Mowa ndi chakumwa chomwe ndichakale komanso chamakono. Komano, masiku ano, mitundu yatsopano ya chakumwa imapezeka pafupifupi tsiku lililonse. Opanga samaleka kupanga mitundu yatsopano ya mowa pomenyera msika wampikisano kwambiri, womwe mwina mphamvu zake ndi pafupifupi mabiliyoni mazana a mayuro ku Europe kokha.
Zochitika zambiri zodabwitsa, zoseketsa, komanso nthawi zina zodabwitsa zimakhudzana ndi mbiri ya mowa. Izi sizosadabwitsa - momwe mapangidwe ake aliri ochulukirapo, mazana zikwi za anthu akuchita mowa, ndipo mabiliyoni amamwa mowa. Ndikukula kwakukulu kotereku, ziwerengero zakumwa zowuma sizingalephere kupanga zinthu zosangalatsa.
1. Czech Republic idakali mtsogoleri wadziko lonse wodalirika pakumwa mowa pa munthu aliyense. Zachidziwikire, izi sizitanthauza kuti ma Czech sachita chilichonse koma kumangomwa mowa pafupipafupi kuti amwe - dzikolo limapeza ma euro mabiliyoni ambiri kuchokera kukopa mowa. Komabe, utsogoleri wa Czech Republic ndiwopatsa chidwi - chiwerengero cha dziko lino chimaposa chiwembu cha Namibia (!) Pafupifupi kamodzi ndi theka. Ogulitsa khumi akulu akuphatikizanso Austria, Germany, Poland, Ireland, Romania, Seychelles, Estonia ndi Lithuania. Russia ikuyimira 32 pamndandandawu.
2. Mowa ndi wakale kuposa buledi wophikidwa. Osachepera, yisiti yofunikira kuphika mkate weniweni, wodziwika bwino (osati makeke opangidwa ndi ufa wa tirigu) udawonekera ndendende mutatha kumwa mowa. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kosamalitsa, mowa umatha zaka zoposa 8,000. Mulimonsemo, maphikidwe olembedwa ndi malongosoledwe opanga mowa ngati chakumwa cha tsiku ndi tsiku adayamba mkatikati mwa zaka za chikwi chachisanu ndi chimodzi BC. e.
Ku Babulo wakale, samadziwa kusefa mowa ndikumwa kudzera mu udzu
3. Khalidwe lakumwa mowa monga "chakumwa choledzeretsa" lidayamba m'nthawi ya Greece wakale ndi Roma wakale. Mphesa zinkakula mochuluka m'madera amenewo, ndipo panalibe vuto lililonse ndi vinyo. Balere, kumene ankapangira mowa, anali chakudya cha ziweto. Ndi malingaliro oyenera a eni ziweto zomwe kwa anthu omwe amamwa chakumwa chopangidwa ndi barele.
4. Zomwe zidachitika kale zimatsutsana kwathunthu ndikukhulupirira kuti mowa ndi chimera, zipsera ndi madzi. Amanena kuti Mtsogoleri wa Bavaria adapereka lamuloli mu 1516, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo lamuloli langokulitsidwa. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 16, Mtsogoleri wa Bavaria anali ndi gawo laling'ono lomwe silinali logwirizana konse ndi Bavaria lolemera masiku ano, momwe gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu amabizinesi apadziko lonse lapansi lakhazikika. Kuphatikiza apo, adakwanitsa kubweretsa kuchuluka kwa anthu ku mahekitala aku Far East akumugonjera ku umphawi ndi njala. Tsopano anthuwo adzafotokozedweratu mwachangu kuwonongeka kwa chakumwa chopangidwa kuchokera ku barele kupita kuchipatala, komanso nthawi yomweyo phindu la mikate ya barele. Nthawi zinali zosavuta panthawiyo, ndipo mkuluyu adayenera kudula mitu ya omwe amabwerera kunyumba omwe amafuna kudya buledi wa tirigu ndikumwa mowa kuchokera ku oats.
