Mawu oti "Palibe mnzake wolawa ndi utoto" ndi chitsanzo cha momwe anthu amafotokozera mwachidule komanso molondola, polemba momwe asayansi amafunikira mawu makumi kapena mazana. Zowonadi, malingaliro amtundu ndi odalirika ndipo zimadalira pazinthu zambiri, mpaka momwe munthu amasinthira. Osati anthu osiyana okha omwe amatha kuzindikira mtundu womwewo m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Ngakhale malingaliro amtundu wa munthu yemweyo amatha kusintha. Kutalika kwa kuwala kumakhala kopanda tanthauzo. Kuzindikira kwa kuwunika sikungayesedwe.
Pali mitundu yambiri ndi mithunzi m'chilengedwe, ndipo ndikupanga ukadaulo, makamaka zamagetsi, zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi, kuchuluka kwawo kwakhala pafupifupi kopanda malire. Komabe, opanga ndi otsatsa okha ndi omwe amafunikira izi. Ambiri mwa anthu ali ndi chidziwitso chokwanira cha maluwa kuchokera kuchipinda chowerengera ana cha mlenje ndi pheasant, komanso mayina a mitundu yambiri. Ndipo ngakhale munthawi yochepayi, mutha kupeza zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa.
1. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti pafupifupi zilankhulo zonse zomwe zidalipo koyambirira kwa chitukuko, panali mawu awiri okha amitundu. Mofananamo, awa anali mawu oti "wakuda" ndi "woyera". Kenako panali maudindo amitundu, okhala ndi mawu awiri omwe amatulutsa mithunzi. Mawu osonyeza mitundu adawoneka mochedwa, kale panthawi yolemba. Nthawi zina zimasokoneza omasulira amalemba akale - nthawi zina mawu amatha kutanthauza mitundu iwiri kapena kupitilira apo, ndipo nkhaniyo siyikuloleza kuti timvetsetse mtundu womwe ukukambidwa.
2. Ndizodziwika bwino kuti mzilankhulo za anthu akumpoto pali mayina osiyanasiyana azithunzi zoyera kapena mayina amtundu wa chipale chofewa. Nthawi zina pamakhala mawu ambiri. Ndipo wolemba mbiri wotchuka waku Russia a Vladimir Bogoraz, kalekale m'zaka za zana la 19, adalongosola momwe amasankhira zikopa za agwape ndi utoto womwe adawona. Zikuwonekeratu kuti mawu a wasayansiyo analibe mawu ofotokozera kusintha kwa mtundu kuchoka pakuyera kupita mdima (samatha kuzindikira kusiyana kwake). Ndipo sorter amatchula mosavuta mawu opitilira 20 amitundu yazikopa.
Mithunzi yamphongo
3. M'chilankhulo cha Aaborijini aku Australia, ndipo tsopano pali mawu okha akuda ndi oyera. Mitundu ina imawonetsa, ndikuwonjezera mayina amchere omwe amadziwika ndi aborigine, koma palibe mchere wokhazikika, wokhazikika - aliyense atha kugwiritsa ntchito dzina la mwala uliwonse wofanana ndi utoto.
Zikuwoneka kuti mbadwa sizivutika kwambiri chifukwa chakuchepa kwamawu amtundu.
4. Mpaka posachedwapa, Chirasha sakanakhoza kudzitama za kuchuluka kwa omasulira kutanthauza mitundu. Mpaka pafupifupi pakati pa zaka za zana la 17, chiŵerengero chawo sichinapitirire 20. Kenako, mgwirizano ndi mayiko a ku Ulaya unayamba kukula. Alendo oyamba adapezeka ku Russia, panali ochulukirachulukira. Kukongola kwa olemekezeka achi French kudathandizanso. Chiwerengero cha ziganizo zosonyeza mtundu chidapitilira 100. Komabe, pomwe pamafunika kufotokozera utoto molondola komanso momveka bwino kwa aliyense, mwachitsanzo, ku botany, mawu ochepa amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kawirikawiri panali 12-13. Tsopano amakhulupirira kuti munthu wamba amadziwa zomasulira 40 za "utoto", ndipo alipo ochepera 100 mwa iwo.
5. Mtundu wofiirira udawonedwa ngati wapamwamba komanso wachifumu osati chifukwa cha kukongola kwake kwapadera - utoto wokhawo unali wokwera mtengo kwambiri. Kuti tipeze gramu ya utoto, kunali kofunikira kugwira ndi kusanja mollusks apadera 10,000. Chifukwa chake, chovala chilichonse chokhala ndi utoto wofiirira chimangosonyeza chuma cha mwini wake. Alesandro Wamkulu, atagonjetsa Aperisi, analandira matani angapo a utoto wofiirira ngati zofunkha.
Pepo nthawi yomweyo amasonyeza kuti ndani
6. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wamazina azinthu zotchuka ndi zolemba, anthu aku Russia ndiofunitsitsa kugula katundu ndi mawu oti "golide" m'dzina. Chotsatira kutchuka ndiko kutchulidwa kofiira, koyera ndi kwakuda. Pamndandanda wamitundu yosatchuka, pazifukwa zina, emarodi amakhala ndi imvi ndi lead.
7. Pafupifupi anthu onse amagwirizanitsa mtundu wakuda ndi china chake choyipa. Aigupto wakale akuwoneka kuti ndi okhawo omwe achita izi. Kawirikawiri ankachitira imfa zaumunthu, ndikukhulupirira moyo wosatha. Chifukwa chake, chakuda chinali chinthu chofala kwambiri kwa iwo, kwa amuna ndi akazi.
