Marat Akhtyamov
Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin (1932 - 1898) ndiye nyenyezi yowala kwambiri mumlalang'amba wa masters aku Russia. Palibe amene adawonetsa luso lakusonyeza chikhalidwe cha Russia. Ntchito zake zonse zinali pansi pa lingaliro lowonetsa kukongola kwa chilengedwe molondola momwe zingathere.
Ntchito mazana ambiri zidatuluka pansi pa burashi, pensulo ndi chodulira cha Shishkin. Pali zojambula mazana angapo zokha. Nthawi yomweyo, ndizovuta kwambiri kuzisanja nthawi yolemba kapena mwaluso. Zachidziwikire, ali ndi zaka 60, adalemba utoto wosiyana ndi wa 20. Koma palibe kusiyana kwakukulu pamitu, magwiridwe antchito kapena mapangidwe amitundu pakati pazithunzi za Shishkin.
Kufanana kotere, kuphatikiza ndi kuphweka kwina, kunasewera nthabwala yankhanza ndi cholowa cha Shishkin. Anthu ambiri omwe amachita nawo kujambula, kudziwa za utoto, kapena zazidziwitso pazojambula, talingalirani za utoto wa I.I.Shishkin wosavuta, ngakhale wakale. Izi zikuwoneka ngati zosavuta kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi otsatsa, ziribe kanthu momwe amatchulidwira ku Russia pakusintha kwa ndale. Zotsatira zake, nthawi ina Shishkin amatha kuwona paliponse: pazinthu zoberekera, zoponda, maswiti, ndi zina zambiri.
M'malo mwake, ntchito ya Ivan Shishkin ndiyosiyanasiyana komanso yazinthu zambiri. Mukungoyenera kuwona izi zosiyanasiyana. Koma chifukwa cha izi muyenera kudziwa chilankhulo chojambula, zochitika zazikulu kuchokera mu mbiri ya waluso ndikukwanitsa kuyesetsa kuti mumvetsetse.
1. Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin anabadwira ku Elabuga (tsopano ku Tatarstan). Abambo ake a Ivan Vasilievich Shishkin anali amuna aluso, koma osasangalala kwenikweni mu bizinesi. Atalandira udindo wa wamalonda wa gulu lachiwiri, adachita malonda osachita bwino mwakuti adayamba kulembetsa gulu lachitatu, kenako nkusiyiratu kwa amalonda apakati. Koma ku Elabuga anali ndiudindo waukulu ngati wasayansi. Anamanga njira yopezera madzi mumzinda, zomwe panthawiyo zinali zosowa m'mizinda ikuluikulu. Ivan Vasilievich ankadziwa za mphero ndipo ngakhale analemba buku la zomangamanga. Kuphatikiza apo, Shishkin Sr. amakonda mbiri yakale komanso zakale. Adatsegula malo akale amanda a Ananyinsky pafupi ndi Yelabuga, pomwe adasankhidwa kukhala membala wa Moscow Archaeological Society. Kwa zaka zingapo, meya wa boma anali Ivan Vasilievich.
Ivan Vasilievich Shishkin
2. Kujambula kunali kosavuta kwa Ivan ndipo adatenga pafupifupi nthawi yonse yopuma. Ataphunzira kwa zaka zinayi ku Gymnasium Yoyamba ya Kazan, imodzi mwabwino kwambiri mdziko muno, adakana kupitiliza maphunziro ake. Komanso sankafuna kukhala wamalonda kapena wantchito. Kwa zaka zinayi, banja limamenyera tsogolo la mwana wamwamuna wotsiriza, yemwe amafuna kuphunzira zojambula ("kukhala wopenta" malinga ndi amayi ake). Ndi zaka 20 zokha pomwe makolo ake adavomera kuti amulole kupita ku Moscow School of Painting and Sculpture.
