatsidwa, malinga ndi malingaliro ake, moyipa. Izi ndikwanira kuti mawonekedwe oyipa ayambe ndi kutukwana mtsikanayo ndi mkazi. Zochitikazo zikuphatikizidwa ndikuponya malaya onse omwe amapezeka mukakhonde. Zikuwoneka kuti kuwukira kuli pafupi kuyamba. Koma tsopano mphindi zisanu zapita, ndipo Dmitry Ivanovich akupempha kale chikhululukiro kwa mkazi wake ndi mtsikanayo, mtendere ndi bata zabwezeretsedwanso. Mpaka powonekera lotsatira.
15. Mu 1875, Mendeleev adayambitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa komiti yasayansi yoyesa asing'anga odziwika kwambiri ndi omwe amakonza zochitika zamizimu. Commissionyo idachita zoyeserera m'nyumba ya Dmitry Ivanovich. Zachidziwikire, Commissionyo sinapeze umboni uliwonse wazomwe zachitika ndi magulu ena apadziko lapansi. Mendeleev, mbali inayi, adangopereka zadzidzidzi (zomwe sanakonde kwambiri) ku Russian technical Society. Commissionyo idamaliza ntchito yake mu 1876, ndikugonjetsanso "amatsenga". Chomwe chidadabwitsa Mendeleev ndi anzawo, ena mwa anthu "owunikiridwa" adatsutsa ntchito za komitiyi. Komitiyi idalandiranso makalata ochokera kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo! Wasayansi yemweyo amakhulupirira kuti bungweli liyenera kuti linagwira ntchitoyi osachepera kuti liwone kuchuluka kwa omwe adalakwitsa komanso kunyengedwa.
16. Dmitry Ivanovich adadana ndikusintha m'ndale. Iye anakhulupirira moyenera kuti kusintha kulikonse sikungoyimitsa kapena kuponyera kumbuyo njira yachitukuko cha magulu opindulitsa a anthu. Kusintha nthawi zonse, molunjika kapena mwanjira ina, kumasonkhanitsa zokolola zake pakati pa ana abwino kwambiri a Dziko Lathu. Awiri mwa ophunzira ake opambana anali osintha Alexander Ulyanov ndi Nikolai Kibalchich. Onsewa adapachikidwa nthawi zosiyanasiyana chifukwa chotenga nawo mbali poyesa kupha mfumu.
17. Dmitry Ivanovich nthawi zambiri ankapita kunja. Chimodzi mwamaulendo ake akumayiko akunja, makamaka ali mwana, amafotokozedwa ndi chidwi chake cha sayansi. Koma nthawi zambiri amayenera kuchoka ku Russia chifukwa chakuyimira. Mendeleev anali waluso kwambiri, ndipo ngakhale sanakonzekere kwenikweni, adalankhula zoyipa kwambiri. Mu 1875, luso la Mendeleev lidasandutsa ulendo wamba wa gulu lochokera ku Yunivesite ya St. Petersburg kupita ku Holland kukhala chikondwerero cha milungu iwiri. Tsiku lokumbukira zaka 400 la Leiden University lidakondwerera, ndipo a Dmitry Ivanovich adayamika anzawo aku Dutch ndi malankhulidwe kotero kuti nthumwi zaku Russia zidatopa ndikuitanidwa kumaphwando akudya ndi tchuthi. Paphwando ndi mfumu, Mendeleev adakhala pakati pa akalonga amwaziwo. Malinga ndi wasayansi yemwe, zonse ku Holland zinali zabwino kwambiri, "Ustatok adapambana" yekha.
18. Pafupifupi ndemanga imodzi yomwe idaperekedwa pamsonkhano ku yunivesite idapangitsa Mendeleev kukhala wotsutsana ndi Semite. Mu 1881, zipolowe za ophunzira zidakwiyitsidwa ndi Act - mtundu wa lipoti lapachaka la anthu - ku University of St. Ophunzira mazana angapo, opangidwa ndi anzawo akusukulu P. Podbelsky ndi L. Kogan-Bernstein, adazunza atsogoleri aku yunivesite, ndipo m'modzi mwa ophunzirawo adamenya Minister wakale wa Public Education A. A. Saburov. Mendeleev sanakwiye ngakhale chifukwa chodzudzula mtumikiyo, koma kuti ngakhale ophunzira osalowerera ndale kapena ophunzira omvera olamulira adavomereza zonyansa izi. Tsiku lotsatira, pamsonkhano wokonzekera, Dmitry Ivanovich adachoka pamutuwo ndikuwerenga lingaliro lalifupi kwa ophunzira, lomwe adamaliza ndi mawu oti "MaKogan si ma kohans athu" (Little Russian. "Osakondedwa"). Magulu opita patsogolo a anthu owira ndikuwuma, Mendeleev adakakamizidwa kusiya maphunziro.
19. Atachoka ku yunivesite, Mendeleev adayamba kupanga ndi kupanga ufa wopanda utsi.Ndidazitenga, monga nthawi zonse, mokwanira komanso moyenera. Anapita ku Europe - ndi ulamuliro wake panalibe chifukwa chozonda, aliyense adawonetsa zonse. Malingaliro omwe adapezeka pambuyo paulendowu anali osatsimikizika - muyenera kupeza mfuti yanu. Pamodzi ndi anzawo, Mendeleev sanangopanga chinsinsi ndi ukadaulo wopanga utsi wa pyrocollodion, komanso adayamba kupanga chomera chapadera. Komabe, asitikali m'makomiti ndi ma komisheni adatinso zoyeserera za Mendeleev mwiniwake. Palibe amene ananena kuti mfuti zoipa, palibe amene anatsutsa mawu a Mendeleev. Kungoti mwanjira ina monga chonchi nthawi zonse kunapezeka kuti china chake sichinali nthawi, ndiye kuti, chofunikira kwambiri kuposa chisamaliro. Zotsatira zake, zitsanzo ndi ukadaulo zidabedwa ndi kazitape waku America yemwe nthawi yomweyo adazisanja. Munali mu 1895, ndipo ngakhale zaka 20 pambuyo pake, munkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, Russia idagula ufa wopanda utsi kuchokera ku United States ndi ngongole zaku America. Koma ambuye, omenyera mfutiwo sanalole kuti anthu wamba aziwaphunzitsa kupanga mfuti.
20. Zatsimikizika motsimikizika kuti palibe mbadwa zamoyo za Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev wotsalira ku Russia. Otsiriza a iwo, mdzukulu wa mwana wake womaliza Maria, wobadwa mu 1886, anamwalira osati kalekale kuchokera ku tsoka lamuyaya la amuna achi Russia. Mwina mbadwa za wasayansi wamkulu amakhala ku Japan. Mwana wamwamuna wa Mendeleev kuchokera m'banja lake loyamba, Vladimir, woyendetsa sitima zapamadzi, anali ndi mkazi wovomerezeka ku Japan, malinga ndi malamulo aku Japan. Oyendetsa sitima zakunja panthawiyo amatha kwakanthawi, panthawi yomwe sitimayo ikhala padoko, amakwatira akazi achi Japan. Mkazi wosakhalitsa wa Vladimir Mendeleev ankatchedwa Taka Khidesima. Anabereka mwana wamkazi, ndipo Dmitry Ivanovich ankatumiza ndalama ku Japan kuti athandize mdzukulu wake. Palibe chidziwitso chodalirika chokhudza tsogolo la Tako ndi mwana wake wamkazi Ofuji.
