Soviet Union, zachidziwikire, inali dziko lokangana kwambiri komanso losiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, boma lino lasintha kwambiri kotero kuti ngakhale olemba mbiri osakondera, komanso makamaka olemba zolemba, amatha kulemba mozama kapena pang'ono pakadali pano muntchito zawo. Kuphatikiza apo, pophunzira magwero osiyanasiyana, zikuwoneka kuti samangofotokoza za nthawi zosiyana, koma maiko osiyanasiyana. Ngwazi, mwachitsanzo, za nkhani ya Yuri Trifonov "House on the Embankment" komanso otchulidwa m'buku la Mikhail Sholokhov "Virgin Land Upturned" amakhala (ndi lingaliro lina) pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo. koma kulibe kulumikizana pakati pawo. Kupatula, mwina, ngozi yakuwonongeka nthawi iliyonse.
Zomwe amakumbukira anthu omwe adakhazikika ku USSR ndizofanana. Wina amakumbukira ndikupita ku banki yosungira ndalama zolipirira zofunikira - amayi anga adapereka ma ruble atatu ndikuwalola kuti awononge ndalama zawo mwakufuna kwawo. Winawake adakakamizidwa kuyimirira pamzere kuti agule chidebe cha mkaka ndi chidebe cha kirimu wowawasa. Mabuku a wina sanasindikizidwe kwazaka zambiri chifukwa cha malingaliro ofooka, ndipo wina adamwa chowawa chifukwa adapambananso ndi Mphotho ya Lenin.
USSR, monga boma, ili kale m'mbiri. Aliyense atha kukhulupirira kuti chisangalalochi chidzabweranso kapena kuti zoopsazi sizidzachitikanso. Koma mwanjira ina iliyonse, Soviet Union, ndi zabwino zake zonse ndi zoyipa zake, ikhala gawo lakale.
- Kuyambira 1947 mpaka 1954, mitengo idatsitsidwa pachaka (mchaka) ku Soviet Union. Zolengeza za boma zovomerezeka zidasindikizidwa munyuzipepala ndikufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane za katundu ndi kuchuluka kwa mtengo womwe utsikidwe. Phindu lonse kwa anthu nawonso linawerengedwa. Mwachitsanzo, anthu aku Soviet Union "adapindula" ma ruble 50 biliyoni pamtengo wotsika mu 1953, ndipo kutsika kwotsatira kudawononga boma ma ruble 20 biliyoni. Boma lidaganiziranso zomwe zingachitike: kutsika kwamitengo mu malonda aboma kumangodzetsa mitengo m'misika yamafamu. Pomwe mitengo yamalonda aboma yatsika maulendo 2.3 pazaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, mitengo yamisika yamafamu yatsika kangapo.
- Nyimbo ya Vladimir Vysotsky "A Case at the Mine" ikutsutsa mwamphamvu mchitidwe wowonjezeka kosatha pamitengo yopanga pafupifupi chilichonse, chomwe chafalikira kuyambira m'ma 1950. Olemba nyimboyi akukana kupulumutsa mnzake kuchokera pamabwinja, yemwe "Ayamba kukwaniritsa miyezo itatu / Adzayamba kupereka malasha kudziko - ndipo ife khan!" Mpaka 1955, panali njira zopitilira patsogolo za malipilo, malinga ndi zomwe zokonzekera zomwe zidakonzedwa zidalipira kuchuluka kwakukulu kuposa momwe zidakonzera. Zinkawoneka zosiyana m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana, koma tanthauzo lake linali lofanana: umapanga dongosolo lina - umakhudzidwa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, wotembenuza adalipira magawo 250 omwe adakonzedwa pamwezi pa 5 rubles. Zambiri zomwe zidakonzedweratu mpaka 50 zidalipira ma ruble 7.5, 50 yotsatira - ma ruble 9, ndi zina zambiri. Kenako mchitidwewu udachepetsedwa, koma udasinthidwanso ndikuwonjezeka kwamitengo yopanga ndikukhalabe ndi kukula kwa malipiro. Izi zidapangitsa kuti poyamba ogwira ntchito adayamba modekha komanso mopanda changu kuti akwaniritse zikhalidwe zomwe zidalipo, zopitilira kamodzi pachaka ndi magawo angapo. Ndipo mzaka za m'ma 1980, zachizolowezi, makamaka m'mabizinesi omwe amapanga zinthu zogula, zambiri mwazinthu zomwe zidakonzedwa zidapangidwa mosakhazikika kumapeto kwa lipoti (mwezi, kotala kapena chaka). Ogulitsa adazindikira msanga mfundoyi, ndipo, mwachitsanzo, zida zapanyumba zotulutsidwa kumapeto kwa chaka zitha kukhala kuti zidagulitsidwa kwazaka zambiri - udali pafupifupi ukwati wotsimikizika.