Kudzijambula paunyamata wake
3. Ngakhale panali mayankho osavomerezeka pazandale komanso zikhalidwe ku Russia mkatikati mwa zaka za zana la 19, machitidwe aku Moscow School of Painting and Sculpture anali omasuka kwathunthu Sukulu iyi inali fanizo lofananira ndi masukulu ophunzitsira aku Soviet - omaliza maphunziro abwino kwambiri adapitiliza kukaphunzira ku Academy of Arts, ena onse amatha kugwira ntchito ngati aphunzitsi kujambula. Mwakutero, adafuna chinthu chimodzi kuchokera kwa ophunzira - kuti agwire ntchito zambiri. Wachinyamata Shishkin adangofunika. Mnzake m'makalata adamuimba mlandu modekha, ponena kuti Sokolniki anali atasinthiratu zonse. Inde, m'masiku amenewo Sokolniki ndi Sviblovo anali maloto, pomwe ojambula malo amajambula.
Ntchito yomanga ku Moscow School of Painting and Sculpture
4. Kusukulu, Shishkin adapanga ma etchings ake oyamba. Sanasiye zithunzi ndi zolemba. Pamaziko a msonkhano wawung'ono wa Artists 'Artel mu 1871, Society of Russian Aquafortists idapangidwa. Shishkin anali m'modzi mwa oyamba ku Russia omwe adayamba kujambula zojambula ngati mtundu wina wa utoto. Kuyesera koyambirira kwa akalambula kunafufuzanso kuthekera kofanizira zojambula zopangidwa kale. Komano Shishkin, adayesetsa kuti apange zojambula zoyambirira. Iye adafalitsa ma albino asanu azithunzithunzi ndipo adakhala wolemba bwino kwambiri ku Russia.
Chosema "Mitambo pa Grove"
5. Kuyambira ali mwana, Ivan Ivanovich adatembenukira mopweteketsa mtima pakuwunika kwakunja kwa ntchito zake. Komabe, nzosadabwitsa - banja, chifukwa cholephera kwawo, adamuthandiza pang'ono, chifukwa chazithunzi za ojambula, kuyambira pomwe adachoka kupita ku Moscow, zidadalira kupambana kwake. Pambuyo pake, atakula, adzakwiya moona mtima pomwe Academy, itayamikira imodzi mwa ntchito zake, idamupatsa chilolezo, m'malo mongomupatsa udindo wa profesa. Lamuloli linali lolemekezeka, koma silinapereke chilichonse mwakuthupi. Ku tsarist Russia, ngakhale asitikali ankhondo adagula mphotho pawokha. Ndipo mutu wa profesa adapereka ndalama zokhazikika.
6. Atalowa ku Academy of Arts, Shishkin adakhala nyengo zingapo zamaphunziro mchilimwe - monga Academy idatchulira zomwe pambuyo pake zimadziwika kuti zamakampani - zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pa Valaam. Chikhalidwe cha chilumbacho, chomwe chili kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Ladoga, chidasangalatsa wojambulayo. Nthawi iliyonse akachoka kwa Balaamu, anayamba kuganiza zobwerera. Pa Valaam, adaphunzira kupanga zojambula zazikulu, zomwe ngakhale akatswiri nthawi zina amalakwitsa zojambula. Ntchito ya Valaam, Shishkin adapatsidwa mphotho zingapo za Academy, kuphatikiza Mendulo Yaikulu Yagolide yolembedwa kuti "Woyenera".
Chimodzi mwazigawo zochokera kwa Valaam
7. Ivan Ivanovich ankakonda kwawo osati kokha ngati chikhalidwe cha malo. Ndi Mendulo Yaikulu Yagolide, nthawi yomweyo adalandira ufulu wopita kukagwira ntchito zakutchire kwanthawi yayitali. Poganizira zopeza za ojambula, iyi ikhoza kukhala mwayi woyamba komanso womaliza pamoyo. Koma a Shishkin adapempha utsogoleri wa Academy kuti isinthe ulendo wawo wakunja ndi ulendo wopita ku Kama ndi Volga kupita ku Caspian Sea. Sikuti ndi akuluakulu okhawo omwe adadzidzimuka. Ngakhale abwenzi apamtima oyimba adalimbikitsa wojambulayo kuti alowe nawo kuunika kwa ku Europe. Pamapeto pake, Shishkin adataya mtima. Kukula kwake, palibe chilichonse chanzeru chomwe chinabwera paulendowu. Ambuye European sanadabwe iye. Wojambulayo adayesa kujambula nyama ndi zokutira m'mizinda, koma mofunitsitsa kapena mosafuna, adasankha mtundu womwe ungafanane ndi Balamu wokondedwa wake. Chosangalatsa chokha chinali chisangalalo cha anzawo aku Europe komanso chithunzi chojambulidwa molipidwa kale ku St. Petersburg, chosonyeza gulu la ng'ombe m'nkhalango. Shishkin adatcha Paris "Babulo wangwiro", koma sanapite ku Italy: "ndizokoma kwambiri". Ochokera kunja, Shishkin adathawa molawirira, ndikugwiritsa ntchito miyezi yolipira yomaliza kuti akhale ndikugwira ntchito ku Yelabuga.
