Poyang'ana mizinda yambiri yaku Europe, Odessa amawoneka ngati wachinyamata - ali ndi zaka zopitilira 200 zokha. Koma panthawiyi, mudzi wawung'ono pagombe lina la Nyanja Yakuda udasandulika mzinda wokhala ndi anthu miliyoni, doko lalikulu komanso likulu la mafakitale.
Kukondera pamalonda, komwe kumachitika m'mizinda yonse yamadoko, ku Odessa, chifukwa cha kayendetsedwe kazamalonda ndi Pale of Settlement m'zaka za zana la 19, adapeza hypertrophied sikelo ndikukopa mtundu wa anthu. M'chigawo cha Black Sea, paliponse paliponse zokongola, koma Odessa ndiwosiyana kwambiri ndi mbiri yazosiyanazi. M'malo mwake, mzindawu wakhazikitsa mitundu yawo, yosiyanitsidwa ndi malingaliro, machitidwe ndi chilankhulo.
Kudzera mwa kuyesera kwa mibadwo ingapo ya olemba, oseketsa komanso ojambula pamalopo, Odessa akuwoneka kuti ndi mzinda wopepuka, omwe nzika zawo zimangobadwa kuti zitheke kapena kuchita nawo malonda a Privoz, kubwera ndi mbiri yatsopano kapena kukhala ngwazi yake, kuusa moyo pachisangalalo cha doko la Franco ndikudziyesa kuti wakwiyira kupusa kwa omwe akupanga tchuthi. Zonsezi zimachitika pogwiritsa ntchito zilankhulo zosakanikirana ndi mawu ena achiheberi.
Moldavanka ndi amodzi mwa zigawo zokongola kwambiri ku Odessa
Mlanduwo, mwina, wapadera m'mbiri yapadziko lonse lapansi: nzika zodziwika bwino za mzindawu, kuyambira, mwina, ndi Isaac Babel, adachita zonse kufotokoza Odessa ngati mzinda wokhala ndi zisangalalo zosiyanasiyana zosangalatsa (palinso gawo la "wachisoni wachisoni") ndi akuba amtundu wankhanza wosiyanasiyana ndi mphamvu. Ndi mayanjano omwe ali ndi mawu oti "Odessa" kale munthawi zamakono? Zhvanetsky, Kartsev, "Chiwonetsero cha Masks". Monga kuti kunalibe Suvorov, De Ribasov, Richelieu, Vorontsov, Witte, Stroganov, Pushkin, Akhmatova, Inber, Korolev, Mendeleev, Mechnikov, Filatov, Dovzhenko, Carmen, Marinesko, Obodzinsky ndi mazana ena, anthu odziwika omwe adabadwa ndi yemwe amakhala ku Odessa.
Ziwerengero za makanema ayesanso. Odessa sichitha pazowonekera, ngati malo owoneka bwino m'matchulidwe ambiri okhudza achifwamba, akuba ndi achifwamba. Nkhani yokonzedwa bwino yomwe Odessa yozunguliridwa adagwira masiku 73, kuposa France yense, ilibe chidwi ndi aliyense. Koma onse aku France adasaina kudzipereka konyansa, ndipo Odessa sanadzipereke. Omutsutsa adasamutsidwa kupita ku Crimea. Otsatirawo adatuluka mumzinda usiku wamdima, akudzitsogolera m'njira zomwe zadzazidwa ndi choko. M'malo mwake, omaliza - omenya omaliza adakhalabe m'malo awo, kutengera kukhalapo kwa asitikali. Tsoka, pachikhalidwe chodziwika, amayi a Odessa adagonjetsa Odessa-ngwazi yamzinda. Tinayesera kusonkhanitsa zina zosangalatsa ndi nkhani za Odessa, kuwonetsa mbiriyakale yamzindawu kuchokera pakupanga zinthu.