8. Lingaliro logwirizana kwambiri la utoto lidapangidwa ndi Aristotle. Woganiza wakale wachi Greek adalemba utoto osati ndi sipekitiramu kokha, komanso ndi mphamvu. Mitundu yofiira ndi yachikasu imayimira mayendedwe amdima (akuda) kupita kuwunikira (oyera). Chobiriwira chimatanthauza kuwala ndi mdima, pomwe buluu limakhala lakuda kwambiri.
Aristotle
9. Ku Roma wakale, mitundu idagawika amuna ndi akazi. Zachimuna, zilizonse zomwe Aroma amamvetsetsa, zimaimiridwa ndi zofiira, zoyera ndi zamtambo. Azimayiwa ali ndi utoto womwe, m'malingaliro awo, samakopa chidwi: bulauni, lalanje, wobiriwira ndi wachikasu. Nthawi yomweyo, kuphatikiza mitundu kunkaloledwa: zovala za bulauni za amuna kapena mikanjo yoyera yamphesa.
10. Akatswiri a zamagetsi akale anali ndi lingaliro lawo la kuwala. Pali mitundu itatu yayikulu, malinga ndi chiphunzitso ichi: chakuda, choyera ndi chofiira. Mitundu ina yonse imakhala yapakatikati pakusintha kwa bii kukhala yoyera ndi yoyera kukhala yofiira. Mdima wakuda umaimira imfa, yoyera - moyo watsopano, wofiira - kukhwima kwa moyo watsopano ndikukonzekera kwake kusintha chilengedwe chonse.
11. Poyambirira liwu loti "Blue Stocking" limatanthauza amuna, makamaka, kwa bambo m'modzi wotchedwa Benjamin Stillingfleet. Mwamuna waluso uyu anali wokhazikika mu imodzi mwa ma salon odziwika bwino ku London m'zaka za zana la 18 ndipo amakonda kukambirana za sayansi, zolemba kapena zaluso m'malankhulidwe apamwamba. Stillingfleet ankavala masitonkeni a buluu pazifukwa zokha. Popita nthawi, olankhula naye adayamba kutcha "Circle of Blue Stockings." Munali m'zaka za 19th zokha pomwe azimayi omwe amasamala kwambiri zakukula kwamaluso kuposa mawonekedwe adayamba kutchedwa "masokosi abuluu".
Ngwazi ya Alice Freundlich mu "Office Romance" ndi "Blue Stocking"
12. Kuzindikira kwamitundu ndi diso la munthu, monga tanenera kale, ndikodalirika. A John Dalton, omwe khungu lawo limatchedwa khungu, sanadziwe mpaka zaka 26 kuti sawona zofiira. Chofiira kwa iye chinali buluu. Dalton atangokonda za botani ndikuwona kuti maluwa ena ali ndi mitundu yosiyana ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi kuwala kochita kupanga, adazindikira kuti china chake sichili bwino ndi maso ake. Mwa ana asanu m'banja la Dalton, atatu adadwala khungu. Pambuyo pofufuza mosamalitsa, zidapezeka kuti ndi khungu lakhungu, diso silitenga mafunde owala a kutalika kwina.
John Dalton
13. Khungu loyera nthawi zina limakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Ku Tanzania (boma ku East Africa) maalubino osaneneka amabadwa - alipo owirikiza ka 15 kuposa omwe ali padziko lapansi. Malinga ndi zikhulupiriro zakomweko, ziwalo za ma albino zimatha kuchiza matenda, chifukwa chake pali kusaka kwenikweni kwa anthu akhungu loyera. Mkhalidwe wa maalubino udakhala wowopsa makamaka pambuyo poti mliri wa Edzi wayamba - mphekesera zoti chidutswa cha albino chitha kuchotsa matenda oyipa chidatsegula kusaka kwenikweni kwa akuda oyera.
14. "Mtsikana wofiira" ndi mtsikana wachichepere, wosakwatiwa, wamanyazi, ndipo nyali yofiira ndikutchulidwa kwa nyumba yololera. Kolala yabuluu imagwira ntchito, ndipo katundu wabuluu ndi mayi wophunzira, wopanda ukazi. "Black Book" ndi ufiti, ndipo "Black Book" ndi masamu. Nkhunda yoyera ndi chizindikiro cha mtendere, ndipo mbendera yoyera ndi chizindikiro chodzipereka. Ku Russia, mpaka 1917, idalamulidwa kupenta nyumba zaboma mchikaso, ndikupereka "matikiti achikaso" kwa mahule.
15. "Lolemba Wakuda" ndi kuwonongeka kwa msika wamsika ku USA (1987) ndikusoweka ku Russia (1998). "Lachiwiri Lachiwiri" ndi tsiku loyambira Great Depression (1929). "Lachitatu lakuda" - tsiku lomwe George Soros adagwa mapaundi abwino kwambiri, ndikupeza $ 1.5 biliyoni patsiku (1987). "Lachinayi Lachinayi" ndi tsiku lomwe omenyera Soviet mumlengalenga ku Korea adawombera ndege 12 pa 21 za B-29 zomwe zimawoneka ngati zosagonjetseka. Ma "Flying Fortresses" otsalawo adawonongeka (1951). "Lachisanu Lachisanu" ndi tsiku loyambira malonda madzulo a Khrisimasi. "Black Saturday" - gawo lovuta kwambiri pamavuto amisili yaku Cuba, dziko linali mphindi zochepa kuchokera pankhondo yanyukiliya (1962). Koma "Black Sunday" ndi buku chabe la a Thomas Harris komanso kanema wotsatira.
