France ndi dziko lotchuka kwambiri padziko lapansi. France ndi dziko losiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Ili ndi mapiri okhala ndi chisanu chamuyaya, madera otentha, Paris ndi midzi ya abusa, sitima zapamadzi zazitali kwambiri komanso mitsinje yotsika pang'onopang'ono imanyamula madzi awo.
Inde, kukopa kwa France sikuli m'chilengedwe chokha. Wolemekezedwa ndi olemba kwambiri, mbiri yolemera kwambiri mdzikolo yasiya zipilala ndi zowonera ku France. Kupatula apo, ndizoyesa kwambiri kuyenda mumsewu womwe a Musketeers adayenda, kuti tione nyumba yachifumu yomwe Count of Monte Cristo mtsogolo adakhala zaka zambiri, kapena kuyimirira pabwalo pomwe a Templars adaphedwa. Koma m'mbiri ya France komanso zamakono, mutha kupeza zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa, ngakhale mutachoka munjira zomwe olemba mbiri ndi atsogoleri amatsogolera.
1. Mfumu ya Afulanki, ndipo kenako Emperor wa Kumadzulo, Charlemagne, yemwe adalamulira kumapeto kwa 8 - koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 9, sanali wolamulira woyenera chabe. Dera lomwe adalamulira lidali lowirikiza kawiri kuposa France wamasiku ano, koma Charles samakonda zankhondo zokha komanso kupititsa patsogolo malo. Iye anali wophunzira kwambiri (pa nthawi yake) ndi munthu wofuna kudziwa zambiri. Pankhondo yolimbana ndi a Avars, omwe amakhala pafupifupi m'dera la Austria wamakono, nyanga yayikulu yokongola inagwidwanso pakati pa zofunkha zolemera. Karl anafotokozedwa kuti iyi si nyanga, koma dzino, ndipo mano oterowo amakula njovu ku Asia akutali. Nthawi yomweyo kazembeyo anali kupita ku Baghdad kupita ku Harun al-Rashid. Zina mwa ntchito zoperekedwa ku ofesi ya kazembe ndi kubweretsa njovu. Al-Rashid adapatsa mnzake waku Frankish njovu yayikulu yoyera yotchedwa Abul-Abba. Pasanathe zaka 5, njovu idaperekedwa (kuphatikiza panyanja pa sitima yapadera) kupita kwa Karl. Mfumuyo idakondwera ndikuyika njovu ija ku King's Park, komwe imasunga nyama zina zakunja. Posafuna kusiya wokondedwa wake, Karl anayamba kupita naye pa misonkhano, amene anapha nyama mfulu. M'modzi mwamisonkhanoyi, akuoloka mtsinje wa Rhine, Abul-Abba adamwalira popanda chifukwa. Njovu nthawi zambiri imamwalira ndi matenda kapena poyizoni wazakudya.
2. A French nthawi zambiri amakhala osasangalala ndi ntchito yawo. Lachisanu masana, moyo umazizira ngakhale m'makampani abizinesi. Makontrakitala akunja amaseka kuti a French azitsatira zomwe mwapempha ngati simulankhula naye kuyambira Meyi 1 mpaka Ogasiti 31, pambuyo pa 7 koloko Lachisanu, kumapeto kwa sabata komanso pakati pa 12 ndi 2 pm masabata. Koma ngakhale poyambira konse, ogwira ntchito m'mabungwe azachuma komanso mabizinesi aboma amadziwika. Pali pafupifupi 6 miliyoni a iwo, ndipo ndi iwo (pamodzi ndi ophunzira omwe akukonzekera kutenga malo awo) omwe amakonza zipolowe zodziwika bwino zaku France. Ogwira ntchito zaboma ali ndi ufulu wambiri wokhala ndiudindo wocheperako. Pali nthabwala kuti pantchito yamagulu onse muyenera kuchita ntchito zanu mosavomerezeka - kuti muchotse wogwira ntchito ngati amenewa, oyang'anira akukakamizidwa kuti amutumize kukakweza ntchito. Mwambiri, monga French Wolephera Zelensky Kolyush (wosewera yemwe adatsogolera purezidenti wa France ku 1980) adaseka: "Amayi anga anali wogwira ntchito zaboma, bambo anga sanagwirepo ntchito."