Mtsogoleri wa Bavaria
5. Omwe adayambitsa mpingo wachikhristu nawonso adathandizira kwambiri mowa wakuda wa PR. Mwachitsanzo, a Cyril Woyera, sanatope ndikuwuza akhristu a dayosizi ya Alexandria kuti chakumwa chamatope chomwe chimadyedwa ndi osauka m'malo mwa vinyo ndichopangidwa ndi matenda osachiritsika. Wina ayenera kuganiza kuti vinyo wamphesa ankaperekedwa nthawi zonse komanso moyenerera patebulo la munthu woyera ngati ameneyo.
6. Koma ku mowa wa British Isles, mosiyana ndi kontinenti ya Europe ndi Mediterranean, idakhala njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira Chikristu. Zinali zofunikira, mwachitsanzo, kudziwitsa anthu aku Ireland kuti Saint Patrick adayamba kubweretsa mowa kuzilumbazi, popeza nzika za Emerald Isle zidathamangira kukalembera zikhulupiriro zachikhristu ndi mabanja athunthu - kodi pakhala pali Mulungu amene samangololeza, koma amalimbikitsa kumwa mowa. Kenako zidapezeka kuti Patrick adaletsa kumwa mowa, komwe kumafanana ndi ziweto, koma kunali kochedwa. Olalikira aku Ireland adayamba kunyamula kuunika kwachikhristu komanso chizolowezi chomwa mowa kumpoto kwa Europe.
Saint Patrick malinga ndi okonda mowa: onse clover ndi galasi
7. Vinyo wa Utatu - mowa - vodka "akuwonetseratu nyengo yaku Europe. M'mayiko akumwera monga Italy, France kapena Spain, vinyo amadya kwambiri. Nyengo pano imalola osati kudyetsa kokha, komanso kulima mphesa zomwe zilibe ntchito kwenikweni pakuwona kupulumuka. Kumpoto, nyengo imakhala yovuta kwambiri, koma imalola zotsalira za tirigu wofunikira kunyamulidwa kuti apange mowa. Kuchokera apa kunayamba kutchuka kwa mowa ku Belgium, Britain, Holland ndi Eastern Europe. Ku Russia, mowa unali wotchuka makamaka kumadera akumwera (ngakhale Novgorod anali wotchuka chifukwa cha omwera mowa) - kumpoto chakum'mawa, zakumwa zoledzeretsa kwambiri zimayenera kuphwanya mafuta odyera, ndipo mowa unali chakumwa cha ana. Ndipo ngakhale pano, kunena zowona, moŵa pagulu la amuna nthawi zambiri umakhala wofunda asanachitike phwando lalikulu.
8. Choyesera ndi mowa wam'mabotolo ndi ofanana - palibe amene angakhazikitse mizere yosiyana pa moŵa wokhala ndi ma hectolita 1 a mowa. Kusiyana kumangokhala pa kuchuluka kwa mafuta omwe wogulitsa mowa samvera chisoni akamamamatira.
9. Mu "Mibadwo Yamdima" mowa unali chizindikiro cha nyumba za amonke monga kulira kwa belu. Potsatira chitsanzo cha nyumba yayikulu ya amonke ya Saint-Gallen, yomwe ili mdera la Switzerland masiku ano, malo obwereketsa atatu adakhazikitsidwa m'mabwalo akulu akulu: kuti azigwiritsa ntchito, alendo olemekezeka komanso anthu wamba-amwendamnjira. Zimadziwika kuti mowa womwe umadzipangira umakhala wosavuta; mowa wosasefa unkayeneranso alendo. Dzinalo "Monastic" ku Europe amachitilidwa mofananamo ndi dzina loti "cognac" - nyumba zina za amonke ndi makampani omwe amagwirizana nawo amatha kutcha mankhwala awo "Monastic mowa".
Malo obwereketsa amonke ku Czech Republic
10. Mowa umawonjezera mkaka mwa amayi omwe akuyamwitsa. Izi zimadziwika kwanthawi yayitali, ndipo izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi kafukufuku wamakono. Kupanga mkaka kumakhudzidwa ndi ma carbohydrate betaglucan, omwe amapezeka mu oats ndi balere. Nthawi yomweyo, kuchuluka kwa mowa mu mowa sikungakhudze konse kupanga betaglucan, chifukwa chake, kuti mayi woyamwitsa akhale ndi mkaka wochulukirapo, mutha kumwa mowa wosakhala mowa.
