Ku South Pacific, pakati pa America ndi Asia, kuli chilumba cha Easter. Dera lakutali ndi madera okhala anthu ndi misewu yamkuntho yam'nyanja sizikanakopa chidwi cha wina aliyense, ngati sizikhala za ziboliboli zazikulu zomwe zidapangidwa kuchokera kumapiri ophulika zaka mazana angapo zapitazo. Chilumbachi chilibe mchere kapena zomera zotentha. Nyengo ndi yotentha, koma osati yofatsa monga zilumba za Polynesia. Palibe zipatso zosowa, kusaka, kapena kuwedza mwanzeru. Zifanizo za Moai ndizomwe zimakopa kwambiri chilumba cha Easter kapena Rapanui, monga chimatchulidwira mchilankhulo chakomweko.
Tsopano ziboliboli zimakopa alendo, ndipo nthawi ina anali temberero la chilumbachi. Osangofufuza ngati James Cook adapita apa, komanso osaka akapolo. Chilumbachi sichinali chofanana pakati pa anthu komanso mitundu, ndipo mikangano yamagazi idabuka pakati pa anthu, cholinga chake chinali kudzaza ndikuwononga zifanizo za banja la adani. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa malo, mikangano yapachiweniweni, matenda ndi kusowa kwa chakudya, anthu pachilumbachi asowa. Chidwi chokha cha ofufuza ndi kusintha pang'ono kwamakhalidwe zidaloleza amisala khumi ndi awiriwo omwe adapezeka pachilumbachi ndi azungu pakati pa zaka za zana la 19 kuti apulumuke.
Ofufuzawa adatsimikizira chidwi cha anthu otukuka pachilumbachi. Zithunzi zosazolowereka zapatsa asayansi chakudya osati malingaliro ambiri. Mphekesera zimafalikira zakusokonekera kwadziko, zakumayiko osowa ndikutaya zitukuko. Ngakhale zowona zimangotsimikizira kupusa kwakunja kwa nzika za Rapanui - chifukwa cha mafano chikwi, anthu otukuka kwambiri omwe ali ndi chilankhulo komanso luso lakapangidwe kazitsulo adasowa pankhope ya Dziko Lapansi.
1. Chilumba cha Easter ndichitsanzo chenicheni cha lingaliro la "kutha kwa dziko lapansi". Mphepete mwake, chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa Dziko lapansi, nthawi yomweyo imatha kuonedwa ngati likulu la mawonekedwe ake, "mchombo wa Dziko Lapansi". Ili m'dera lomwe mulibe anthu ambiri m'nyanja ya Pacific. Dera loyandikira - chilumba chaching'ono - limaposa 2,000 km, kupita kumtunda wapafupi - kuposa 3,500 km, yomwe ikufanana ndi mtunda wochokera ku Moscow kupita ku Novosibirsk kapena Barcelona.
2. Chilumba chake, Easter Island, ndi makona atatu oyenda bwino okhala ndi makona ochepera 170 km2... Chilumbachi chili ndi anthu pafupifupi 6,000. Ngakhale kulibe gridi yamagetsi pachilumbachi, anthu amakhala mosatukuka. Magetsi amapezeka kuchokera ku magudumu ena, mafuta omwe amathandizidwa ndi bajeti yaku Chile. Madzi amasonkhanitsidwa pawokha kapena amatengedwa kuchokera kumadzi omwe amamangidwa ndi boma. Madzi amapopedwa kuchokera kunyanja zomwe zili m'zigwa zaphalaphala.
3. Chikhalidwe cha chisumbucho pama digito chikuwoneka bwino kwambiri: kutentha kwapakati pachaka kuli pafupifupi 20 ° C popanda kusinthasintha kwakuthwa komanso kugwa kwamvula kwabwino - ngakhale mu October owuma kuli mvula yambiri. Komabe, pali zinthu zingapo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chilumba cha Easter chisasanduke malo obiriwira pakati pa nyanja: dothi losauka komanso kusowa kwa zopinga ku mphepo yozizira ya Antarctic. Alibe nthawi yosinthira nyengo yonse, koma amayambitsa mavuto kuzomera. Mfundo imeneyi imatsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa zomera m'zigwa za mapiri, kumene mphepo sizilowa. Ndipo kuchigwa tsopano kuli mitengo yokhayo yobzalidwa ndi anthu.
