Seneca ananenanso kuti ngati pangakhale malo amodzi okha omwe atsala padziko lapansi pomwe angawone nyenyezi, anthu onse amayesetsa kupita kumalo ano. Ngakhale mutakhala ndi malingaliro ochepa, mutha kulemba ziwerengero ndi ziwembu pamitu yosiyanasiyana ya nyenyezi zowala. Ungwiro wa luso limeneli udakwaniritsidwa ndi openda nyenyezi, omwe amalumikiza nyenyezi osati wina ndi mnzake, komanso adawona kulumikizana kwa nyenyezi ndi zochitika zapadziko lapansi.
Ngakhale osakhala ndi luso laukadaulo osatengera malingaliro achinyengo, ndizovuta kuti musatengeke ndi kukongola kwa nyenyezi zakuthambo. Kupatula apo, nyali zing'onozing'ono izi zimatha kukhala zinthu zazikulu kwambiri kapena zimakhala ndi nyenyezi ziwiri kapena zitatu. Zina mwa nyenyezi zowoneka sizikhalaponso - pambuyo pake, timawona kuwala komwe kumatulutsidwa ndi nyenyezi zina zaka zikwi zapitazo. Ndipo, zachidziwikire, aliyense wa ife, akukweza mitu yake kumwamba, kamodzi, koma tinaganiza: bwanji ngati zina mwa nyenyezi izi zili ndi zolengedwa zofanana ndi ife?
1. Masana, nyenyezi sizimawoneka padziko lapansi, osati chifukwa Dzuwa likuwala - mumlengalenga, motsutsana ndi thambo lakuda kwambiri, nyenyezi zimawoneka bwino ngakhale pafupi ndi Dzuwa. Mlengalenga wowala dzuwa umasokoneza kuwona nyenyezi kuchokera Padziko Lapansi.
2. Nkhani zakuti masana nyenyezi zimawoneka kuchokera pachitsime chakuya mokwanira kapena kuchokera pansi pa chimbudzi chachikulu ndizongopeka. Onse kuchokera pachitsime ndi chitoliro, malo owala okhaokha akumwamba ndi omwe amawoneka. Thubhu yokhayo yomwe mumatha kuwona nyenyezi masana ndi telescope. Kuphatikiza pa Dzuwa ndi Mwezi, masana mlengalenga mumatha kuwona Venus (kenako muyenera kudziwa komwe mungayang'ane), Jupiter (zambiri pazowonera zikutsutsana kwambiri) ndi Sirius (wokwera kwambiri pamapiri).
3. Kuthwanima kwa nyenyezi ndi chotsatira chotsatira chamlengalenga, chomwe sichimakhala, ngakhale nyengo yamavuto kwambiri. Mumlengalenga, nyenyezi zimawala ndi kuwala kosasangalatsa.
4. Kukula kwa mitunda yakuthambo kumatha kufotokozedwa mu manambala, koma ndizovuta kuziona. Malo ocheperako omwe asayansi amagwiritsa ntchito, omwe amatchedwa. gawo lakuthambo (pafupifupi 150 miliyoni km), polemekeza sikeloyo, ikhoza kuyimiridwa motere. Pakona imodzi yakutsogolo kwa bwalo la tenisi, muyenera kuyika mpira (udzagwira ntchito ngati Dzuwa), ndipo winayo - mpira wokhala ndi mamilimita 1 mm (ili ndi Dziko Lapansi). Mpira wachiwiri wa tenisi, wowonetsa Proxima Centauri, nyenyezi yoyandikira kwambiri kwa ife, uyenera kuyikidwa pafupifupi 250,000 km kuchokera kukhothi.
5. Nyenyezi zitatu zowala kwambiri Padziko Lapansi zimawoneka kokha kumwera kwa dziko lapansi. Nyenyezi yowala kwambiri m'dera lathu, Arcturus, imangotenga malo achinayi. Koma mwa khumi, nyenyezi zili mofanana kwambiri: zisanu zili kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi, zisanu kumwera.