Gulu lodziwika bwino la ng'ombe
8. Kubwerera ku St. Petersburg kunali kupambana kwa waluso. Pomwe adakhala ku Yelabuga, ntchito zake zaku Europe zidayamba. Pa Seputembara 12, 1865, adakhala wophunzira. Chojambula chake "Onani pafupi ndi Dusseldorf" adafunsidwa kwakanthawi kuchokera kwa mwini wake Nikolai Bykov kuti awonetsedwe ku World Exhibition ku Paris. Kumeneko chinsalu cha Shishkin chidakhala ndi zojambula za Aivazovsky ndi Bogolyubov.
Onani pafupi ndi Dusseldorf
9. A Nikolai Bykov omwe atchulidwawa sanangolipirira pang'ono zaulendo wa Shishkin wopita ku Europe. M'malo mwake, zomwe adakopa mamembala a Sukuluyi zidakhala zofunikira pankhani yoti wojambulayo apatsidwe ulemu wamaphunziro. Atangolandira "View pafupi ndi Dusseldorf" kudzera pamakalata, adathamangira kukawonetsa chithunzicho kwa ojambula odziwika. Ndipo mawu a Bykov anali ndi kulemera kwakukulu pamagulu azaluso. Anamaliza maphunziro awo ku Academy, koma sanalembe chilichonse. Wodziwika kuti ndi chithunzi chake komanso chithunzi cha Zhukovsky cha Karl Bryullov (ndi buku ili lomwe lidaseweredwa mu lottery kuti awombole Taras Shevchenko kuchokera kwa aseri). Koma Bykov anali ndi mphatso ya kuwoneratu zam'mbuyo poyerekeza ndi akatswiri ojambula. Adagula zojambula kuchokera kwa achinyamata a Levitsky, Borovikovsky, Kiprensky, komanso, Shishkin, pomaliza pake adatolera mndandanda waukulu.
Nikolay Bykov
10. M'chilimwe cha 1868, Shishkin, yemwe panthawiyo anali kusamalira wojambula wachichepere Fyodor Vasiliev, adakumana ndi mlongo wake Evgenia Alexandrovna. Kale kugwa, adakwatirana. Banjali limakondana, koma ukwatiwo sunabweretse chimwemwe. Mzere wakuda udayamba mu 1872 - bambo a Ivan Ivanovich adamwalira. Chaka chotsatira, mwana wamwamuna wazaka ziwiri adamwalira ndi typhus (wojambulayo adadwalanso). Pambuyo pake anamwalira Fedor Vasilev. Mu Marichi 1874, Shishkin adataya mkazi wake, ndipo patatha chaka mwana wina wamwamuna wina wamwalira.
Evgenia Alexandrovna, mkazi woyamba wa wojambulayo
11. Ngati I. Shishkin sakanakhala waluso wodziwika bwino, akanatha kukhala wasayansi-botanist. Kufuna kufotokoza nyama zakutchire moyenera kumamukakamiza kuti aziphunzira mosamala mbewu. Adachita izi paulendo wake woyamba wopita ku Europe, komanso panthawi yopuma pantchito (mwachitsanzo, atachita ndalama za Academy) ulendo wopita ku Czech Republic. Nthawi zonse amakhala ndi maupangiri azomera ndi microscope pafupi, zomwe zinali zosowa kwa ojambula malo. Koma zachilengedwe za zina mwazomwe amazijambula zimawoneka ngati zolembedwa.