4. Zinyama zake pachilumbachi ndizosauka kwambiri. Mwa nyama zamoyo zouma zopezeka pansi, mitundu ingapo ya abuluzi ndi yomwe imapezeka. Nyama zam'madzi zimapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Ngakhale mbalame, zomwe zilumba za Pacific ndizolemera kwambiri, ndizochepa kwambiri. Kwa mazira, anthu am'deralo amasambira kupita pachilumba chomwe chili pamtunda wopitilira 400 km. Pali nsomba, koma ndizochepa. Ngakhale nsomba mazana ndi zikwi zambiri zimapezeka pafupi ndi zilumba zina ku South Pacific Ocean, zilipo pafupifupi 150 zokha mwa izo m'madzi a Island Island.Ngakhale miyala yamchere yomwe ili m'mphepete mwa chilumba chotentha sichimapezeka chifukwa chamadzi ozizira kwambiri komanso mafunde amphamvu.
5. Anthu kangapo amayesa kubweretsa nyama "zotumizidwa" ku chilumba cha Easter, koma nthawi iliyonse amadyedwa mwachangu kuposa momwe anali ndi nthawi yoswana. Izi zidachitika ndi makoswe odyekera ku Polynesia, ndipo ngakhale ndi akalulu. Ku Australia, samadziwa momwe angathanirane nawo, koma pachilumbachi adawadya mzaka zingapo.
6. Ngati panali mchere kapena zinthu zina zapadziko lapansi zomwe sizinapezeke pachilumba cha Easter, boma la demokalase likadakhazikitsidwa kalekale. Wolamulira wodziwika komanso wosankhidwa mobwerezabwereza amalandila madola angapo pamphika wamafuta wopangidwa kapena madola masauzande angapo pa kilogalamu ya molybdenum. Anthuwo adzapatsidwa chakudya ndi mabungwe ngati UN, ndipo aliyense, kupatula anthu omwe atchulidwawo, azichita bizinesi. Ndipo chilumbacho chili maliseche ngati kabawi. Zodandaula zonse za iye zimakhala ndi boma la Chile. Ngakhale kuyenda kwa alendo komwe kwawonjezeka m'zaka zaposachedwa sikuwonetsedwa mwanjira iliyonse mosungira chuma ku Chile - chilumbachi sichikhoma misonkho.
7. Mbiri yakufunsira kupezeka kwa Chilumba cha Easter imayamba mchaka cha 1520. Zikuwoneka kuti Msipanya wokhala ndi dzina lachilendo losakhala Chispanya Alvaro De Mendanya adawona chilumbacho. Pirate Edmund Davis adalengeza pachilumbachi, akuti mwina ndi 500 mamailosi kugombe lakumadzulo kwa Chile, mu 1687. Kafukufuku wamabwinja a zotsalira za osamukawo kuchokera pachilumba cha Easter kupita kuzilumba zina za Pacific Ocean adawonetsa kuti ndi mbadwa za Basque - anthuwa anali otchuka chifukwa cha asodzi awo omwe amayenda kunyanja zakumpoto ndi kumwera. Funso lidathandizidwa kutseka umphawi wachilumba chosafunikira. Dutch Dutch Jacob Roggeven amadziwika kuti ndi amene anatulukira, yemwe adajambula mapu pachilumbachi pa Epulo 5, 1722, tsiku, monga mungaganizire, Isitala. Zowona, zinali zowonekeratu kwa mamembala a Roggeven kuti azungu anali atakhala kale pano. Anthu okhala pachilumbachi adayankha modekha pakhungu la alendo. Ndipo magetsi omwe adayatsa kuti akope chidwi adawonetsa kuti apaulendo omwe ali ndi khungu lotere anali atawoneka kale pano. Komabe, Roggeven adayika patsogolo zomwe adalemba ndi mapepala oyenera. Nthawi yomweyo, aku Europe adayamba kufotokoza zifanizo za chilumba cha Easter. Kenako kulimbana koyamba pakati pa azungu ndi anthu okhala pachilumbachi kudayamba - adakwera padoko, m'modzi mwa apolisi achichepere omwe adawopsa adalamula kuti awombere. Anthu angapo achiaborijini adaphedwa, ndipo achi Dutch adayenera kubwerera mwachangu.
