Magetsi ndi imodzi mwazitsulo zachitukuko chamakono. Moyo wopanda magetsi, ndizotheka, chifukwa makolo athu omwe sanali kutali ankachita bwino popanda iwo. "Ndiyatsa chilichonse pano ndi mababu a Edison ndi Swann!" Anafuula Sir Henry Baskerville kuchokera kwa Arthur Conan Doyle wa The Hound of the Baskervilles pomwe adayamba kuwona nyumba yachifumu yomwe anali pafupi kulandira. Koma bwaloli linali kale kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19.
Magetsi komanso kupita patsogolo kwake kwapatsa anthu mwayi wosaneneka. Ndizosatheka kuzilemba, ndizochulukirapo komanso zapadziko lonse lapansi. Chilichonse chotizungulira chimapangidwa mwanjira ina mothandizidwa ndi magetsi. Ndi kovuta kupeza china chosagwirizana ndi icho. Zamoyo? Koma zina mwa izo zimapanga magetsi ochuluka kwambiri. Ndipo anthu aku Japan aphunzira kuwonjezera zokolola za bowa powaika pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Dzuwa? Imadziwala yokha, koma mphamvu zake zikukonzedwa kale kukhala magetsi. Mwachidziwitso, m'mbali zina za moyo, mutha kukhala opanda magetsi, koma kulephera koteroko kumapangitsa kuti moyo ukhale wokwera mtengo. Chifukwa chake muyenera kudziwa magetsi ndikutha kugwiritsa ntchito.
1. Tanthauzo la mphamvu yamagetsi ngati mitsinje yamagetsi siyolondola kwenikweni. Mwachitsanzo, pama batire a ma electrolyte, pano pali ma hydrogen ions. Ndipo mu nyali za fulorosenti ndi zithunzi zowala, ma proton amapanga zinthu limodzi ndi ma elekitironi, komanso moyenera.
2. Thales waku Mileto anali wasayansi woyamba kulabadira zochitika zamagetsi. Wachifilosofi wakale wachi Greek adaganizira zakuti kamtengo ka Amber, ngati kakupaka ndi ubweya, kamayamba kukopa tsitsi, koma sanapitirire zowonekera. Mawu oti "magetsi" adapangidwa ndi dokotala wachingerezi William Gilbert, yemwe adagwiritsa ntchito liwu lachi Greek loti "amber". Gilbert sanapitilire pofotokozera chodabwitsa cha kukopa tsitsi, zidutswa za fumbi ndi zidutswa zamapepala zokhala ndi ndodo ya amber opaka ubweya - dokotala waku khothi la Mfumukazi Elizabeth anali ndi nthawi yopuma.
Thales waku Mileto
William Gilbert
3. Kuyendetsa koyamba kunapezeka ndi Stephen Gray. Mngelezi uyu sanali katswiri wamaphunziro a zakuthambo komanso wasayansi. Adawonetsa chitsanzo cha njira yogwiritsira ntchito sayansi. Ngati anzake akulephera kufotokoza zodabwitsazo ndipo, posachedwa, adafalitsa ntchito zawo, ndiye kuti Grey adapeza phindu kuchokera pakuchita bwino. Adawonetsa nambala ya "mwana wouluka" mu circus. Mnyamatayo anali pamwamba pa bwaloli pazingwe za silika, thupi lake lidapatsidwa jenereta, ndipo masamba amiyala yonyezimira adakopeka ndi manja ake. Bwaloli linali lolimba mtima m'zaka za zana la 17th, ndipo "kupsompsona kwamagetsi" mwachangu kunabwera mu mafashoni - ntchentche zimalumphira pakati pa milomo ya anthu awiri omwe ali ndi jenereta.
4. Munthu woyamba kuvutika ndi kulipidwa kwa magetsi anali wasayansi waku Germany Ewald Jürgen von Kleist. Adapanga batiri, pambuyo pake adatcha botolo la Leyden, ndikulipiritsa. Poyesa kutulutsa kachitini, von Kleist adadodometsedwa ndi magetsi ndipo adakomoka.