11. Ngakhale anali wodziwika kuti anali wodzimana kwambiri komanso wofera chikhulupiriro, woyambitsa chipembedzo cha Chiprotestanti, Martin Luther, anali chidakhwa. Adanenanso mu maulaliki ake kuti ndibwino kukhala m'malo omwera mowa muli ndi malingaliro ampingo kuposa kukhala mu tchalitchi chokhala ndi malingaliro amowa. Pamene Luther adakwatirana, banja lake limagwiritsa ntchito maguilder 50 pachaka ndi buledi, ma guilder 200 pachaka pa nyama, ndipo ma guilder 300 amapita kumowa. Mwambiri, mayiko aku Germany amatulutsa malita 300 a mowa pa munthu pachaka.
Martin Luther akuwoneka kuti akuganizira
12. A Peter Wamkulu, atapita ku England, adazindikira kuti pafupifupi onse ogwira ntchito zombo, ngati atatola, ndi amtali komanso olimba, ndipo onse amamwa wonyamula katundu. Atalumikiza izi, adayamba kuitanitsa mowa wachingerezi kwa anthu ogwira ntchito zombo ku St. Petersburg pomwe akumangidwa. Wolamulira wamtsogolo yemweyo, kaya ku England kapena kunyumba, sanakonde kwambiri mowa, posankha zakumwa zoledzeretsa. Peter adafuna kusintha pang'onopang'ono vodka yemwe amamwa kwambiri ndi zakumwa zochepa, kuphatikizapo mowa. Komabe, zomangamanga mwanzeru poyerekeza ndi anthu ku Russia sizigwira ntchito nthawi zambiri. Mowa unayamba kumwa kwambiri komanso mosangalala, ndipo kumwa vodka kumangokula. Ndipo olamulira aku Russia nthawi zonse amawopa kwambiri kulimbana ndi vodka - zimatanthauza zambiri pa bajeti.
13. Pafupifupi nkhani ya ofufuza idachitikira mowa womwe umafulidwa ku Ossetia pomwe Grigory Potemkin anali wokondedwa wa Mfumukazi Catherine. Ena mwa olemekezeka adabweretsa Potemkin mabotolo angapo amowa wa Ossetian. Wokonda zamphamvu zonse amakonda chakumwa. Potemkin, yemwe sanazolowere kuwerengera ndalama, analamula opanga moŵa kuti apite nawo ku St. Petersburg pamodzi ndi zida zawo ndi katundu wawo. Amisiri adabweretsedwa kumpoto kwa Russia, chifukwa cha chikumbumtima chawo adayamba kumwa mowa ndipo ... palibe chomwe chidapindula. Tinayesa kuphatikiza zonse zotheka, ngakhale tidabweretsa madzi kuchokera ku Caucasus - palibe chomwe chidathandiza. Mwambiwo sunasinthike mpaka pano. Ndipo ku Ossetia akupitilizabe kumwa mowa wakomweko.
14. Akatswiri a masofa-zitologists (monga sayansi ya mowa amatchedwa) amakonda kunena zakuti mowa wonse tsopano uli ndi ufa. Mwachizolowezi, moŵa woyenera umafalikira m'mayendedwe ochepa okha, omwe, akatswiri, adayendera. M'malo mwake, ndim'makina opanga tizilombo tating'ono tomwe timagwiritsa ntchito chimera, ufa womwewo. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kumakupatsani mwayi wothirira moŵa - magawo atatu amaponyedwa munjira iyi nthawi imodzi: akupera zopangira, kuzipukusa (kuthira madzi otentha) ndi kusefa. Ufa umangochepetsedwa ndi madzi, wophika, wofufumitsa, wosefedwa ndikutsanulidwa. Mwachidziwitso, ndi opindulitsa, koma pochita, chimera chimakhala chokwera mtengo kangapo kuposa chimera chachilengedwe, chifukwa chake kugwiritsa ntchito mowa wambiri sikupindulitsa.