Jacob Roggeven
8. Edmund Davis, yemwe adaphonya ma mailosi osachepera 2,000, ndi nkhani zake zidadzetsa nthano kuti Chilumba cha Easter chinali gawo la dziko lokhala ndi anthu ambiri okhala ndi chitukuko. Ndipo ngakhale atakhala ndi umboni wamphamvu kuti chilumbachi ndichopanda kanthu, pali anthu ena omwe amakhulupirira nthano ya kumtunda.
9. Azungu adadziwonetsera okha muulemerero wawo wonse pakupita kwawo pachilumbachi. Anthu am'deralo adawomberedwa ndi mamembala a James Cook, komanso aku America omwe adagwira akapolo, ndi anthu ena aku America omwe adagwira azimayi okha kuti akhale ndi usiku wosangalatsa. Ndipo azungu omwewo akuchitira umboni izi pamatabwa a sitimayo.
10. Tsiku lamdima kwambiri m'mbiri ya okhala pachilumba cha Easter lidafika pa Disembala 12, 1862. Oyendetsa sitima zapamadzi asanu ndi limodzi a ku Peru anafika kumtunda. Popanda chifundo anapha akazi ndi ana, natenga amuna pafupifupi chikwi chimodzi kukhala akapolo, ngakhale nthawi imeneyo zidali zochuluka kwambiri. Achifalansa adayimira aborigine, koma magiya azoyimira anali akutembenukira, opitilira zana okha anali akapolo chikwi. Ambiri aiwo adadwala nthomba, motero anthu 15 okha ndi omwe adabwerera kwawo. Ananyamulanso nthomba. Chifukwa cha matenda komanso mikangano yamkati, anthu pachilumbachi adatsika mpaka anthu 500, omwe pambuyo pake adathawira kufupi - malinga ndi zilumba za Easter Island - zilumba. Wachikulire waku Russia "Victoria" mu 1871 adapeza ochepa okha pachilumbachi.
11. William Thompson ndi George Cook ochokera mchombo chaku America "Mohican" mu 1886 adachita kafukufuku wamkulu kwambiri. Adasanthula ndikufotokozera zifanizo ndi nsanja mazana, ndipo adatolera magulu akulu azambiri. Anthu aku America adakumbanso chigwa cha umodzi mwa mapiri omwe anaphulika.
12. Pa nthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, mayi wachingelezi a Catherine Rutledge adakhala pachilumbachi kwa chaka chimodzi ndi theka, akusonkhanitsa zidziwitso zonse zam'kamwa, kuphatikiza zokambirana ndi akhate.
Katherine Rutledge
13. Kupambana kwenikweni pakufufuza kwa Island Island kudachitika pambuyo paulendo wa Thor Heyerdahl mu 1955. Woyendetsa ndege waku Norway adakonza ulendowu m'njira yoti zotsatira zake zidakonzedwa kwa zaka zingapo. Mabuku ndi ma monograph angapo adasindikizidwa chifukwa cha kafukufukuyu.
Ulendo wa Heirdal pa raft ya Kon-Tiki
14. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti chilumba cha Easter ndi mapiri chabe. Lava pang'onopang'ono adatsanulira phiri lomwe linali mobisa pafupifupi 2,000 mita. Popita nthawi, idapanga phiri lamapiri, malo okwera kwambiri omwe amakhala pafupifupi kilomita pamwamba pa nyanja. Palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti phirili pansi pamadzi latha. Osatengera izi, ma microcrat okhala m'malo otsetsereka a mapiri onse a chilumba cha Easter akuwonetsa kuti mapiri amatha kuphulika kwazaka zambiri, kenako ndikukonza zodabwitsanso anthu, ofanana ndi omwe afotokozedwa m'buku la Jules Verne "Chisumbu Chodabwitsa": kuphulika komwe kumawononga dziko lonse lapansi pachilumbachi.