5. Wasayansi woyamba yemwe adamwalira pophunzira zamagetsi anali mnzake komanso mnzake wa Mikhail Lomonosov. Georg Richmann. Anayendetsa waya kuchokera pamtengo wachitsulo womwe udayikidwa padenga la nyumba yake ndikuwunika magetsi pakagwa mabingu. Limodzi mwa maphunzirowa linatha mwachisoni. Zikuwoneka kuti mvula yamabingu inali yamphamvu kwambiri - arc yamagetsi idadutsa pakati pa Richman ndi sensa yamagetsi, ndikupha wasayansi yemwe anali ataima pafupi kwambiri. Wotchuka Benjamin Franklin nawonso anali mumkhalidwe wotere, koma nkhope ya ndalama zana lokhala ndi mwayi inali yopulumuka.
Imfa ya a Georg Richmann
6. Batire yoyamba yamagetsi idapangidwa ndi Italy Alessandro Volta. Batire yake idapangidwa ndi ndalama zasiliva ndi ma disc a zinc, awiriawiri omwe anapatukana ndi utuchi wonyowa. Wachitaliyana adapanga batire yake mwamphamvu - mtundu wamagetsi panthawiyo unali wosamvetsetseka. M'malo mwake, asayansi amaganiza kuti amvetsetsa, koma amaganiza kuti sizolondola.
7. Chodabwitsa cha kusintha kwa wochititsa pochita zamakono kukhala maginito adapezeka ndi Hans-Christian Oersted. Wafilosofi wachilengedwe wa ku Sweden mwangozi adabweretsa waya womwe mphepoyo inali ikuyenderera mpaka ku kampasi ndikuwona kuwoloka kwa muvi. Chodabwitsachi chidakopa chidwi pa Oersted, koma sanamvetse zomwe zimabisa zokha. André-Marie Ampere adafufuza bwino zamagetsi. Mfalansa analandila ma buns akuluakulu ngati mawonekedwe odziwika padziko lonse lapansi komanso gawo lamakono lotchedwa pambuyo pake.
8. Nkhani yofananayo idachitika ndimphamvu yamagetsi. A Thomas Seebeck, omwe ankagwira ntchito yothandizira labotale ku umodzi mwa madipatimenti ku University of Berlin, adazindikira kuti ngati woyendetsa wopangidwa ndi zitsulo ziwiri akutenthedwa, mphepo imadutsa. Ndinazipeza, ndinanena, ndipo ndayiwala. Ndipo a Georg Ohm amangogwira ntchito pazamalamulo, zomwe zidzatchulidwe pambuyo pake, ndikugwiritsa ntchito ntchito ya Seebeck, ndipo aliyense amadziwa dzina lake, mosiyana ndi dzina la wothandizira labotale waku Berlin. Mwa njira, Ahm, adachotsedwa ntchito ngati mphunzitsi wa fizikiki pasukulu kuti ayesere - ndunayo idalingalira zoyeserera ngati chinthu chosayenera kwa wasayansi weniweni. Philosophy inali mu mafashoni panthawiyo ...
Georg Ohm
9. Koma wothandizira wina wa labotale, nthawi ino ku Royal Institute ku London, anakhumudwitsa kwambiri aprofesa. Michael Faraday, wazaka 22, adagwira ntchito molimbika kuti apange mota wamagetsi pamapangidwe ake. Humphrey Davy ndi William Wollaston, omwe adayitana Faraday ngati othandizira ma labotale, sakanatha kupirira izi. Faraday adasintha magalimoto ake kale ngati munthu wachinsinsi.
Michael Faraday
10. Abambo ogwiritsa ntchito magetsi pamafunso apakhomo ndi mafakitale - Nikola Tesla. Ndi eccentric wasayansi ndi injiniya yemwe adakhazikitsa njira zopezera zosinthira zamakono, kufalitsa kwake, kusintha ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida zamagetsi. Anthu ena amakhulupirira kuti tsoka la Tunguska ndi chifukwa cha zomwe Tesla adakumana nazo popatsira magetsi popanda waya.
Nikola Tesla
11. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka makumi awiri, bambo wachi Dutch Heike Onnes adatha kupeza helium yamadzi. Pachifukwa ichi, kunali koyenera kuziziritsa mpweya mpaka -267 ° C. Lingalirolo litayenda bwino, Onnes sanasiye kuyesa. Anakhotetsa mercury kutentha komweko ndipo adapeza kuti mphamvu yamagetsi yolimba yazitsulo idatsika mpaka zero. Umu ndi momwe superconductivity idapezeka.