15. Mphamvu ya mowa imangotengera malingaliro a wopanga. Ngati simukumbukira zakumwa zomwe sizili mowa, moŵa wabwino kwambiri uyenera kuzindikiridwa kuti umapangidwa ku Germany mu 1918. Mwachiwonekere, pokumbukira kugonjetsedwa mu Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, m'modzi mwa opanga moŵa ku Germany adapanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana, yomwe mphamvu zake sizinafikire 0.2%. Ndipo ma Scot omwe amakonda kumwa mowa mopitirira muyeso, koma mowa wouma kwambiri wokhala ndi mphamvu ya 70%. Palibe distillation - amangodikirira kuti mphamvu ya mowa wamba iwonjezeke chifukwa chakusanduka kwamadzi.
16. Kuweruza ndi bizinesi yopindulitsa, ndipo munthawi yomwe munthu ali yekhayekha pakupanga - yopindulitsa kawiri. Koma chikhumbo chodzilamulira pamsika chitha kusewera nthabwala yankhanza pa bizinesi yopindulitsa kwambiri. M'zaka za zana la 18, mumzinda wa Tartu, womwe panthawiyo unali gawo la Ufumu wa Russia, panali magulu awiri opanga mowa - lalikulu ndi laling'ono. Zikuwonekeratu kuti panalibe funso lothandizana kapena mgwirizano pakati pawo. M'malo mwake, maguluwa adadzudzula mabungwe oyang'anira ndi madandaulo ndi miseche. Mapeto ake, abwanamkubwa adatopa ndi izi, ndipo adachotsa zilolezo zakumwa mowa, zomwe mabungwe onsewa anali nazo. Ufulu wa mowa unaperekedwa kwa amasiye ndi ana amasiye omwe analibe njira zopezera ndalama. Zowona, chisangalalo chamasiye choterechi chinangokhala zaka 15 zokha - chifukwa chakuwongolera kwotsatira, ziphatso zoyambitsira zinayambitsidwa, zomwe zina mwa mtengo wake umaperekedwa kwa osauka.
17. Mowa wozizira umalawa chimodzimodzi ndi kutentha (kotentha kokwanira, kumene). Nthano yokhudzana ndi kukoma kwa mowa wozizira imakhazikitsidwa ndikumverera kwa munthu wotentha - pamenepa, chikho cha mowa wozizira chimaposa chuma chonse cha padziko lapansi. Koma ngakhale kutentha kwa 15 ° C, mowa umakhalabe wokoma.
18. Ngakhale njira yothira mchere idatchulidwa ndi a Louis Pasteur, iye sanayipange. Kum'mawa, ku Japan ndi China, kwadziwika kale kuti kutentha kwanthawi yayitali kumakupatsani mwayi woti mukhale ndi chakudya chambiri kwa nthawi yayitali. Pasteur adangofalitsa njira yothandizirayi. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wake, zipatso zake zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama popanga mkaka ndi zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa, zimangotengera mowa. Pasteur, yemwe sanamwe konse mowa, adalota zakutenga utsogoleri pamsika wa mowa ku Germany. Kuti akwaniritse izi, adagula malo ogulitsa moŵa ndikuyamba kuyesa. Mofulumira kwambiri, wasayansiyo adaphunzira kupanga yisiti ya mowa mwachangu kuposa ena omwe amapanga mowa. Pasteur amamwetsa mowa pafupifupi popanda mpweya. Chifukwa cha zomwe adawona komanso kuyesa kwake, Pasteur adafalitsa buku la "Beer Study", lomwe lidakhala buku lofotokozera mibadwo ya opanga moŵa. Koma Pasteur sanathe "kusuntha" Germany.