15. Chilumba cha Easter sichotsalira dziko lalikulu, chifukwa chake anthu omwe amakhala mmenemo amayenera kuchoka panyanja kuchokera kwina. Pali njira zochepa apa: okhala mtsogolo mwa Isitala adabwera kuchokera Kumadzulo kapena Kummawa. Chifukwa chakusowa kwa zinthu zenizeni pamaso pazongopeka, malingaliro onsewa akhoza kukhala oyenera. Thor Heyerdahl anali "Wakumadzulo" wodziwika - wothandizira chiphunzitso chokhazikika pachilumbachi ndi alendo ochokera ku South America. Anthu aku Norway anali kufunafuna umboni wamtundu wake pachilichonse: m'zilankhulo ndi miyambo ya anthu, zomera ndi zinyama, komanso ngakhale mafunde am'nyanja. Koma ngakhale anali ndi ulamuliro waukulu, adalephera kutsutsa omutsutsa. Otsatira a "kum'mawa" amakhalanso ndi zifukwa zawo komanso maumboni, ndipo amawoneka okhutiritsa kuposa zomwe Heyerdahl ndi omutsatira ake adachita. Palinso njira yapakatikati: Anthu aku South America adanyamuka ulendo wopita ku Polynesia, adalemba akapolo kumeneko ndikuwakhazikitsa pachilumba cha Easter.
16. Palibe mgwirizano pa nthawi yokhazikika pachilumbachi. Idalembedwa koyamba m'zaka za zana lachinayi AD. e., kenako VIII century. Malinga ndi kusanthula kwa radiocarbon, kukhazikika kwa Island Island nthawi zambiri kumachitika mzaka za XII-XIII, ndipo ofufuza ena amati izi zidachitika m'zaka za m'ma XVI.
17. Anthu okhala pachilumba cha Easter anali ndi zolemba zawo. Amatchedwa "rongo rongo". Akatswiri azilankhulo adapeza kuti ngakhale mizere idalembedwa kuyambira kumanzere kupita kumanja, ndipo mizere yosamvetseka imalembedwa kuchokera kumanja kupita kumanzere. Sizinathekebe kuzindikira "rongo-rongo".
18. Azungu oyamba omwe adapita pachilumbachi adazindikira kuti nzika zakomweko zimakhala, kapena m'malo mwake amagona m'nyumba zamiyala. Kuphatikiza apo, ngakhale anali osauka, anali kale ndi ziwembu. Mabanja olemerawa amakhala m'nyumba zowulungika zomwe zili pafupi ndi nsanja zamiyala zomwe zimapempherera kapena miyambo. Anthu osauka adakhazikika mita 100-200 kupitilira apo. Munalibe mipando m'nyumba - amangoyikamo pogona pakagwa nyengo yoipa kapena tulo.
19. Chokopa chachikulu pachilumbachi ndi moai - ziboliboli zamiyala zazikuluzikulu zopangidwa makamaka ndi basalt volcano tuff. Alipo opitilira 900, koma pafupifupi theka adatsalira m'matanthwe okonzeka kubereka kapena osamalizidwa. Mwa zina zomwe sizinamalizidwe pali chosema chachikulu kwambiri chotalika mamita osakwana 20 - sichinalekanitsidwe ngakhale pamiyala. Zithunzi zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zidayikidwa ndizitali mamita 11.4. "Kukula" kwa moai yonse kumayambira 3 mpaka 5 mita.