- Pafupifupi chiyambi cha perestroika chomwe chinawononga USSR, vuto laumphawi lidathetsedwa mdziko muno. Iye, pakumvetsetsa kwa olamulira, adakhalapo kuyambira nthawi yotsatira nkhondo, ndipo palibe amene adakana kukhalapo kwa umphawi. Ziwerengero zovomerezeka zidati mu 1960, nzika 4% zokha ndizomwe zimapeza ndalama zoposa 100 pamwezi. Mu 1980, panali 60% ya nzika zotere (zomwe zimapezeka ngati ndalama zapabanja m'mabanja). M'malo mwake, m'badwo umodzi pamaso pa m'badwo umodzi, panali kulumpha pamtengo wa anthu. Koma njira yabwinoyi idakhalanso ndi zovuta. Momwe ndalama zimakulirakulira, zomwe anthu amafuna, zomwe boma sakanatha kuzikwaniritsa munthawi yake.
- Ruble waku Soviet anali wamatabwa. Mosiyana ndi ndalama zina, "zagolide", sizingasinthidwe mwaulere. Mwakutero, panali msika wamsika wakunja, koma ogulitsa ake opambana, makamaka, adalandira zaka 15 m'ndende, kapena ngakhale kuwombera. Mtengo wosinthira pamsika uwu udali pafupifupi ma ruble 3-4 pa dola yaku US. Anthu amadziwa izi, ndipo ambiri amawona mitengo yamkati mwa Soviet kukhala yopanda chilungamo - ma jeans aku America amawononga madola 5-10 akunja, pamalonda aboma mtengo wawo unali ma ruble 100, pomwe olingalira akhoza kutenga ma ruble 250. Izi zidapangitsa kusakhutira, komwe kudakhala chimodzi mwazinthu zakugwa USSR - anthu ambiri mdzikolo anali otsimikiza kuti msika wamsika ndi wotsika mtengo komanso katundu wambiri. Ndi anthu ochepa omwe amaganiza kuti m'malo osagulitsa chuma cha Soviet, ma kopecks 5 anali ofanana ndi $ 1.5, poyerekeza kuyenda mu metro ya Moscow ndi New York. Ndipo ngati tiyerekeza mitengo yazinthu zofunikira - kubanja la Soviet zimadula 4 - 5 ruble - ndiye kuti mitengo yosinthira ma ruble nthawi zambiri imakwera kupita kumtunda.
- Ndizovomerezeka kuti kumapeto kwa ma 1970, zomwe zimadziwika kuti "kuchepa" zidayamba mu chuma cha Soviet Union. Ndizosatheka kufotokozera kuchepa uku manambala - chuma chadzikoli chidakula ndi 3-4% pachaka, ndipo sichinali chidwi chamakono, koma kutulutsa kwenikweni. Koma kukhazikika kunalipo m'malingaliro a utsogoleri wa Soviet. Potengera kuchuluka, adawona kuti pokwaniritsa zosowa zofunikira - chakudya, nyumba, kupanga zinthu zofunikira - Soviet Union ikuyandikira kapena ngakhale kugonjetsa mayiko otsogola. Komabe, atsogoleri a Politburo a Central Committee of CPSU sanasamale kwenikweni kusintha kwamalingaliro komwe kunachitika m'malingaliro a anthu. Akuluakulu a Kremlin, omwe anali onyadira (komanso moyenerera) podziwa kuti nthawi ya moyo wawo anthu adasamuka kuzinyumba zawo ndikupita kuzinyumba zabwino ndikuyamba kudya mwachizolowezi, adazindikira mochedwa kuti anthu adayamba kuganiza zakukhutira ndi zosowa zomwe sizingachitike.