Heike Onnes - Mphoto ya Nobel
12. Mphamvu yamphezi wamba ndi ma kilowatts 50 miliyoni. Zikuwoneka ngati kuphulika kwamphamvu. Chifukwa chiyani samayeserabe kuzigwiritsa ntchito mwanjira iliyonse? Yankho lake ndi losavuta - kuwomba kwa mphezi ndikofupikitsa. Ndipo ngati mutanthauzira mamilioni awa kukhala ma kilowatt-maola, omwe akuwonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, zimapezeka kuti ma 1,400 kilowatt-maola okha ndi omwe amatulutsidwa.
13. Makampani opanga magetsi oyamba padziko lonse lapansi adapereka zaposachedwa mu 1882. Pa Seputembala 4, ma jenereta omwe adapangidwa ndikupangidwa ndi kampani ya a Thomas Edison adathandizira nyumba mazana angapo ku New York City. Russia idatsalira kwakanthawi kochepa - mu 1886, fakitale yamagetsi, yomwe ili mu Winter Palace, idayamba kugwira ntchito. Mphamvu zake zimakulirakulirabe, ndipo patatha zaka 7 nyali 30,000 zidayatsidwa nayo.
Mkati mwa chomera choyamba
14. Kutchuka kwa Edison monga luso la magetsi ndikokokomeza kwambiri. Mosakayikira anali woyang'anira waluso komanso wamkulu mu R&D. Zomwe zili pulani yake yopanga zinthu, zomwe zidachitikadi! Komabe, chikhumbo chofuna kupanga china chake patsikulo sichinapezekenso. "Nkhondo yamadzi" imodzi yokha pakati pa Edison ndi Westinghouse ndi Nikola Tesla idawononga ogula magetsi (ndipo ndani winanso amene adalipira PR yakuda ndi zina zotere?) Mazana a mamiliyoni a iwo omwe amathandizidwa ndi madola agolide. Koma ali panjira, aku America adalandira mpando wamagetsi - Edison adakankhira kuphedwa kwa zigawenga ndi zina zaposachedwa kuti ziwonetse kuwopsa kwake.
15. M'mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi, magetsi amagetsi ndi 220 - 240 volts. Ku United States ndi mayiko ena angapo, ogula amapatsidwa ma volts 120. Ku Japan, magetsi oyendetsa magetsi ndi 100 volts. Kusintha kuchokera pamagetsi amtundu wina ndikokwera mtengo kwambiri. Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse isanachitike, panali ma volt a 127 volts ku USSR, kenako kusintha pang'onopang'ono kwa ma volts 220 kudayamba - ndi iyo, kutayika kwa ma network kumatsika kanayi. Komabe, ogula ena adasinthidwa kukhala ndi magetsi atsopano kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980.
16. Japan idapita njira yokhayo pakudziwitsa pafupipafupi momwe magetsi alili pafupipafupi. Ndikusiyana kwa chaka kumadera osiyanasiyana mdziko muno, zida zama frequency a 50 ndi 60 hertz zidagulidwa kwa ogulitsa akunja. Izi zidabwerera kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, ndipo pakadali miyezo iwiri yamagetsi mdzikolo. Komabe, poyang'ana ku Japan, ndizovuta kunena kuti kusiyana kumeneku pamafayilo mwanjira inayake kunakhudza chitukuko cha dzikolo.
17. Kusiyanasiyana kwama voltages m'maiko osiyanasiyana kwadzetsa chidziwitso chakuti pali mitundu yosachepera 13 yamapulagi ndi mabowo padziko lapansi. Pamapeto pake, cacophony yonseyi imalipira wogula amene amagula ma adapter, amabweretsa maukonde osiyanasiyana mnyumba ndipo, koposa zonse, amalipira zotayika mu waya ndi ma thiransifoma. Pa intaneti, mutha kupeza madandaulo ambiri ochokera ku Russia omwe adasamukira ku United States kuti kulibe makina ochapira m'nyumba zanyumba - iwo, makamaka, amakhala m'malo ochapira ena kwinakwake m'chipinda chapansi. Makamaka chifukwa makina ochapira amafunikira mzere wina, womwe ndi wokwera mtengo kukhazikitsa m'nyumba.