1. Ophthalmologist wamkulu, wamaphunziro Vladimir Filatov adabadwira m'chigawo cha Penza ku Russia, koma mbiri yake ngati dokotala komanso wasayansi imagwirizana kwambiri ndi Odessa. Atamaliza maphunziro ake ku University of Moscow, adasamukira ku likulu lakumwera. Kugwira ntchito pachipatala ku yunivesite ya Novorossiysk, adakonzekera mwachangu ndikuteteza zikuluzikulu (masamba oposa 400). Kwa nthawi yaitali, wasayansi ntchito pa mavuto a keratoplasty - kumuika diso la diso. Ali m'njira, Filatov adapanga njira zosiyanasiyana zochiritsira. Kupambana kwakukulu kudadza kwa iye mu 1931, pomwe adakwanitsa kuyika kanyumba ka cadaveric kotetezedwa. Wasayansi sanayime pamenepo. Anapanga ukadaulo wokuika womwe pafupifupi dokotala aliyense wa opaleshoni amatha kuchita. Ku Odessa, adapanga malo opangira ma ambulansi amaso ndi Institute of Diseases Eye. Odwala amabwera kudzawona dokotala wodziwika kuchokera konsekonse mu Soviet Union. Filatov payekha adachita opareshoni masauzande angapo, ndipo mazana mazana masauzande opangira opaleshoni opangidwa ndi ophunzira ake. Ku Odessa, chipilala chimamangidwa polemekeza Vladimir Filatov ndipo khwalala limatchedwa. Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale yakumbukira yatsegulidwa mnyumba ku French Boulevard, komwe V. Filatov amakhala.
V. Filatov Institute ndi chipilala kwa wasayansi wamkulu
2. Chowonadi chakuti Odessa idakhazikitsidwa ndi Joseph De Ribas chimadziwika ngakhale kwa anthu akutali ndi mbiri ya Odessa. Koma m'mbiri yamzindawu panali anthu ena omwe ali ndi dzina lachibalechi - abale a Joseph the founder. Mchimwene wake Felix adagwiranso ntchito yankhondo yaku Russia (mchimwene wake wachitatu, Emmanuel, nawonso adagwirako ntchito, koma adamwalira ku Ishmael). Atapuma pantchito mu 1797, adabwera ku Odessa kumene. Felix De Ribas anali munthu wokangalika kwambiri. Anakwanitsa kubweretsa zombo zamalonda zakunja ku Odessa komwe kunali kosadziwika. A De Ribas achichepere amalimbikitsa nthambi zaulimi zomwe zinali zatsopano ku Russia, monga ulusi wa silika. Nthawi yomweyo, Felix sanasangalale nazo ndipo anali ngati nkhosa yakuda pakati pa akuluakulu nthawiyo. Kuphatikiza apo, adapanga City Garden ndi ndalama zake. Felix de Ribas adatchuka kwambiri pakati pa anthu amatawuni panthawi ya mliri wa mliriwu, akumenya nkhondo modzipereka. Mdzukulu wa Felix Alexander De Ribas adalemba zolemba zotchuka "The Book of" Old Odessa ", yomwe nthawi ya wolemba idatchedwa" The Bible of Odessa ".
Felix De Ribas, monga mchimwene wake, adagwira ntchito zambiri zothandiza Odessa
3. Kuyambira ali ndi zaka 10 woyendetsa ndege woyamba waku Russia Mikhail Efimov amakhala ku Odessa. Pambuyo pa maphunziro ku France ndi Anri Farman, Efimov pa Marichi 21, 1910 kuchokera kumunda wa hippodrome ku Odessa adachita ndege yoyamba ku Russia ndi ndege. Owonerera opitilira 100,000 adamuyang'ana. Ulemerero wa Efimov udafika pachimake pa nthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, yomwe adadutsa ngati woyendetsa ndege, ndikukhala George Knight. Pambuyo pa October Revolution ya 1917, Mikhail Efimov adalumikizana ndi a Bolsheviks. Anatha kupulumuka ku ukapolo waku Germany ndikumangidwa, koma abale ake sanasunge woyendetsa ndege woyamba waku Russia. Mu Ogasiti 1919, Mikhail Efimov adawomberedwa ku Odessa, komwe adathawa koyamba.
