Malongosoledwe a maloto m'mabuku adapezeka, makamaka, komanso zolemba zomwezo ngakhale izi zisanachitike. Maloto amafotokozedwa m'nthano zakale ndi m'Baibulo, m'maphunziro andale. Mneneri Muhammad adalongosola za maloto ake ambiri, ndikukwera kwake kumwamba, malinga ndi akatswiri azachipembedzo ambiri achi Islam, zidachitika m'maloto. Pali zonena za maloto m'matchulidwe achi Russia ndi nthano za Aztec.
Morpheus - mulungu wa tulo ndi maloto mu nthano zakale zachi Greek
Pali kugawa kwakukulu kwamaloto. Maloto atha kukhala gawo la nkhani, kukongoletsa ntchito, kukonza chiwembu, kapena njira yamaganizidwe yomwe imathandizira kufotokoza malingaliro ndi mkhalidwe wa ngwaziyo. Zachidziwikire, maloto amatha kukhala amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kulongosola kwa maloto kumapatsa wolemba ufulu wochepa kwambiri, makamaka pazolemba zenizeni. Wolembayo ndi womasuka kuyambitsa malotowo pachilichonse, kuti apange chiwembu chilichonse ndikumaliza malotowo kulikonse, osawopa kuti akumuneneza chifukwa chodzudzula, kusowa chidwi, kutengeka kwambiri, ndi zina zambiri.
Chizindikiro china pakufotokozera maloto ndikuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito zophiphiritsa mu ntchito yomwe fanizo losavuta lingawoneke ngati lopanda pake. FM Dostoevsky mwaluso adagwiritsa ntchito malowa. M'ntchito zake, kumasulira maloto nthawi zambiri kumasinthidwa ndi chithunzi chamaganizidwe, chomwe chingatenge masamba ambiri kuti afotokoze.
Monga tanena kale, maloto amafotokozedwa kuyambira kale. M'mabuku amakono, maloto adayamba kuwonekera mwachangu kuyambira Middle Ages. M'mabuku achi Russia, monga ofufuza adanenera, maluwa maloto amayamba ndi ntchito ya AS Pushkin. Olemba amakono amagwiritsanso ntchito maloto mosasamala kanthu za mtundu wa ntchitoyi. Ngakhale mumtundu wamba monga wapolisi, Commissioner wotchuka Maigret Georges Simenon, amaima molimba pamtunda wolimba ndi mapazi onse, komanso amawona maloto, nthawi zina ngakhale, monga Simenon amawafotokozera kuti "amanyazi".
1. Mawu oti "maloto a Vera Pavlovna" amadziwika, mwina, otakata kwambiri kuposa buku la Nikolai Chernyshevsky "Kodi tichite chiyani?" Okwana, protagonist wa bukuli, Vera Pavlovna Rozalskaya, anali ndi maloto anayi. Onsewa amafotokozedwa mwachizolowezi, koma mosabisa. Yoyamba imapereka malingaliro a mtsikana yemwe wapulumuka m'banja lodana ndi banja. Kachiwiri, kudzera pazokambirana za odziwika awiri a Vera Pavlovna, mawonekedwe aku Russia akuwonetsedwa, monga Chernyshevsky adawonera. Loto lachitatu limapereka moyo wabanja, kapena kuti, ngati mkazi wokwatiwa angakwanitse kumverera kwatsopano. Pomaliza, mu loto lachinayi, Vera Pavlovna amawona dziko lotukuka la anthu oyera, owona mtima komanso omasuka. Zomwe zili m'malotowa zikuwonetsa kuti Chernyshevsky adaziyika munkhaniyi pazifukwa zowunikira. Pomwe anali kulemba bukuli (1862 - 1863) wolemba anali akufufuzidwa mu Peter ndi Paul Fortress kuti alembe chilengezo chachidule. Kulemba zamtsogolo zopanda kachilombo m'dera lotereku kunali ngati kudzipha. Chifukwa chake, mwachidziwikire, Chernyshevsky adalongosola masomphenya ake pakadali pano komanso mtsogolo mwa Russia ngati maloto a atsikana, panthawi yakudzuka kwamisonkhano yotsogola komanso yemwe amamvetsetsa malingaliro a amuna osiyanasiyana.