19. Kwa zaka 15 kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, a Jacob Christian Jacobsen ndi a Carl Jacobsen - abambo ndi mwana wamwamuna - adamenya nawo mpikisano wonga wankhondo pansi pa dzina la Carlsberg. Mwana wamwamuna, yemwe amayang'anira kampani yopanga moŵa wosiyana, amakhulupirira kuti abambo ake akuchita chilichonse cholakwika. A Jacobsen Sr., akuti, sichikulitsa mowa, sagwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zopangira mowa ndi kugulitsa, sakufuna kumwa mowa, ndi zina zotero. Pokwiya ndi abambo ake, Carl Jacobsen adasinthiratu malo ake opanga mowa kukhala Ny Carlsberg, ndi Street Soyuznaya, yomwe idagawika mafakitale awiri, otchedwanso Rue Pasteur. Kwa nthawi yayitali, achibale amapikisana nawo kukula kwa mbale zomwe zikusonyeza dzina, lamalingaliro awo. Ndi zonsezi, kuchuluka kwa kugulitsa mowa ndi ndalama zimakulirakulira, zomwe zidalola a Jacobsens kusonkhanitsa zopereka zabwino zakale. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, abambo adadwala chimfine pomwe, atayanjananso ndi mwana wawo wamwamuna, adapita ku Italy kukapereka ziphuphu zambiri zakale. Karl adangokhala yekha bizinesi mu 1887. Tsopano kampani ya Carlsberg ili pachisanu ndi chiwiri pakati pa opanga mowa padziko lapansi.
20. Jacob Christian Jacobsen amadziwika kuti ndi wololera. Emil Hansen, yemwe amamugwirira ntchito, adapanga ukadaulo wokulitsa yisiti yoyera kuchokera pa khungu limodzi. Jacobsen akanatha kupanga mamiliyoni kuchokera ku izi zokha. Komabe, adalipira Hansen bonasi yowolowa manja ndikumukakamiza kuti asavomereze ukadaulowo. Kuphatikiza apo, a Jacobsen adatumiza chinsinsi cha yisiti watsopano kwa onse omwe amapikisana naye.
21. Fridtjof Nansen waku Norway, wodziwika bwino chifukwa chofufuza malo akuya, anawerengera mosamala kulemera kwa katundu m'chombocho asanayende ulendo wodziwika pa "Fram" - amayembekezeredwa kuti kuwomberako kukhale zaka zitatu. Nansen adawirikiza chiwerengerocho ndipo adakwanitsa kukwaniritsa zonse zomwe amafunikira pachombo chochepa. Mwamwayi, panalibe chifukwa chotengera madzi - pali madzi okwanira ku Arctic, ngakhale ali olimba. Koma wofufuzirayo, yemwe anali wovuta kwambiri kumwa zakumwa zoledzeretsa, adatenga migolo khumi ya mowa m'sitimayo - omwe adathandizira kwambiri ulendowu anali opanga mowa, abale a a Ringnes. Nthawi yomweyo, sanafune kutsatsa - Nansen adatenga mowa ndikumupereka kunyuzipepala chifukwa chothokoza. Ndipo abale adalandira zotsatsa zonse komanso chilumba chotchedwa.
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Nansen pafupi ndi "Fram"
22. Kumapeto kwa 1914, nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, titero, idayimilira, kuti isonkhanitse gulu lina la anthu masauzande ambiri. Western Front idakhazikika, ndipo nthawi ya Khrisimasi m'malo ena asitikali ndi oyang'anira - pamunsi pomwe, adagwirizana zankhondo. Zinkawoneka ngati zodabwitsa: asitikali, omwe anali atakhala m'matope, ngalande zonyowa nthawi yophukira, pamapeto pake adatha kuwongoka mpaka kutalika kwathunthu mdani akuwona. Kumadzulo pang'ono kwa French Lille, oyang'anira gulu lankhondo ku Britain ndi Germany, powona kuti asitikali ayamba kumwa mowa limodzi pamalo opanda munthu, adagwirizana pakati pawo pakati pausiku. Asitikaliwo adamwa matumba atatu a mowa, apolisiwo adakondana ndi vinyo. Tsoka, nkhaniyi idatha posachedwa. Mowa, womwe Ajeremani adabweretsa mowa, posakhalitsa adawomberedwa ndi zida zankhondo zaku Britain, ndipo pankhondo zomwe zidachitika pambuyo pake ndi ochepa okha omwe adachita phwando omwe adapulumuka.