6. Pafupifupi theka la nyenyezi zomwe akatswiri a zakuthambo amawona ndi nyenyezi zowerengeka. Nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa ndikuwonetsedwa ngati nyenyezi ziwiri zoyandikana, koma iyi ndi njira yochulukirapo. Zigawo za nyenyezi yamabina amatha kukhala patali kwambiri. Chikhalidwe chake chachikulu ndikusinthasintha mozungulira malo wamba amisili.
7. Mawu achikale oti chachikulu chimawonedwa patali sagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nyenyezi zakuthambo: nyenyezi zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zimadziwika ndi zakuthambo zamakono, UY Shield, zimangowoneka kudzera pa telescope. Ngati mutaika nyenyeziyi m'malo mwa Dzuwa, imatha kukhala pakatikati pa dzuwa mpaka pa Saturn.
8. Wolemera kwambiri komanso wowala kwambiri mwa nyenyezi zophunziridwa ndi R136a1. Simawonekeranso ndi maso, ngakhale imatha kuwona pafupi ndi equator kudzera pa telescope yaying'ono. Nyenyezi iyi ili mu Cloud Magellanic Cloud. R136a1 ndi 315 nthawi zolemera kuposa Dzuwa. Ndipo kuwala kwake kumapitilira dzuwa limodzi nthawi 8,700,000. Munthawi yowonera, Polyarnaya idakhala yowala kwambiri (malinga ndi zomwe zina, nthawi 2.5).
9. Mu 2009, mothandizidwa ndi telesikopu ya Hubble, gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi la akatswiri azakuthambo lidapeza chinthu ku Beetle Nebula chomwe kutentha kwake kudapitilira madigiri 200,000. Nyenyezi yokha, yomwe ili pakatikati pa nebula, sinkawoneka. Amakhulupirira kuti uwu ndiye maziko a nyenyezi yomwe yaphulika, yomwe yasungabe kutentha kwake koyambirira, ndipo Beetle Nebula yomwe ndi zipolopolo zake zakunja zomwe zimamwaza.
10. Kutentha kwa nyenyezi yozizira kwambiri ndi madigiri 2,700. Nyenyeziyi ndi yoyera yoyera. Amalowa mgululi ndi nyenyezi ina yotentha komanso yowala kuposa mnzake. Kutentha kwa nyenyezi yozizira kwambiri kumawerengedwa "kumapeto kwa nthenga" - asayansi sanathebe kuwona nyenyeziyo kapena kupeza chithunzi chake. Makinawa amadziwika kuti amapezeka zaka zowala 900 kuchokera Padziko Lapansi mu gulu la nyenyezi la Aquarius.
Gulu la aquarius
11. Nyenyezi ya Kumpoto si yowala konse. Malinga ndi chizindikiro ichi, chimangokhala mwa nyenyezi khumi ndi ziwiri zowoneka. Kutchuka kwake kumangokhala chifukwa chakuti samasintha malo ake kumwamba. Nyenyezi ya Kumpoto imaposa 46 kuposa Dzuwa ndipo imawala kowirikiza 2,500 kuposa nyenyezi yathuyi.
12. Pofotokozera zakuthambo, mwina ziwerengero zazikulu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, kapena zimanenedwa za kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa nyenyezi zomwe zili mlengalenga. Ngati kuchokera pamawonekedwe asayansi, njirayi siyimadzutsa mafunso, ndiye kuti m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku zonse ndizosiyana. Kuchuluka kwa nyenyezi zomwe munthu amene ali ndi masomphenya abwinobwino sangathe kupitirira 3,000. Ndipo izi zili m'malo abwino - ndi mdima wathunthu komanso thambo lowala. M'midzi, makamaka yayikulu, sizokayikitsa kuti nyenyezi masauzande ndi theka sangathe kuwerengedwa.