- Makampani ambiri amakono, kuphatikiza mbiri yakale, ndi mbadwa za "akaidi aku Gulag" omwe adasinthidwa. Chifukwa chake, Nikita Khrushchev, yemwe adatsogolera Soviet Union kuyambira 1953 mpaka 1964, nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa ngati mtsogoleri wopanda malingaliro, koma wokoma mtima komanso wachifundo "kuchokera kwa anthu." Monga, panali bambo wina wachimanga wadazi yemwe adagogoda nsapato yake patebulo ku UN ndikutemberera anthu azikhalidwe. Koma adakonzanso mamiliyoni a anthu osalakwa komanso oponderezedwa. M'malo mwake, ntchito ya Khrushchev pakuwononga USSR ikufanana ndi ya Mikhail Gorbachev. M'malo mwake, Gorbachev mwachidziwikire adamaliza zomwe Khrushchev adayamba. Mndandanda wa zolakwitsa komanso kuwononga dala kwa mtsogoleriyu sizingafanane ndi buku lonse. Zolankhula za Khrushchev ku XX Congress ya CPSU ndi de-Stalinization yotsatira idagawanitsa anthu aku Soviet kotero kuti kugawanika uku kumamveka ku Russia lero. Kuseka kubzala chimanga kudera la Arkhangelsk kudalipira dzikolo kokha mu 1963 matani 372 agolide - ndizofanana ndendende zazitsulo zamtengo wapatali zomwe zimayenera kugulitsidwa kuti zigule tirigu yemwe akusowa ku USA ndi Canada. Ngakhale kutukuka kwakukula kwa zana kwa Maiko a Namwali, komwe kudalipira dziko ma ruble 44 biliyoni (ndipo ngati zonse zichitike malinga ndi malingaliro, zimatenga kawiri kuposa), sizinapereke chiwonjezeko chapadera pakukolola - matani 10 miliyoni a tirigu namwali mkati mokolola konsekonse mdziko muno zimagwirizana ndi nyengo kukaikira. Ntchito zofalitsa zabodza za 1962 zimawoneka ngati zonyoza anthu, momwe kuwonjezeka kwa mitengo yazogulitsa nyama ndi 30% (!) Adatchedwa chisankho chopindulitsa pachuma chothandizidwa ndi anthu. Ndipo, zachidziwikire, kusamutsa kosavomerezeka kwa Crimea kupita ku Ukraine ndi mzere wosiyana pamndandanda wazomwe Khrushchev adachita.
- Chiyambire kukhazikitsidwa kwa minda yoyamba yothandizana, mphotho ya ntchito m'mindayi idachitika malinga ndi zomwe zimatchedwa "masiku ogwira ntchito". Chigawochi chinali chosinthika ndipo chimadalira kufunikira kwa ntchito yomwe ikuchitika. Alimi onse omwe amagwira ntchito yofuna ziyeneretso zapamwamba amatha kupeza masiku awiri ndi atatu patsiku. Manyuzipepala adalemba kuti ogwira ntchito kwambiri amagwira ntchito ngakhale masiku 100 ogwira ntchito tsiku lililonse. Koma, chifukwa chake, pakanthawi kochepa kantchito kapena ntchito yomwe sinakwaniritsidwe, munthu amakhoza kupeza zochepera tsiku limodzi. Zonse pamodzi, panali magulu 5 mpaka 7 amitengo. Patsiku logwirira ntchito, famu yothandiziridwayo idalipiridwa ngati ndalama kapena ndalama. Nthawi zambiri mumatha kukumbukira kuti masiku antchito adalipira ndalama zochepa, kapena sanalipidwe konse. Zina mwazokumbukira izi, makamaka za nzika zaku Russia Zosakhala Zakuda Padziko Lapansi kapena Kumpoto, ndizowona. Munthawi yankhondo, alimi onse amapatsidwa tirigu wokwanira 0,8 mpaka 1.6 kg patsiku, ndiye kuti, munthu amakhoza kulipira tirigu 25 kg pamwezi. Komabe, ngakhale mzaka zosakonzekera nkhondo, alimi onsewo sanalandire zochulukirapo - 3 kg ya tirigu patsiku la ntchito amawerengedwa kuti ndiabwino kwambiri. Anapulumutsa chuma chawo chokha. Kuchuluka kwa ndalama kumeneku kunapangitsa kuti alimi azikhalanso m'mizinda. Apo. komwe kusamutsidwa koteroko sikunkafunika, alimi onse adalandira zochulukirapo. Mwachitsanzo, ku Central Asia, malipiro a alimi a thonje (masiku ogwirira ntchito osandulika ndalama) isanachitike komanso itatha Nkhondo Yaikulu Yokonda Dziko Lapansi inali yokwera kuposa kuchuluka kwa makampani.
- Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu kwambiri zomanga m'mbiri ya Soviet Union ndikupanga Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM). Mu 1889, kumanga njanji pamsewu wapano wa BAM kunanenedwa kuti "ndizosatheka". Ntchito yomanga njanji yachiwiri yopitilira ku Siberia idayamba mu 1938. Ntchito yomangayi idakhala ndi mavuto akulu komanso zosokoneza. Pa Nkhondo Yaikulu Yokonda Dziko Lanu, mbali zina za njanji zidachotsedwa pomanga mseu wakutsogolo m'chigawo cha Stalingrad. Pokhapo BAM itatchedwa "Shock Komsomol Construction" mu 1974, ntchitoyi idachitika pamgwirizano wonse. Achinyamata ochokera konsekonse ku Soviet Union adapita kukamanga njanjiyi. Pa Seputembara 29, 1984, ulalo wagolide udayikidwa pa kilomita 1602 ya BAM pamphambano ya Balabukhta ku Trans-Baikal Territory, kuyimira kulumikizana pakati pagawo lakum'mawa ndi kumadzulo kwa mseu waukulu. Chifukwa cha zochitika zodziwika bwino zakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980 ndi koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, BAM inali yopanda phindu kwanthawi yayitali. Komabe, kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 2000, mzerewu udafika pamaluso ake, ndipo pamwambo wokumbukira zaka makumi anayi ndi zisanu kumangidwa kwake, malingaliro adalengezedwa kuti njanjiyo ikhale yatsopano kuti iwonjezere mphamvu zake. Mwambiri, BAM yakhala ntchito yayikulu kwambiri m'mbiri ya USSR.
- Pali zonena kuti "Munthu aliyense wa ku Papua yemwe adangochoka pamtengo wakanjedza ndikulengeza za chitukuko cha socialist nthawi yomweyo adalandira ndalama zankhaninkhani kuchokera ku Soviet Union." Ndizowona ndi mapanga akulu akulu awiri - dziko lomwe likulandila thandizo liyenera kukhala lolemera m'derali komanso / kapena madoko. Zombo zam'madzi ndizosangalatsa, osati pongomanga zombo zokha. Kuopsa kwa zombo zotere ndi madoko akunyumba kwawo. Kwa iwo, kunali koyenera kuthandizira Cuba, Vietnam, Somalia, Ethiopia, Madagascar ndi mayiko ena ambiri. Zachidziwikire, kuthandizira maulamuliro m'maiko amenewa komanso m'maiko ena kumawononga ndalama. Koma zombozi, zomwe zimachita dzimbiri padoko la Arkhangelsk ndi Leningrad, zimafunanso ndalama. Monga maziko, yankho labwino linali kugula madoko ochokera ku Japan, Uruguay ndi Chile, koma mayiko awa, mwatsoka, anali olamulidwa mwamphamvu ndi United States.
- Perestroika, yomwe idawononga Soviet Union, idayamba osati panthawi yamavuto, koma koyambirira kwadumpha watsopano pakukula kwachuma. Vutoli lidawonedwadi mu 1981 ndi 1982, koma atamwalira Leonid Brezhnev ndikusintha kwa utsogoleri, kukula kwachuma kudayambiranso, ndipo zisonyezo zopanga zidayamba kusintha. Nkhani ya Mikhail Gorbachev yothamangitsa inali maziko, koma kusintha komwe adachita sikunabweretse chiwonetsero, koma tsoka. Komabe, izi zidakalipo - Gorbachev asanayambe kulamulira, chuma cha Soviet chidakula msanga kuposa chuma chamayiko oyenda akumadzulo.