Mikhail Efimov pamaso pa imodzi mwamaulendo oyamba apandege
4. Mu 1908, ku Odessa, Valentin Glushko anabadwira m'banja la wantchito. Mbiri yake ikuwonetseratu kufulumira komwe tsogolo la anthu lidasinthirako m'zaka zimenezo (ngati, ndithudi, adatha kupulumuka). M'zaka zoyambirira za 26 za moyo wake, Valentin Glushko adakwanitsa kumaliza sukulu yeniyeni, woyang'anira zovinira mkalasi, sukulu yaukadaulo, kuphunzira ku Physics and Mathematics Faculty ya Leningrad University, kukhala mutu wa dipatimenti ya injini ya Laboratory ya Gas-Dynamic ndipo, pomaliza pake, adatenga mutu wa gululi ku Jet Research Institute. Kuyambira mu 1944, Glushko anatsogolera kapangidwe kaofesi komwe kamapanga injini zama intercontinental kenako rockets. Roketi yotchuka ya R-7, yomwe Yuri Gagarin adapita mlengalenga, ndiye lingaliro la Glushkov Design Bureau. Mwambiri, Soviet, ndipo tsopano Russian, cosmonautics, makamaka, ma roketi omwe adapangidwa motsogozedwa ndi Valentin Glushko, woyamba mu kapangidwe kake, kenako mgulu lazofufuza ndi kupanga la Energiya.
Bust wa wophunzira Glushko pamsewu wotchedwa pambuyo pake ku Odessa
5. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu aku Germany, moŵa ku Odessa poyamba unali wotchuka kwambiri. Pali zidziwitso kuti mowa weniweni wa Odessa udawonekera mu 1802, komabe, ang'onoang'ono, pafupifupi nyumba zofululira kunyumba sakanatha kupikisana ndi mowa womwe umatumizidwa kunja. Mu 1832, wamalonda Koshelev adatsegula kampani yoyamba yamphamvu ku Moldavank. Ndi kutukuka kwa mzindawu, makampani opanga moŵa nawonso adayamba, ndipo pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, opanga osiyanasiyana anali kupanga malita mamiliyoni ambiri a mowa. Wopanga wamkulu anali Austrian Friedrich Jenny, yemwenso anali ndi tcheni wamkulu kwambiri wamzindawo. Komabe, mowa wa Enny sunali wokhayokha. Zogulitsa za South Russian Joint Stock Company of Breweries, Kemp Brewery ndi opanga ena adapikisana naye bwino. Ndizosangalatsa kuti ndi mitundu yonse ya opanga ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mowa, pafupifupi mipukutu yonse ya mowa ku Odessa idakutidwa ndi zisoti zopangidwa ndi Issak Levenzon, yemwenso anali msungichuma wamkulu wa sunagoge.
6. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri Odessa anali likulu la imodzi mwamakampani akuluakulu otumiza padziko lapansi. Makamaka, sitima yayikulu kwambiri ku Europe ndipo yachiwiri malinga ndi matani padziko lapansi. Pokhala ndi matani 5 miliyoni owopsa, Black Sea Shipping Company ikadakhalabe imodzi mwamakampani khumi akuluakulu otumiza zombo m'zaka 30, ngakhale poganizira kuti mzaka zaposachedwa zidebe ndi zonyamula matanki zachulukitsa kwambiri kusamuka kwa zombo zamalonda. Mwina kugwa kwa Black Sea Shipping Company tsiku lina kudzaphatikizidwa m'mabuku monga chitsanzo chabizinesi yoyipa. Kampani yayikuluyo idawonongedwa panthawi yomwe kutumizidwa kuchokera ku Ukraine kumene kudangodziyimira pawokha kunali kukulirakulira. Poona zikalatazo, mayendedwe anyanja mwadzidzidzi adakhala osapindulitsa Ukraine. Pofuna kubweza zotayika izi, zombo zimabwereketsedwa kumakampani akunyanja. Awo, kuweruza malinga ndi zikalatazo, adadzetsanso zotayika. Sitima zinagwidwa m'madoko ndikugulitsidwa ndalama. Kwa zaka 4, kuyambira 1991 mpaka 1994, zombo zazikulu 300 zidasiya kukhalapo.