3. Gwero lofunika kwambiri lachuma chaboma la France mzaka za zana la 16 - 17 linali kugulitsa malo. Kuphatikiza apo, palibe kuyesayesa kuletsa ntchitoyi - kuyesaku kunali kwakukulu kwambiri kuti munthu apeze ndalama mosungiramo ndalama, ngakhale kulandira ziphuphu kuchokera kwa munthu wanjala. Ngati mu 1515, ndi malo odziwika bwino a boma a 5,000, 4041 mwa iwo adagulitsidwa, ndiye kuti patatha zaka zana ndi theka zidadziwika kuti zolemba 46,047 zidagulitsidwa, ndipo palibe amene amadziwa kuchuluka kwawo.
4. Mwachidziwitso, ndi mfumu yokhayo kapena mbuye wamwamuna yemwe wamupatsa ufulu wotereyu yemwe angamange nyumba yachifumu ku France mzaka zam'mbuyomu. Ndizomveka - eni nyumba zodziyimira pawokha mdziko muno, ndizosavuta kuletsa kapena kukambirana nawo. Mwachizoloŵezi, olamulirawo anamanga nyumba zachifumu mosasamala, nthawi zina ngakhale suzerain yawo (wachifumu wotsika kwambiri) amangodziwitsidwa. Akuluakuluwo adakakamizidwa kupirira izi: nyumba yachifumu yanyumba yake ndi gulu lankhondo lalikulu. Ndipo mfumu ikamva zakumanga kosaloledwa, ndipo mafumu sakhala kwanthawizonse. Chifukwa chake, ku France, komwe munthawi zabwino kwambiri kumagwiritsa ntchito ma Knights mazana ambiri, tsopano kuli nyumba zokhazokha za 5,000 zokha. Pafupifupi ndalama zomwezo tsopano zapatsidwa kwa akatswiri ofukula zakale kapena zimatchulidwa m'malemba. Mafumu nthawi zina amalanga anthu awo ...
5. Maphunziro pasukulu ku France, malinga ndi makolo onse a ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, akuyandikira tsoka. Sukulu zapagulu zaulere m'mizinda yayikulu zikuchulukirachulukira m'misasa ya achinyamata komanso ndende zosamukira. Makalasi siachilendo kukhala ophunzira ochepa omwe amalankhula Chifalansa. Maphunziro pasukulu yaboma amatenga ndalama zosachepera 1,000 euros pachaka, ndipo zimawerengedwa kuti ndizopambana kulowetsa mwana pasukulu yotere. Masukulu achikatolika afala ku France. Zaka makumi angapo zapitazi mabanja opembedza okhaokha ndiwo adatumiza ana awo kumeneko. Tsopano, ngakhale panali miyambo yokhwima kwambiri, masukulu achikatolika akuchulukirachulukira. Ku Paris kokha, sukulu Zachikatolika zinakana kuloledwa kwa ophunzira 25,000 pachaka. Nthawi yomweyo, sukulu Zachikatolika ndizoletsedwa kukulira, ndipo boma m'masukulu aboma limangodulidwa nthawi zonse.
6. Alexandre Dumas adalemba mu imodzi mwama buku ake kuti azachuma samakondedwa ndipo amasangalala nthawi zonse awapalamula - amatenga misonkho. Pazonse, zachidziwikire, wolemba wamkulu anali wolondola, akuluakulu amisonkho samakondedwa nthawi zonse. Ndipo mungawakonde bwanji, ngati manambala akuwonetsa bwino kukakamira kwa osindikiza misonkho. Pambuyo pokhazikitsa misonkho yanthawi zonse pofika 1360 (misonkhoyo isanasonkhanitsidwe kunkhondo kokha), bajeti ya ufumu waku France inali (yofanana) matani a siliva 46.4, pomwe matani 18.6 okha adasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera kwa nzika - zotsalazo zidaperekedwa ndi ndalama zochokera kumayiko achifumu. Pamapeto pa Nkhondo ya Zaka 100, matani oposa 50 a siliva anali atasonkhanitsidwa kale kuchokera kudera la France, lomwe linali likuchepa kwambiri. Ndikubwezeretsa kukhulupirika kwamalo, ndalama zidakwera matani 72. Pansi pa Henry II kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 16, matani 190 a siliva pachaka anali kufinyidwa kuchokera ku French. Kadinala Mazarin, wonyozedwa ndi Alexander Dumas yemweyo, anali ndi ndalama zokwana matani 1,000 a siliva. Zomwe boma limagwiritsa ntchito zidafika pachimake patsogolo pa Great French Revolution - kenako zidakwana matani 1,800 a siliva. Nthawi yomweyo, anthu aku France mu 1350 ndipo mu 1715 anali pafupifupi anthu 20 miliyoni. Zomwe zawonetsedwazi ndizongogwiritsira ntchito za boma, ndiye kuti, chuma chachifumu. Olamulira am'deralo amatha kugwedeza alimi omwe ali pansi pawo mwachinyengo ngati nkhondo kapena ukwati. Kuti muwone: ndalama zomwe zilipo ku France ndizofanana ndi mtengo wa matani 2,500 a siliva okhala ndi anthu 67 miliyoni.