12. Ntchito yoyamba ya Shishkin, yogulidwa ndi wopereka mphatso zachifundo wotchuka Pavel Tretyakov, inali kujambula "Masana. Kufupi ndi Moscow ”. Wojambulayo adakopeka ndi chidwi cha wokhometsa wotchuka, ndipo adathandizanso ma ruble 300 pa chinsalu. Pambuyo pake, Tretyakov adagula zojambula zambiri za Shishkin, ndipo mitengo yawo inali kukwera mosalekeza. Mwachitsanzo, pazithunzi "Pine Forest. Mitengo yambiri m'chigawo cha Vyatka ”Tretyakov walipira kale ma ruble 1,500.
Masana. Kufupi ndi Moscow
13. Shishkin adagwira nawo mwakhama ntchito yopanga ndi Association of Traveling Art Exhibition. M'malo mwake, moyo wake wonse wopanga kuyambira 1871 udalumikizidwa ndi Maulendo. "Pine Forest ..." yomweyi idawonedwa koyamba ndi anthu pachiwonetsero choyamba. Pamodzi ndi oyendawo, Shishkin adakumana ndi Ivan Kramskoy, yemwe adayamika kwambiri chithunzi cha Ivan Ivanovich. Ojambulawa adakhala abwenzi ndipo amakhala nthawi yayitali ndi mabanja awo pamasewera olimbitsira masewera. Kramskoy adaona Shishkin ngati wojambula waku Europe. Mmodzi mwa makalata ochokera ku Paris, adalembera Ivan Ivanovich kuti ngati zojambula zake zibweretsedwa ku Salon, omvera azikhala pamiyendo yawo yakumbuyo.
Akuyenda. Pamene Shishkin amalankhula, mabasi ake amasokoneza aliyense
14. Kumayambiriro kwa 1873, Shishkin adakhala pulofesa wa kujambula malo. Sukuluyi idalandira mutuwu potengera zotsatira za mpikisanowu, pomwe aliyense adapereka ntchito zawo. Shishkin adakhala pulofesa wa chithunzichi "M'chipululu". Analandira udindo wa pulofesa, zomwe zinamuthandiza kuti apeze ophunzira mwalamulo kwa nthawi yayitali. Kramskoy adalemba kuti Shishkin atha kufunsa anthu 5 - 6 kuti ajambulike, ndipo aphunzitsa onse anzeru, ali ndi zaka 10 amachoka ku Academy yekha, ngakhale ameneyo ndi wolumala. Shishkin adakwatirana ndi m'modzi mwa ophunzira ake, Olga Pagoda, mu 1880. Ukwatiwu, mwatsoka, unali wamfupi kwambiri kuposa woyamba - Olga Alexandrovna anamwalira, ali ndi nthawi yoti abereke mwana wamkazi, mu 1881. Mu 1887, wojambulayo adasindikiza chimbale cha zojambula za mkazi wake womwalirayo. Ntchito zovomerezeka za Shishkin zinali zochepa. Polephera kusankha ophunzira, adasiya ntchito chaka chimodzi atasankhidwa.
15. Wojambulayo anali ndi nthawi. Ntchito yojambula ndi kujambula itayamba kupezeka kwa anthu onse, adagula kamera ndi zida zofunikira ndikuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito kujambula. Pozindikira kuperewera kwa kujambula panthawiyo, Shishkin adazindikira kuti zidapangitsa kuti azigwira ntchito nthawi yozizira pomwe kunalibe njira yojambula malo achilengedwe.