Kufotokozera kwamaloto mu "Zoyenera kuchita?" anathandiza N.G. Chernyshevsky kudutsa zopinga zoletsa
2. Viktor Pelevin alinso ndi maloto ake a Vera Pavlovna. Nkhani yake "Maloto Achisanu ndi Chinayi a Vera Pavlovna" idasindikizidwa mu 1991. Chiwembu cha nkhaniyi ndi chosavuta. Vera woyeretsa chimbudzi pagulu amapangira ntchito yake ndi chipinda chomwe amagwiramo. Choyamba, chimbudzi chimasungidwa payekha, kenako chimakhala sitolo, ndipo malipiro a Vera amakula ndikusintha kumeneku. Poganizira momwe amaganizira za heroine, iye, monga ambiri oyeretsa ku Moscow, adalandira maphunziro aukadaulo. Popanga nzeru, amayamba kuzindikira kuti zinthu zina zomwe zili m'sitolo, ndi makasitomala ena ndi zovala zawo, ndizopangidwa mwaluso. Pamapeto pa nkhaniyi, mitsinje ya izi imamira ku Moscow ndi padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo Vera Pavlovna akudzuka kukumva monyinyirika kwa mwamuna wake kuti iye ndi mwana wake wamkazi apita ku Ryazan kwa masiku angapo.
3. Ryunosuke Akutagawa mu 1927 adasindikiza nkhani ndi mutu wanzeru "Loto". Ngwazi yake, wojambula waku Japan, ajambula chithunzi kuchokera pachitsanzo. Amangokhala ndi chidwi ndi ndalama zomwe alandire gawoli. Sachita chidwi ndi zojambula zaluso za waluso. Zofuna za wojambulayo zimamukwiyitsa - adafunafuna ojambula ambiri, ndipo palibe amene adayesa kulowa mumtima mwake. Mofananamo, kusasangalala kwa mtunduwo kumakwiyitsa wojambulayo. Tsiku lina iye akutulutsa mtunduwo mu situdiyo, ndikuwona maloto omwe amamupha mtsikanayo. Chitsanzocho chimasowa, ndipo wojambula amayamba kuvutika ndi chikumbumtima. Satha kumvetsetsa ngati adamupha msungwana m'maloto kapena zenizeni. Funsoli lathetsedweratu pamalingaliro azungu zakumadzulo kwazaka makumi awiri - wojambulayo amalemba zoyipa zake pasadakhale kuti azitsatira maloto ndi kumasulira kwake - sakudziwa ngati adachitadi izi kapena izi, kapena m'maloto.
Ryunosuke Akutagawa adawonetsa kuti mutha kusakaniza maloto ndi zenizeni pazolinga zadyera
4. Loto la wapampando wa komiti yazanyumba Nikanor Ivanovich Bosoy mwina adalowetsedwa m'buku la Mikhail Bulgakov la The Master ndi Margarita kuti asangalatse owerenga. Mulimonsemo, pamene Soviet idafufuza kuchokera ku The Master ndi Margarita mawonekedwe oseketsa pofunsa mwaluso za ogulitsa ndalama, kupezeka kwake sikudakhudze ntchitoyi. Kumbali inayi, chithunzi ichi chokhala ndi mawu osakhoza kufa akuti palibe amene adzaponyedwe $ 400, chifukwa palibe zitsiru zotere m'chilengedwe, ndichitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha sewero loseketsa. Chofunika kwambiri pa bukuli ndi loto la Pontiyo Pilato usiku wotsatira kuphedwa kwa Yeshua. Bwanamkubwa analota kuti kunalibe kuphedwa.Iye ndi Ha-Notsri anayenda mumsewu wolowera kumwezi ndikukangana. Pilato adanena kuti sanali wamantha, koma kuti sangasokoneze ntchito yake chifukwa cha Yeshua, yemwe adachita mlandu. Malotowo amathera ndi ulosi wa Yeshua kuti tsopano adzakhala nthawi zonse pokumbukira anthu. Margarita akuwonanso maloto ake. Master atatengeredwa kumalo amisala, amawona malo opanda pake, opanda moyo komanso nyumba yazipika yomwe Master amachokera. Margarita akuzindikira kuti posachedwa adzakumana ndi wokondedwa wake mu dziko lino kapena mtsogolo. Nikanor Ivanovich
5. Ngwazi za ntchito za Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky zimalota kwambiri komanso mwabwino. Mmodzi mwa otsutsawo adatinso m'mabuku onse aku Europe palibe wolemba yemwe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito tulo ngati njira yofotokozera. Mndandanda wa ntchito zolembedwa ndi anthu wamba achi Russia umaphatikizapo "Momwe Zili Zowopsa Kuzilakalaka Zotchuka", "Maloto Amalume" ndi "Maloto A Munthu Woseketsa." Mutu wa buku loti "Upandu ndi Chilango" mulibe mawu oti "kugona", koma wamkulu wake, Rodion Raskolnikov, ali ndi maloto asanu akuchita. Mitu yawo ndiyosiyanasiyana, koma masomphenya onse opha mayi wachikulire amabwereka zaupandu wake. Kumayambiriro kwa bukuli, Raskolnikov amazengereza m'maloto, ndiye, atapha, amawopa kuwonekera, ndipo atatumizidwa kuntchito yovuta, amalapa moona mtima.