7. Achifalansa anali ndi macheza awo pa intaneti nthawi yayitali, monga momwe zimamvekera, intaneti isanachitike. Modemyo inali yolumikizidwa ndi telefoni, ndikupatsa liwiro la ma 1200 bps olandila ndi 25 bps yotumiza. Chifalansa chochititsa chidwi, makamaka France Telecom, pamodzi ndi modem yotsika mtengo, adapatsanso polojekiti kwa ogula, ngakhale, kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito TV motere kumadziwika. Njirayi idatchedwa Minitel. Adazipeza mu 1980. Wolemba intaneti, a Tim Burners-Lee, anali kulemba mapulogalamu a osindikiza panthawiyi. Pafupifupi ntchito 2,000 zidapezeka kudzera ku Minitel, koma ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri adazigwiritsa ntchito ngati macheza.
8. Mfumu yaku France Philip the Handsome adalemba m'mbiri, choyambirira, ngati manda a Knights Templar, yemwe adamwalira ndi temberero la wamkulu wa lamuloli, a Jacques de Molay. Koma wagonjetsedwanso kamodzi chifukwa chake. Analibe magazi motero sanadziwike kwambiri monga kuphedwa kwa a Templars. Ndizokhudza dongosolo labwino la Champagne. Kuwerengera kwa Champagne m'zaka za zana la XII kunapangitsa kuti ziwonetsero zawo zomwe zikuchitika mdziko lawo zisapitirire. Kuphatikiza apo, adayamba kupereka mapepala apadera osatetezedwa kwa amalonda omwe amapita kumalo awo. Malo osungirako malonda, malo ogulitsa, mahotela adamangidwa. Amalondawo ankangowerengera ndalama basi. Zowonongera zina zonse zimalumikizidwa ndi ntchito zenizeni. Chitetezo chidachitika ndi anthu owerengera. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa Champagne nthawi zonse kumakakamiza oyandikana nawo, ngakhale King of France, kuti iteteze amalonda omwe akupita ku Champagne m'misewu. Mlanduwo pamisonkhanoyi udachitika ndi amalonda omwe adasankhidwa. Izi zapangitsa Champagne kukhala malo ogulitsa padziko lonse lapansi. Koma kumapeto kwa zaka za XIII, Count of Champagne womaliza adamwalira osasiya mwana aliyense. Philip the Handsome, yemwe adakwatirana ndi mwana wamkazi wa Count, mwachangu adatenga ziwonetserozo. Choyamba, pamwambo wovuta kwambiri, adagwira katundu yense wa amalonda a Flemish, kenako adayamba kukhazikitsa misonkho, ntchito, kuletsa katundu wina ndikugwiritsa ntchito zina polimbikitsa malonda. Zotsatira zake, mzaka 15 mpaka 20, ndalama zomwe amapeza pachilumbacho zidatsika kasanu, ndipo malonda adasamukira kumalo ena.
9. Achifalansa adapanga chinthu chabwino chotere "Camping municipal". Dzinalo limatanthauziridwa kuti "misasa yamatauni", koma kutanthauzira sikukupereka lingaliro lomveka bwino lazomwe zimachitika. Malo amenewa, amalipira ndalama zochepa, kapena ngakhale aulere, amapatsa alendo malo okhala hema, bafa, beseni, chimbudzi, malo ochapira mbale ndi magetsi. Ntchitozo, ndizachidziwikire, ndizochepa, koma ndalamazo ndizoyenera - kugona usiku wonse kumawononga ma euro ochepa. Chofunika koposa, onse "Camping municipal" amathandizidwa ndi nzika zakomweko, chifukwa chake pamakhala zambiri zambiri pazomwe zikuchitika mderali, ndi amalume ati omwe mungagule tchizi wotsika mtengo, komanso azakhali omwe angadye nkhomaliro. Malo osungira misasa amtunduwu tsopano amapezeka ku Europe konse, koma kwawo ndi France.