16. Mosiyana ndi oimira ambiri pantchito zaluso, I. Shishkin amawona ngati ntchito. Sanamvetsetse anthu omwe amayembekezera kudzoza. Ntchito ndi kudzoza kudzabwera. Ndipo anzawo, nawonso, adadabwa ndi zomwe Shishkin adachita. Aliyense amatchula izi m'makalata ndi zolemba. Mwachitsanzo, Kramskoy adadabwitsidwa ndi mulu wa zojambula zomwe Shishkin adabwera kuchokera kuulendo wawufupi wopita ku Crimea. Ngakhale mnzake wa Ivan Ivanovich adaganiza kuti malowa mosiyana ndi zomwe mnzake adalemba zingatenge nthawi kuti azolowere. Ndipo Shishkin adapita ku chilengedwe ndikujambula mapiri a Crimea. Kutha kwa ntchitoyi kumamuthandiza kuti asiye kumwa mowa munthawi zovuta pamoyo (panali tchimo lotere).
17. Chojambula chotchuka "Morning in the pine forest" chidapangidwa ndi I. Shishkin mogwirizana ndi Konstantin Savitsky. Savitsky adawonetsa mnzake mnzake mawonekedwe amitundu iwiri ndi ana awiri. Shishkin m'maganizo adazungulira zifanizo za chimbalangondo ndi malo ndipo adapempha Savitsky kuti ajambule chithunzi limodzi. Tinagwirizana kuti Savitsky alandila gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a mtengo wogulitsa, ndipo Shishkin apatsanso zina zonse. Pogwira ntchitoyi, chiwerengero cha anawo chinawonjezeka mpaka anayi. Savitsky anajambula ziwerengero zawo. Chithunzicho chidapangidwa mu 1889 ndipo chidachita bwino kwambiri. Pavel Tretyakov adagula ma ruble 4,000, 1,000 mwa omwe adalandiridwa ndi wolemba nawo a Shishkin. Pambuyo pake Tretyakov, pazifukwa zosadziwika, adafufuta siginecha ya Savitsky.
Aliyense wawona chithunzichi
18. Mu 1890s, Shishkin adasungabe ubale wapamtima ndi mnzake Arkhip Kuindzhi. Malinga ndi mphwake wa Shishkin, yemwe amakhala m'nyumba mwake, Kuindzhi amabwera ku Shishkin pafupifupi tsiku lililonse. Ojambula onsewa adakangana ndi ena mwa omwe amayenda paulendo wawo pankhani yokhudza kusintha kwa Academy of Arts: Shishki ndi Kuindzhi amayenera kutenga nawo mbali, ndipo adagwiranso ntchito polemba chikalata chatsopano, ndipo ena mwa iwo amayenda motsutsana. Ndipo Kuindzhi angawerengedwe kuti ndi wolemba cojambula wa Shishkin "M'nkhalango Yakumtunda" - Komarova akukumbukira kuti Arkhip Ivanovich adayika kadontho kakang'ono pachinsalu chomalizidwa, chosonyeza kuwala kwakutali.
"Kumtchire chakumpoto ..." Moto wa Kuindzhi suwoneka, koma ndi
19. Pa Novembala 26, 1891, chiwonetsero chachikulu cha ntchito za Ivan Shishkin chidatsegulidwa muholo ya Academy. Kwa nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri ya kujambula ku Russia, sizinangowonetsedwa ntchito zowonetsedwa pazowonetsa zaumwini, komanso zidutswa zokonzekera: zojambula, zojambula, zojambula, ndi zina zambiri. Ngakhale panali mayankho ovuta ochokera kwa anzawo, adawonetsa zikhalidwe zotere.
20. Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin adamwalira mu msonkhano wake pa Marichi 8, 1898. Anagwira ntchito limodzi ndi wophunzira wake Grigory Gurkin. Gurkin anali atakhala pakona yakutali ya msonkhanowu ndipo anamva phokoso. Anakwanitsa kuthamangira, kukamugwira mphunzitsi yemwe anali kugwera chammbali ndikumukokera pabedi. Ivan Ivanovich anali pamenepo ndipo anamwalira mphindi zochepa pambuyo pake. Iwo anamuika m'manda ku Smolensk manda ku St. Petersburg. Mu 1950, manda a I. Shishkin adasamutsidwa kupita ku Alexander Nevsky Lavra.
Chipilala cha I. Shishkin