23. Ntchito yandale ya Adolf Hitler idalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi mowa, kapena m'malo moledzera. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, maholo omwera mowa ku Germany adasanduka magulu azinthu - gwirani zochitika zilizonse zomwe mukufuna, musaiwale kugula mowa, ndipo simuyenera kulipira lendi ya holoyo. Mu 1919, a Hitler, ku Sternekerboi, adachita chidwi ndi mamembala a Germany Workers 'Party polankhula za Germany yolumikizana komanso yamphamvu. Nthawi yomweyo adalandiridwa mu phwando. Ndiye inali ndi mamembala angapo. Chaka chotsatira, Fuhrer wamtsogolo adayamba kutsogolera chipwirikiti, ndipo msonkhano wachipanicho udafuna kale holo ya mowa ya Hofbräuhause, yomwe imatha kukhalamo anthu 2,000. Kuyesera koyamba pa chipani cha Nazi kumatchedwa Beer Putsch. Hitler adayamba ndikuwombera mfuti padenga la holo ya Bürgerbrückeller. Mu ntchito yomweyi ya mowa ndipo moyo wa Hitler ukhoza kutha mu 1939, koma Fuhrer adachoka mnyumbayo kwa mphindi zochepa asanaphulitse chida champhamvu chomwe chidabzalidwa mzati umodzi.
24. Ngati othamanga a m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri zoyambirira akauzidwa za nkhondo yapano yolimbana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, atha kunena kuti wopusayo ndi chitsiru.Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka zana zapitazo, madokotala adavomereza kuti othamanga sayenera kulimbikitsa mphamvu zawo ndi mowa wamphamvu panthawi ya mpikisano. "Mowa wokha!" - chimenecho chinali chigamulo chawo. Oyendetsa njinga ku Tour de France ananyamula mabotolo osati ndi madzi, koma ndi mowa. Kulepheretsa oyendetsa njinga mwina kukadakhala kaye pang'ono pamalo omwera mowa. Pomwe wogulitsa mowa anali kudzaza galasi ndi chakumwa chofewa, zinali zotheka kusuta, atakhala polowera. Pa 1935 Tour, a Julien Moineau adagwiritsa ntchito mwayi woti m'modzi mwa omwe amapanga mowa adayika matebulo ndi mabotolo mazana a mowa wozizira m'mbali mwa njirayo. Pomwe peloton anali kudzaza m'mimba ndi m'matumba awo ndi mowa waulere, Mouaneau adatsogolera kwa mphindi 15 ndikumaliza yekha. Kumwa mowa womwe adapatsidwa kuti apambane, Moineau adayang'ana bwino kuposa omaliza.
25. Ngakhale kuwunikanso mwachidule pazakudya zokhwasula-khwasula pazowonetsa za mowa: amadya chakumwa ichi ndi zonse zomwe Mulungu watumiza. Zakumwa zoziziritsa kukhosi zimakhala zotsekemera komanso zokoma, zonenepa komanso zopanda chotupitsa, zowuma komanso zowutsa mudyo. Chakudya choyambirira kwambiri cha mowa chikuwoneka kuti ndi mtedza waku Uzbekistan, wopangidwa kuchokera pachimake cha maso a apricot. Mbeu zimachotsedwa pa nthiti, zadulidwa ndikuwaza mchere wabwino. Kenako amaumitsa kangapo, kutsukidwa ndikutenthedwa. Mtedza wokonzedwa motere ungagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi mtundu uliwonse wa mowa. Rettich, mpiru yayitali yapadera yomwe idatumizidwa ku Germany, iyeneranso kuphatikizidwa pazakudya zokhwasula-khwasula. Wokonda moona waku Germany amavala mpeni wapadera wokhala ndi tsamba pafupi masentimita awiri mulitali m'chimake pa lamba wake. Ndi mpeni uwu, mpiru imadulidwa mozungulira kamodzi. Kenako adathira mchere, ndikudikirira kuti utulutse msuzi, ndikudya ndi mowa.