Maloto oyamba a Rasklnikov. Malingana ngati pali chisoni mumtima mwake
6. M'mabuku aliwonse a "Potterian" J.K Rowling ali ndi maloto osachepera amodzi, zomwe sizosadabwitsa pamabuku amtunduwu. Amalota kwambiri za Harry, ndipo palibe chilichonse chabwino kapena kusalowerera ndale chomwe chimachitika mwa iwo - zowawa ndi mavuto. Chochititsa chidwi ndi loto lochokera m'buku "Harry Potter ndi Chamber of Secrets." M'menemo, Harry amathera ku zoo ngati chitsanzo cha wamatsenga aang'ono - monga momwe zalembedwera pa mbale yopachikidwa pa khola lake. Harry ali ndi njala, amagona pa kamtengo kochepa, koma abwenzi ake samamuthandiza. Ndipo Dudley akayamba kugunda khola ndi ndodo kuti asangalale, Harry akufuula kuti akufunadi kugona.
7. Ponena za loto la Tatiana mu "Eugene Onegin" wa Pushkin mwina mamiliyoni a mawu adalembedwa, ngakhale wolemba yekha adadzipereka pafupifupi mizere zana kwa ilo. Tiyenera kupereka msonkho kwa Tatyana: m'maloto adawona buku. Makamaka, theka la bukuli. Kupatula apo, maloto ndikulosera zomwe zichitike kwa otchulidwa mu Eugene Onegin kupitilira apo (malotowo ali pafupifupi pakati pa bukuli). M'maloto, Lensky adaphedwa, ndipo Onegin adalumikizana ndi mizimu yoyipa (kapena ngakhale kumulamula) ndipo, pamapeto pake, adatha moipa. Tatiana, mbali inayi, amathandizidwa mosavomerezeka ndi chimbalangondo china - chisonyezero cha mwamuna wake wamtsogolo. Koma kuti timvetse kuti maloto a Tatiana anali aulosi, munthu amangomaliza kuwerenga bukuli. Mphindi yosangalatsa - pomwe chimbalangondo chidabweretsa Tatyana kukanyumba, momwe Onegin anali kuchita phwando ndi mizimu yoyipa: galu wokhala ndi nyanga, bambo wokhala ndi mutu wa tambala, mfiti yokhala ndi ndevu za mbuzi, ndi zina zambiri, Tatyana adamva kufuula ndikulira kwa galasi "ngati pamaliro akulu". Pamaliro ndi zikumbutso zomwe zimachitika pambuyo pake, monga mukudziwa, magalasi samafanana - sizolowera kuwanyamulira magalasi. Komabe, Pushkin anagwiritsa ntchito kufanizira koteroko.
8. M'nkhaniyi "Mwana wamkazi wa Kaputeni", nkhani yomwe ili ndi maloto a Petrusha Grinev ndi imodzi mwamphamvu kwambiri pantchito yonseyi. Maloto opanda nzeru - mnyamatayo adabwera kunyumba, akumutsogolera kukamwalira kwa abambo ake, koma kwa iye sikuli bambo ake, koma munthu wamisala yemwe amafuna kuti Grinev alandire madalitso ake. Grinev akukana. Ndiye mwamunayo (akuganiza kuti Emelyan Pugachev) amayamba kumanja ndi kumanzere kudula aliyense m'chipindacho ndi nkhwangwa. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, munthu woopsayo akupitirizabe kulankhula ndi Petrusha ndi mawu achikondi. Wowerenga wamakono, yemwe wawonapo kanema wowopsa, akuwoneka kuti alibe choopa. Koma A. Pushkin adatha kufotokoza izi mwanjira yoti zotumphukira zimatsikira pakhungu.