10. Wina amatha kuwerenga za telegraph ya optical tsopano m'mabuku a Alexander Dumas omwe adatchulidwa kale "The Count of Monte Cristo", koma kwa nthawi yake kupangika kwa abale achi France Chappe kunali kusintha kwenikweni. Ndipo kusinthaku, ndi French French Revolution yokha, ndi komwe kunathandiza abalewo kuti apange izi. Ku monarchist France, pempho lawo likadasungidwa, ndipo Msonkhano Wosintha mwachangu udaganiza zopanga telegraph. Palibe amene adatsutsana ndi zisankho za Msonkhano mu ma 1790, koma zidachitika mwachangu momwe angathere. Kale mu 1794, mzere wa Paris-Lille udayamba kugwira ntchito, ndipo koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 19, nsanja zopangidwa ndi France zidakuta theka la Europe. Ponena za Dumas ndi gawo lomwe limasokoneza chidziwitso chofalitsika m'buku lake, moyo, momwe zimachitikira, umakhala wosangalatsa kuposa bukuli. M'zaka za m'ma 1830, gulu la amalonda ochita malonda linatumiza mauthenga pa Bordeaux-Paris kwa zaka ziwiri! Ogwira ntchito pa telegraph, monga a Dumas anafotokozera, sanamvetse tanthauzo la zikwangwani. Koma panali malo olumikizirana pomwe mauthenga amafotokozedwa. Pakadutsa pakati pawo, chilichonse chimatha kutumizidwa, bola uthenga wolondola ufike pamalo opumira. Zachinyengozi zidatsegulidwa mwangozi. Wopanga telegraph yojambula, a Claude Chappe, adadzipha, osatha kupirira milandu yabodza, koma mchimwene wake Ignatius, yemwe amayang'anira dipatimenti yaukadaulo, adagwira ntchito mpaka kumwalira kwake ngati director of the telegraph.
11. Kuyambira 2000, aku France akhala akugwira ntchito movomerezeka osapitirira maola 35 pa sabata. Mwachidziwitso, "Aubrey Law" idakhazikitsidwa kuti ipange ntchito zowonjezera. Mwakuchita, itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabizinesi ochepa, pomwe antchito ambiri amagwira ntchito yofananira. Mabizinesi ena onse, eni ake amayenera kukweza malipiro, kulipira ola limodzi lililonse lomwe limakhala nthawi yowonjezerapo, kapena mwanjira ina kubwezera ogwira ntchito nthawi yowonjezerapo: kuonjezera tchuthi, kupereka chakudya, ndi zina zotero. Lamulo la Aubrey silinakhudze kuchuluka kwa ulova mwanjira iliyonse, koma mphamvu zake zidathetsedwa tsopano sangathe kutero - mabungwe ogwira ntchito saloleza.
12. Chifalansa kwakhala chilankhulo chokhacho cholumikizirana padziko lonse lapansi. Zinayankhulidwa ndi anthu ochokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana, zokambirana pazokambirana zidachitika, m'maiko angapo, monga England kapena Russia, Chifalansa ndicho chilankhulo chokha chomwe oimira apamwamba amaphunzira. Nthawi yomweyo, ku France komweko, pafupifupi 1% ya anthu, omwe amakhala ku Paris ndi madera ozungulira, adazimvetsetsa ndikuzilankhula. Anthu ena onse amalankhula bwino "patois" - chilankhulo chofanana ndi Chifalansa, kupatula mawu ena. Mulimonsemo, wolankhula patois sanamvetse za Parisian, ndipo mosemphanitsa. Anthu okhala kunja kwenikweni ankayankhula zinenero zawo. Wopambana wa Jean-Baptiste Moliere ndi gulu lake nthawi ina adaganiza zodutsa m'midzi yaku France - ku Paris, yomwe idalandira bwino Moliere zisudzo, zisudzozi zidasangalatsa. Lingaliroli linathera mu fiasco yathunthu - zigawo sizimamvetsetsa zomwe nyenyezi zikuluzikulu zimanena. Malirime oyipa amanenanso kuti kuyambira pamenepo a ku France adalambira malo kapena zojambula zopusa monga The Benny Hill Show - zonse zikuwonekeratu popanda mawu. Mgwirizano wazilankhulo ku France udayamba nthawi ya Great French Revolution, pomwe boma lidayamba kusakaniza asitikali m'magawo, ndikusiya magawo am'magawo. Zotsatira zake, patadutsa zaka khumi ndi ziwiri, Napoleon Bonaparte adalandira gulu lankhondo lomwe limalankhula chilankhulo chomwecho.