7. Pa Januwale 30, 1945, sitima yapamadzi yaku Soviet Union S-13, motsogozedwa ndi Lieutenant Commander Alexander Marinesko, adaukira ndikumira chimodzi mwazizindikiro zankhondo yaku Germany, chombo cha Wilhelm Gustloff. Imeneyi inali sitima yayikulu kwambiri yomizidwa ndi oyendetsa sitima zapamadzi aku Soviet Union panthawi ya Great Patriotic War. Woyendetsa sitima zapamadzi, wobadwira ku Odessa Marinesko, adapatsidwa ulemu wa Hero of the Soviet Union. Marinesco anali m'modzi mwa anthu omwe amati "adasilira za nyanja". Popanda kumaliza sukulu ya zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, adayamba kuphunzira ntchito yapamadzi ndipo adayamba moyo wam'madzi waulere. Komabe, ngati zonse zinali bwino ndi moyo wapanyanja ku Soviet Union, ndiye kuti panali zovuta zina ndi ufulu. Ali ndi zaka 17, mu 1930, Alexander adakakamizidwa kuti amalize maphunziro ake ku sukulu yaukadaulo. Kumapeto kwa sukulu yaukadaulo, mnyamatayo wazaka 20 adalimbikitsidwa natumizidwa ku maphunziro apanyanja apamadzi. Pambuyo pawo, Alexander Marinesko, yemwe adalota zaulendo wautali pa zombo zamalonda, adakhala wamkulu wa sitima yapamadzi. Iyi inali nthawi - mwana wa IV Stalin, Yakov Dzhugashvili, analotanso zomanga misewu, koma amayenera kupita kumalo omenyera nkhondo. Marinesko anapita ku sitima yapamadzi, komwe adapatsidwa ma Orders awiri a Red Star ndi Order of Lenin (adalandira mutu wa Hero of the Soviet Union atamwalira mu 1990). Ku Odessa, sukulu yochokera kumayiko ena komanso sukulu yamayendedwe apamadzi idatchedwa ndi sitima yapamadzi yodziwika bwino. Kumayambiriro kwa Kutsika kwa Marinesko pali chipilala cha ngwazi. Zikwangwani za Chikumbutso zidakhazikitsidwa pasukulu yomwe amaphunzirira komanso m'nyumba yomwe ili mumsewu wa Sofievskaya, komwe Marinesko adakhala zaka 14.
Chikumbutso cha Alexander Marinesco
8. Galimoto yoyamba idawonekera m'misewu ya Odessa mu 1891. Ku St. Petersburg, izi zidachitika patatha zaka zinayi, ndipo ku Moscow, zaka eyiti pambuyo pake. Atasokonezeka, akuluakulu aboma adazindikira zabwino zoyendera zatsopanozi. Kale mu 1904, eni magalimoto 47 adalipira msonkho wamagalimoto awo - ma ruble atatu pa injini iliyonse yamahatchi. Ndiyenera kunena, olamulira anali ndi chikumbumtima. Mphamvu zamagalimoto zidakulirakulira mosalekeza, koma misonkho idachepetsedwanso. Mu 1912, ruble 1 adalipira aliyense wamahatchi. Mu 1910, kampani yoyamba yamatekisi idayamba kugwira ntchito ku Odessa, ikunyamula okwera ma 8 American "Humbers" ndi 2 "Fiats". Kuthamanga kwakilomita imodzi kumawononga ma kopecks 30, pakuyenda mphindi 4 - ma kopecks 10. Nthawiyi inali yaubusa kwambiri kotero kuti adalemba mwachindunji kutsatsa: inde, chisangalalo ndichokwera mtengo kwambiri pakadali pano. Mu 1911 bungwe la Odessa Automobile linakhazikitsidwa. Patadutsa zaka ziwiri, oyendetsa galimoto ku Odessa adadziwika kuti panthawi yopanga zachifundo zokonzedwa ndi mlongo wa Prime Minister Sergei Witte Yulia adasonkhanitsa ma ruble 30,000 kuti amenye chifuwa chachikulu. Ndi ndalamazi, chipatala choyera cha White Flower chidatsegulidwa.
Imodzi mwa magalimoto oyamba ku Odessa
9. Pharmacy yoyamba idatsegulidwa ku Odessa patatha zaka ziwiri mzindawu udakhazikitsidwa. Patadutsa theka, ma pharmacy 16 ankagwira ntchito mumzindawu, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri - ma pharmacies 50 ndi malo ogulitsa ma pharmacy 150 (pafupifupi analogue ya mankhwala aku America, ambiri mwa iwo sanali kugulitsa mankhwala, koma malonda ang'onoang'ono). Amasitolo nthawi zambiri ankatchulidwa mayina a eni ake. Ma pharmacies ena adatchulidwa ndi misewu yomwe anali. Chifukwa chake, panali "Deribasovskaya", "Sofiyskaya" ndi "Yamskaya" pharmacies.