9. Wolemba waku Germany Kerstin Geer wapanga trilogy yathunthu "Dream Diaries" pamaloto a mtsikana wachinyamata wotchedwa Liv Zilber. Kuphatikiza apo, maloto a Liv ndiopepuka, amamvetsetsa zomwe maloto onse amatanthauza ndipo amalumikizana m'maloto ndi ngwazi zina.
10. M'buku la Leo Tolstoy Anna Karenina, wolemba mwaluso adagwiritsa ntchito njira yolozera kufotokozera maloto m'nkhaniyo. Anna ndi Vronsky pafupifupi nthawi imodzi amalota za munthu wosokonezeka, wamng'ono. Kuphatikiza apo, Anna amamuwona kuchipinda chake, ndipo Vronsky nthawi zambiri samamveka kuti. Ngwazi zimamva kuti palibe chabwino chomwe chiziyembekezera atakumana ndi mwamunayo. Maloto amafotokozedwa mosiyanasiyana, ndi zikwapu zochepa chabe. Zambiri, chipinda chogona cha Anna chokha, chikwama momwe munthu amapundula chitsulo, ndikung'ung'udza (mu French!), Chomwe chimatanthauziridwa ngati kuneneratu zakufa kwa Anna pobereka. Malongosoledwe osamveka bwino amenewa amasiya kutanthauzira kwakukulu. Ndipo zokumbukira zokumana koyamba kwa Anna ndi Vronsky, pomwe munthu adamwalira pasiteshoni. Ndipo kuneneratu zaimfa ya Anna pansi pa sitimayo, ngakhale sakudziwa za izi mwina atulo kapena mzimu. Ndi kuti mwamunayo samatanthauza kubadwa kwa Anna iyemwini (ali ndi pakati chabe), koma mzimu wake watsopano asanamwalire. Ndipo imfa ya chikondi chachikulu cha Anna kwa Vronsky ... Mwa njira, bambo yemweyo amawoneka kangapo, monga akunenera, mu "moyo weniweni". Anna amamuwona tsiku lomwe adakumana ndi Vronsky, kawiri paulendo wopita ku St. Petersburg ndipo katatu patsiku lomwe adadzipha. Vladimir Nabokov nthawi zambiri amaganiza kuti mlimiyu ndi thupi la tchimo la Anna: zonyansa, zoyipa, zosalemba, komanso anthu "oyera" sanamuzindikire. M'bukuli mulinso maloto ena, omwe amamvetsera pafupipafupi, ngakhale samawoneka ngati achilengedwe, amakopeka. Anna akulota kuti mwamuna wake ndi Vronsky azimusisita nthawi yomweyo. Tanthauzo la tulo limamveka bwino ngati madzi a kasupe. Koma pofika nthawi yomwe Karenina awona malotowa, samakhalanso ndi malingaliro okhudzana ndi malingaliro ake, kapena momwe akumvera amuna ake, kapena ngakhale tsogolo lake.
11. Mwachidule (mizere 20) ndakatulo ya Mikhail Lermontov "Maloto" ngakhale maloto awiri oyenera. M'mbuyomu, ngwazi yoimba, akufa chifukwa chovulala, amawona "mbali yakunyumba" momwe atsikana amadyerera. Mmodzi wa iwo amagona ndikuwona m'maloto ngwazi yakufa yakufa.
12. The heroine of the novel by Margaret Mitchell "Gone with the Wind" Scarlett anali ndi imodzi, koma amalota mobwerezabwereza. Mmenemo, wazunguliridwa ndi chifunga chowoneka bwino. Scarlett akudziwa kuti kwinakwake pafupi kwambiri ndi chifunga ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kwa iye, koma sakudziwa kuti ndi chiyani komanso kuli kuti. Chifukwa chake amathamangira mbali zosiyanasiyana, koma kulikonse amapeza chifunga. Zowopsya, makamaka, zidayambitsidwa ndi kukhumudwa kwa Scarlett - adasamalira ana angapo, ovulala ndi odwala opanda chakudya, mankhwala kapena ndalama. Patapita nthawi, vutoli linathetsedwa, koma zoopsa sizinasiye khalidwe lalikulu la bukuli.