Izi si mitundu yonse ya malo ogulitsira
18. Zikuwoneka kuti lingaliro lamakina osunthika osatha, omwe adamwalira kwamuyaya ku Bose, adakhala amoyo palingaliro la malo opangira magetsi (PSPP). Uthenga womvekera koyambirira - kuti achepetse kusinthasintha kwamagwiritsidwe ntchito kwamagetsi tsiku lililonse - udabweretsedwapo zopanda pake. Anayamba kupanga ma PSP ndikuyesera kumanga ngakhale komwe kusinthasintha kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kapena kuli kochepa. Chifukwa chake, abwenzi achenjere adayamba kupondereza andale ndi malingaliro osangalatsa. Mwachitsanzo, ku Germany, ntchito yopanga makina osungira madzi opopera m'madzi akuwerengedwa chaka chino. Monga momwe adalengezedwera ndi omwe adapanga, muyenera kumiza mpira waukulu pansi pa madzi. Idzadzaza madzi ndi mphamvu yokoka. Magetsi ena akafunika, madzi ochokera mu mpirawo amaperekedwa kumagetsi. Momwe mungatumikire? Mapampu amagetsi, inde.
19. Zovuta zina zingapo, kunena pang'ono pang'ono, mayankho ochokera kumagetsi osagwirizana. Ku US, adabwera ndi sneaker yomwe imapanga magetsi atatu pa ola (poyenda, kumene). Ndipo ku Australia kuli malo opangira magetsi omwe amawotcha mwachidule. Zipolopolo matani imodzi ndi theka amasandulika megawatts imodzi ndi theka yamagetsi mu ola limodzi.
20. Mphamvu zobiriwira zagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi ku Australia kukhala "zoyipa". Kuchepa kwamagetsi, komwe kudachitika pambuyo poti mphamvu zama TPP zisinthidwe ndi malo oyendera dzuwa ndi mphepo, zidadzetsa kukwera mtengo. Kukwera mtengo kwapangitsa kuti anthu aku Australia akhazikitse magetsi azinyumba m'nyumba zawo, komanso makina amphepo oyandikira nyumba. Izi zipititsa patsogolo kusayenerera kwadongosolo. Ogwira ntchito akuyenera kukhazikitsa maluso atsopano, omwe amafunikira ndalama zatsopano, ndiye kuti, kukwera kwamitengo yatsopano. Boma, mbali inayi, limathandizira kilowatt iliyonse yamagetsi yomwe imalandira kuseli kwakunyumba, kwinaku ikukakamiza zopangira ndi zofuna zawo pamafakitala amagetsi.
Malo aku Australia
21. Aliyense adziwa kwanthawi yayitali kuti magetsi omwe amalandila kuchokera ku magetsi amagetsi ndi "odetsa" - CO imatulutsidwa2 , kutentha kwanyengo, kutentha kwanyengo, ndi zina zambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, akatswiri azachilengedwe samangonena zakuti yemweyo СО2 Amapangidwanso pakupanga mphamvu ya dzuwa, kutentha kwa nthaka, komanso mphamvu ya mphepo (popanga, zinthu zopanda chilengedwe zimafunikira). Mitundu yoyera kwambiri ya nyukiliya ndi madzi.
22. Mu umodzi mwa mizinda ya California, nyali yoyaka, yomwe idayatsidwa mu 1901, imayatsa mosalekeza muofesi yamoto. Nyali yokhala ndi mphamvu ya ma Watts 4 okha idapangidwa ndi Adolphe Scheie, yemwe adayesetsa kupikisana ndi Edison. Ulusi wa kaboni umakhala wochuluka kangapo kuposa ulusi wa nyali zamakono, koma kukhazikika kwa nyali ya Chaier sikudziwika ndi izi. Mitambo yamakono (makamaka, mizere) ya incandescence imatenthedwa ikatenthedwa. Zingwe za kaboni momwemonso zimangopatsa kuwala kochulukirapo.
Nyali yosungira
23. Electrocardiogram amatchedwa magetsi ayi chifukwa imapezeka mothandizidwa ndi netiweki yamagetsi. Minofu yonse ya thupi la munthu, kuphatikizapo mtima, mgwirizano ndi kupanga zikoka zamagetsi. Zipangizazo zimazilemba, ndipo adotolo, akuyang'ana pa cardiogram, amapeza matenda.
24. Ndodo yamphezi, monga aliyense amadziwa, idapangidwa ndi Benjamin Franklin mu 1752. Kokha mumzinda wa Nevyansk (womwe tsopano ndi dera la Sverdlovsk) mu 1725 ntchito yomanga nsanja yokhala ndi kutalika kwa mita zoposa 57 idamalizidwa. Nsanja ya Nevyansk inali yovekedwa kale ndodo yamphezi.
Nsanja ya Nevyansk
25. Opitilira biliyoni padziko lapansi amakhala opanda magetsi apanyumba.