20. Ziwerengero zoyambirira za kulemera kwa zifanizirizo zidatengera kuchuluka kwa basalts ochokera kumadera ena adziko lapansi, kotero manambala adakhala osangalatsa kwambiri - ziboliboli zimayenera kulemera matani makumi. Komabe, zidapezeka kuti basalt pachilumba cha Easter ndiwopepuka (pafupifupi 1.4 g / cm)3, kachulukidwe kofanana kamakhala ndi pumice, yomwe ili mchimbudzi chilichonse), chifukwa chake kulemera kwake kumakhala mpaka matani 5. Oposa matani 10 amalemera ochepera 10% ya moai yonse. Chifukwa chake, crane ya matani 15 inali yokwanira kukweza ziboliboli zomwe zangoyima (pofika 1825, ziboliboli zonse zidagwetsedwa). Komabe, nthano yonena za kulemera kwakukulu kwa zifanizo kunakhala zolimba kwambiri - ndizosavuta kwa omwe amalimbikitsa matembenuzidwe omwe moai adapangidwa ndi nthumwi za chitukuko china chotsogola, alendo, ndi zina zambiri.
Imodzi mwamayendedwe ndi mayikidwe
21. Pafupifupi ziboliboli zonse ndi zachimuna. Ambiri amakongoletsedwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamapangidwe ndi mapangidwe. Ziboliboli zina zimakhala pamiyala, zina zili pansi, koma zonse zimayang'ana mkati mwa chisumbucho. Zithunzizo zili ndi zisoti zazikulu zooneka ngati bowa zomwe zimafanana ndi ubweya wobiriwira.
22. Pambuyo pofukula, zinthu zonse zomwe zidachitika mgombelo zidayamba kumveka bwino, ofufuzawo adazindikira kuti: ntchitoyi idayimitsidwa pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo - izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa kukonzanso kwa ziwerengero zomwe sizinamalizidwe. Mwina ntchitoyi idasiya chifukwa cha njala, mliri kapena mikangano yamkati mwaomwe akukhalamo. Mwachidziwikire, chifukwa chake chinali njala - chuma cha pachilumbachi sichinali chokwanira kudyetsa anthu masauzande ambiri ndipo nthawi yomweyo munali anthu ambiri omwe amangogwiritsa ntchito zifanizo.
23. Njira zonyamulira zifanizo, komanso cholinga cha ziboliboli pachilumba cha Easter, ndizoyenera kukambirana mozama. Mwamwayi, ofufuza pachilumbachi samangoyesa kuyesa, pompopompo kapena popanga zinthu. Kunapezeka kuti ziboliboli zimatha kunyamulidwa ponseponse poyimilira, komanso "kumbuyo" kapena "pamimba". Izi sizikusowa antchito ochulukirapo (kuchuluka kwawo mulimonse momwe angayesere makumi). Njira zovuta sizikufunikanso - zingwe ndi malembo odzigudubuza ndizokwanira. Pafupifupi chithunzi chomwecho chikuwonetsedwa poyesa kukhazikitsa ziboliboli - zoyeserera za anthu angapo ndizokwanira, pang'onopang'ono kukweza chosemacho mothandizidwa ndi levers kapena zingwe. Mafunso amakhalabe. Zithunzithunzi zina sizingayikidwe motere, ndipo mayeso adayesedwa pamitundu yayikulu, koma kuthekera kwakunyamula kwamanja kwatsimikiziridwa.
Mayendedwe
Kwerani
24. Kale m'zaka za m'ma XXI panthawi yofukula zidapezeka kuti mafano ena ali ndi gawo lachinsinsi - torsos adakumba pansi. Pakufukula, zingwe ndi mitengo zidapezekanso, zomvekera bwino poyendera.
25. Ngakhale kuti chilumba cha Easter chili kutali ndi chitukuko, alendo ambiri amabwera kudzacheza. Tiyenera kudzipereka nthawi yambiri, zachidziwikire. Ndege yochokera ku likulu la Chile Santiago imatenga maola 5, koma ndege zabwino zimauluka - mzere wofikira pachilumbacho ukhoza ngakhale kuvomereza Shuttles, ndipo adawapangira. Pachilumbachi palinso mahotela, malo odyera komanso malo ena azisangalalo: magombe, kuwedza, kusambira, ndi zina zambiri. Zikadapanda kuti ziboliboli, chilumbachi chikadadutsa malo otsika mtengo aku Asia. Koma ndani angam'fikire theka lonselo padziko lapansi?
Ndege ya Easter Island