13. Protagonist wa buku la Ivan Goncharov "Oblomov" amawona moyo wake wopanda nkhawa ali mwana. Ndichizolowezi kuchitira maloto omwe Oblomov amawona moyo wamtendere, wamtendere komanso wamwini, mwana wamwamuna, yemwe aliyense amamusamalira ndikumulowetsa munjira iliyonse. Monga, Oblomovites amagona pambuyo pa nkhomaliro, zingatheke bwanji. Kapenanso amayi a Ilya samulola kuti apite padzuwa, kenako nkumati mwina sizingakhale bwino mumthunzi. Ndipo amafunanso kuti tsiku lililonse likhale ngati dzulo - osafuna kusintha! Goncharov, pofotokoza Oblomovka, kumene, mwadala mokokomeza kwambiri. Koma, monga wolemba wamkulu aliyense, sakuwongolera kwathunthu mawu ake. M'mabuku achi Russia, izi zidayamba ndi Pushkin - adadandaula m'kalata kuti Tatyana ku Eugene Onegin "adathawa nthabwala yankhanza" - adakwatirana. Kotero Goncharov, pofotokoza za moyo wakumudzi, nthawi zambiri amagwera khumi. Maloto omwewo masana a alimi akuwonetsa kuti akukhala moyo wabwino. Kupatula apo, moyo wa mlimi aliyense waku Russia unali wadzidzidzi yosatha. Kufesa, kukolola, kukonza udzu, nkhuni, nsapato zomwezo, ma peyala angapo pa chilichonse, kenako kuwongola - palibe nthawi yogona, kupatula mdziko lotsatira. Oblomov idasindikizidwa mu 1859, pomwe kusintha kwamtundu wa "kumasulidwa" kwa anthu wamba kunali mlengalenga. Kuyeserera kwawonetsa kuti kusinthaku kudangokhala koyipitsitsa. Kunapezeka kuti "ngati dzulo" si njira yoyipitsitsa konse.
14. Heroine wa nkhani ya Nikolai Leskov "Lady Macbeth wa Mtsensk District" Katerina adalandira chenjezo losavuta m'maloto ake - amayenera kuyankha mlandu womwe adachita. Katherine, yemwe adayipitsa apongozi ake kuti abise chigololo, mphaka adawonekera m'maloto. Komanso, mutu wa paka anali wochokera kwa Boris Timofeevich, wothira poizoni ndi Katerina. Mphaka adayendetsa bedi pomwe Katerina ndi wokondedwa wake adagona ndikudzudzula mayiyu mlandu. Katerina sanamvere chenjezo. Chifukwa cha wokonda komanso cholowa, adamupatsa poizoni mwamuna wake ndikumupha mwana wamwamuna wamwamuna wa mwamuna wake - anali wolowa m'malo yekhayo. Zolakwazo zidathetsedwa, Katerina ndi wokondedwa wake Stepan adalandila moyo wawo wonse. Popita ku Siberia, wokondedwa wake adamusiya. Katerina adamira, ndikudziponya m'madzi kuchokera mbali yamoto pamodzi ndi mnzake.
Chikondi cha Katerina kwa Stepan chidapangitsa kuti aphedwe katatu. Fanizo la B. Kustodiev
15. M'nkhani ya Ivan Turgenev "Nyimbo ya Chikondi Chopambana", ngwazi zamalotozo zidakwanitsa kutenga mwana. "Nyimbo Ya Chikondi Chopambana" ndi nyimbo yomwe Muzio adabweretsa kuchokera Kummawa. Anapita kumeneko atataya kwa Fabius nkhondo yamtima wa Valeria wokongola. Fabio ndi Valeria anali osangalala, koma analibe ana. Atabwerera Muzio adapatsa Valeria mkanda ndipo adasewera "Nyimbo ya Chikondi Chopambana". Valeria adalota kuti ndikulota adalowa mchipinda chokongola, ndipo Muzio akuyenda kupita kwa iye. Milomo yake idawotcha Valeria, etc. M'mawa mwake kunapezeka kuti Muzia adalotanso chimodzimodzi. Anamulodza mkaziyo, koma Fabius adachotsa matsengawo pomupha Mucius. Ndipo patapita kanthawi, Valeria adasewera "Nyimbo ..." pa limba, adamva moyo watsopano mwa iye yekha.