10. Ngakhale kuti mbiri ya ma cognac a Shustov idayamba osati ku Odessa, koma ku Armenia, inali kugula kwa "N. Shustov ndi ana ake aamuna ”a malo ogulitsa ndi kupanga a" Partnership of the Black Sea Winemaking ku Odessa ". Cognac "Shustov" mu 1913 idalengezedwa chimodzimodzi ndi vodka zaka 20 m'mbuyomu. Mwaulemu achichepere achichepere m'malesitilanti adapempha kuti kogogoda wa Shustov aperekedwe ndikuwonetsa kusokonezeka kwakanthawi pomwe kulibe. Zowona, ngati ophunzira omwe adalengeza za vodka ya Shustov nthawi yomweyo ayambitsa mkangano, omwe amafalitsa mabizinesi otsatsa malonda amangodzipereka pakupereka khadi yabizinesi yokhala ndi adilesi ya wogulitsa.
11. Ntchito yabwino kwambiri ya woyimba zeze, mphunzitsi komanso wochititsa David Oistrakh adayamba ku Odessa. Oistrakh adabadwa ku likulu lakumwera mu 1908 m'banja lamalonda. Anayamba kusewera vayolini ali ndi zaka 5 motsogozedwa ndi mphunzitsi wotchuka Pyotr Stolyarevsky, yemwe pambuyo pake adakonza sukulu yapadera yopanga nyimbo kwa oyimba zeze aluso. Ali ndi zaka 18, Oistrakh anamaliza maphunziro awo ku Odessa Institute of Music and Drama ndikuyamba ntchito yake yoyimba. Chaka chotsatira, adachita ku Kiev, kenako adasamukira ku Moscow. Oistrakh anakhala woimba wotchuka padziko lonse, koma sanaiwale kwawo ndi aphunzitsi. Pamodzi ndi Stolyarevskogo iwo anabweretsa angapo oyimba bwino. Paulendo wake uliwonse ku Odessa, Oistrakh, yemwe ndandanda yake idapangidwa kwa zaka zikubwerazi, adapereka konsati ndikulankhula ndi oimba achichepere. Pachikuto pomwe woimbayo adabadwa chikwangwani chachikumbutso (I. Bunin Street, 24).
David Oistrakh pa siteji
12. Marshal waku Soviet Union a Rodion Malinovsky, omwe adabadwira ku Odessa, adali ndi mwayi womusiya kangapo ndikubwerera kwawo. Bambo wa mtsogoleri wamtsogolo anamwalira asanabadwe, ndipo amayi ake, omwe anakwatira, anamutengera mwanayo kudera la Podolsk. Komabe, Rodion mwina anathawa kumeneko, kapena anali mu nkhondo ndi bambo ake opeza kuti anatumizidwa ku Odessa kwa azakhali ake. Malinovsky anayamba kugwira ntchito mu shopu wamalonda ngati mnyamata, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti aziwerenga (wamalonda amene Malinovsky ankagwira ntchito anali ndi laibulale yaikulu) ndipo amaphunzira Chifalansa. Ndi nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse lapansi, Rodion adathawira kutsogolo, komwe adakhala nkhondo yonse, ndipo theka lachiwiri m'magulu aku Russia ku France. Kumapeto kwa nkhondo, Malinovsky adatsata njira yankhondo, ndipo pofika 1941 anali kale wamkulu wamkulu, wamkulu wama Corps m'boma lankhondo la Odessa. M'chaka chomwecho, pamodzi ndi Red Army, adachoka ku Odessa, koma adabweranso kuti adzawamasule mu 1944. Mu mzinda wa Malinovsky, chinthu choyamba chomwe adachita ndikupeza mwamuna wa azakhali ake, omwe sanazindikire wamkuluyo. Rodion Yakovlevich anakwera paudindo wamkulu ndi udindo wa nduna ya chitetezo, koma sanaiwale Odessa. Nthawi yomaliza yomwe amakhala kumudzi kwawo inali mu 1966 ndipo adawonetsa banjali nyumba yomwe amakhala komanso komwe amagwirako ntchito. Ku Odessa, kukhazikitsidwa kwa ma marshal, polemekeza R. Ya Malinovsky umodzi mwamisewu yamzindawu udatchedwa.
Kutentha kwa Marshal Malinovsky ku Odessa