13. Makulidwe a nyenyezi sizinthu zilizonse zazitsulo momwemo. Izi zili ndi zinthu zolemetsa kuposa helium. Dzuwa limakhala ndichitsulo cha 1.3%, ndipo nyenyezi yotchedwa Algeniba ndi 34%. Nyenyezi ikakhala yachitsulo kwambiri, ndiyandikira kwambiri kumapeto kwa moyo wake.
14. Nyenyezi zonse zomwe timawona mlengalenga ndi za milalang'amba itatu: Milky Way yathu ndi milalang'amba ya Triangle ndi Andromeda. Ndipo izi sizikhudza nyenyezi zomwe zimawoneka ndi maso. Kunali kokha kudzera mu telesikopu ya Hubble komwe kunali kotheka kuwona nyenyezi zomwe zili mu milalang'amba ina.
15. Musasakanize milalang'amba ndi magulu a nyenyezi. Gulu la nyenyezi ndi lingaliro lowoneka lokha. Nyenyezi zomwe timati ndi gulu lomwelo la nyenyezi zimatha kupezeka mamiliyoni a zaka zowala kuchokera ku zinzake. Milalang'amba ikufanana ndi zisumbu - nyenyezi zomwe zili mmenemo zili pafupi kwambiri.
16. Nyenyezi ndizosiyana kwambiri, koma zimasiyana pang'ono ndi kapangidwe kake. Amapangidwa makamaka ndi haidrojeni (pafupifupi 3/4) ndi helium (pafupifupi 1/4). Ndi zaka, helium yomwe imapangidwa ndi nyenyezi imakhala yochulukirapo, hydrogen - yocheperako. Zinthu zina zonse nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosakwana 1% yama misa a nyenyezi.
17. Mwambi wonena za mlenje yemwe akufuna kudziwa komwe pheasant wakhala, wopangidwa kuti aloweze pamtundu wa mitundu mu sipekitiramu, ungagwiritsidwenso ntchito potentha kwa nyenyezi. Nyenyezi zofiira ndizozizira kwambiri, zamtambo zimatentha kwambiri.
18. Ngakhale kuti mapu oyamba a nyenyezi zakuthambo ndi magulu a nyenyezi anali adakali m'zaka za m'ma 2000 BC. e., malire omveka bwino a gulu la nyenyezi omwe adapezeka mu 1935 pambuyo pa zokambirana zomwe zidatenga zaka khumi ndi theka. Pali magulu 88 a nyenyezi yonse.
19. Ndi molondola, titha kunena kuti dzina la "gulu" la nyenyezi, limafotokozedwanso pambuyo pake. Anthu akale amatchula magulu a nyenyezi ndi mayina a milungu kapena azimayi, kapena amapatsa mayina andakatulo nyenyezi. Mayina amakono ndiosavuta: nyenyezi zaku Antarctica, mwachitsanzo, zidaphatikizidwa mosavuta kukhala Clock, Compass, Compass, ndi zina zambiri.
20. Nyenyezi ndi gawo lotchuka la mbendera za boma. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka pamabendera monga zokongoletsa, koma nthawi zina amakhalanso ndi zakuthambo. Mbendera za Australia ndi New Zealand zimakhala ndi gulu la Southern Cross - lowala kwambiri ku Southern Hemisphere. Kuphatikiza apo, New Zealand Southern Cross ili ndi nyenyezi 4, ndipo Australia - ya 5. Gulu la Southern Cross la nyenyezi zisanu ndi gawo la mbendera ya Papua New Guinea. Anthu aku Brazil adapita patali - mbendera yawo ikuwonetsa malo okhala ndi nyenyezi mumzinda wa Rio de Janeiro kuyambira 9 maola 22 mphindi 43 masekondi pa Novembala 15, 1889 - nthawi yomwe ufulu wadzikolo udalengezedwa.