13. M'chikhalidwe chamakono chachi France, ma quotas amatenga gawo lofunikira - mtundu wazodzitchinjiriza, kulimbikitsa chikhalidwe cha ku France. Zimatenga mitundu yosiyanasiyana, koma ambiri amalola akatswiri azikhalidwe zaku France, omwe samapanga ngakhale zaluso, kuti akhale ndi chidutswa cholimba cha mkate ndi batala. Ma Quotas amatenga mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Nyimbo, zimadziwika kuti 40% yazoyimba pagulu ziyenera kukhala achi French. Ma wailesi ndi ma TV amakakamizidwa kuti afalitse nyimbo zaku France ndikulipira ojambula aku France molingana. Pakujambula makanema, bungwe lapadera la boma, CNC, limalandira gawo limodzi logulitsa tikiti iliyonse yamakanema. Ndalama zomwe zakonzedwa ndi CNC zimalipira kwa opanga mafilimu aku France kuti apange cinema yaku France. Kuphatikiza apo, opanga mafilimu amalipidwa ndalama zapadera ngati atakwanitsa nthawi yomaliza chaka chimenecho. Nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupifupi maola 500, ndiye kuti, pafupifupi miyezi iwiri ndi theka, ngati titenga masiku 8 ogwira ntchito kumapeto kwa sabata. Kwa chaka chonse, boma lidzapereka ndalama zofananira ndi zomwe adapeza pakujambula.
14. Mu 1484 panali kudulidwa msonkho ku France komwe sikungakhale kofanana ndi mbiriyakale yonse ya anthu. Akuluakulu - nyumba yamalamulo panthawiyo - adatha kugwiritsa ntchito zotsutsana zomwe zidachitika pambuyo pa imfa ya Louis XI, yemwe adalowa m'malo mwa Charles VIII wachichepere. Polimbana ndi kuyandikira kwa mfumu yachichepere, olemekezeka adalola kuti misonkho yonse yomwe ikulipidwa muufumu ichepetsedwe kuchoka pa 4 miliyoni livres mpaka 1.5 miliyoni. Ndipo France sanagwe, sanagwidwe ndi adani akunja, ndipo sanasokonezeke chifukwa chazovuta m'boma. Kuphatikiza apo, ngakhale panali nkhondo zosatha komanso mikangano yamkati mkati, boma lidakumana ndi izi. "Zaka zokongola" - kuchuluka kwa anthu mdzikolo kumakulirakulirabe, zokolola zaulimi ndi mafakitale zidakulirakulira, aku France onse pang'onopang'ono adayamba kukhala olemera.
15. Dziko lamakono la France lili ndi njira yabwino yosamalirira azaumoyo. Nzika zonse zimalipira 16% ya ndalama zawo kuchipatala. Izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokwanira kuti mupeze chithandizo chaulere m'malo osavuta.Boma limalipilira zonse zolipira madokotala ndi ogwira ntchito zamankhwala komanso mtengo wamankhwala. Pakakhala matenda akulu, boma limalipira 75% ya mtengo wamankhwala, ndipo wodwalayo amalipira zotsalazo. Komabe, apa ndi pomwe inshuwaransi yodzifunira imayamba. Inshuwaransi ndi yotsika mtengo, ndipo anthu onse aku France ali nayo. Amalipiritsa kotala yotsala ya mtengo wamankhwala ndi mankhwala. Zachidziwikire, sizichita popanda zovuta zake. Chofunikira kwambiri kwa iwo ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala okwera mtengo omwe madokotala amapereka osafunikira. Kwa odwala, ndikofunikira kudikirira pamzere kuti akumane ndi katswiri wopapatiza - amatha miyezi. Pazonse, njira zamankhwala zikuyenda bwino.
