Kuyenda ola limodzi kuchokera ku Las Vegas ndi tsamba lapadera lodziwika kuti Historic Landmark ndi National Architectural Monument ku United States of America - Hoover Dam. Damu la konkriti, lokwera kwambiri ngati nyumba yosanja makumi asanu ndi awiri (221 m), ndiyodabwitsa. Kapangidwe kakang'ono kamene kanakanikizidwa pakati pa mapiri a Black Canyon ndipo kakhala kakutsekereza kupanduka kwa Mtsinje wa Colorado kwazaka zopitilira 80.
Kuphatikiza pa damu ndi malo opangira magetsi, alendo amatha kukaona malo owonera zakale, kusilira malo owoneka bwino, kuwoloka malire pakati pa Nevada ndi Arizona pa mlatho wa arch womwe uli pamtunda wa 280 metres. Pamwamba pamadziwo pali Nyanja Yaikulu yopangidwa ndi anthu, komwe kumakhala nsomba, kuyenda panyanja ndikupuma.
Mbiri ya Damu la Hoover
Mitundu yaku India yakomweko imayitcha Colorado Great River Serpent. Mtsinjewo umachokera kumapiri a Rocky, omwe ndi okwera kwambiri mu dongosolo la Cordillera ku North America. Masika onse mtsinje wokhala ndi beseni loposa 390 sq. Km, idasefukira ndi madzi osungunuka, chifukwa chake idadzaza gombe. Sikovuta kulingalira za kuwonongeka kwakukulu komwe kusefukira kwamadzi kudabweretsa m'mafamu.
Pofika zaka makumi awiri zapitazo, nkhaniyi inali yovuta kwambiri kotero kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zowononga ku Colorado kudakhala lingaliro lazandale. Ambiri akufuna kudziwa chifukwa chomwe adamangira dziwe, ndipo yankho lake ndi losavuta - kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa madzi amtsinjewo. Komanso, dambweli limayenera kuthana ndi vuto la madzi kumadera aku Southern California ndipo, choyambirira, ku Los Angeles yomwe ikukula kwambiri.
Ntchitoyi inkafuna ndalama zambiri, ndipo chifukwa cha zokambirana ndi zokambirana, mgwirizano unasainidwa mu 1922. Oyimira boma anali a Herbert Hoover, omwe panthawiyo anali Secretary of Commerce. Chifukwa chake dzina la chikalatacho - "Hoover Compromise".
Koma zidatenga zaka zisanu ndi zitatu kuti boma ligawire ndalama zoyendetsera ntchitoyi. Munali munthawi imeneyi Hoover anali m'mphamvu. Ngakhale kuti pambuyo pa kusintha kwa ntchitoyi, amadziwika kuti malo omangako atsopano anali, mpaka 1947 adatchedwa Boulder Canyon Project. Zaka ziwiri zokha Hoover atamwalira ku 1949, Senate idapanga chisankho chomaliza pankhaniyi. Kuyambira pomwepo, dziwe lidasankhidwa mwapadera chifukwa chamapurezidenti 31 aku US.
Momwe Damu la Hoover lidamangidwa
Mgwirizano wokhazikitsa ntchito yomanga dziwe chifukwa chosankhidwa ndi mpikisano udapita pagulu lamakampani a Six Companies, Inc, omwe amadziwika kuti Big Six. Ntchito yomangayi idayamba mu Meyi 1931, ndipo idamalizidwa mu Epulo 1936, nthawi isanakwane. Ntchitoyi inagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopanda malire komanso kayendetsedwe kabwino ka ntchito yomanga:
- Makoma ndi zingwe za canyon adatsukidwa ndikuwongoleredwa molawirira. Anthu okwera miyala ndi owononga nyumba omwe amaika miyoyo yawo pachiswe tsiku lililonse amaikidwa pakhomo lolowera ku Hoover Dam.
- Madzi ochokera kumalo ogwirira ntchito adasunthidwa kudzera mumayendedwe, omwe adakalipo, omwe amapatsa madzi pang'ono kwa ma turbine kapena kumaliseche kwake. Njirayi imachepetsa katundu padamupo ndipo imathandizira kuti pakhale bata.
- Damu lapangidwa kuti likhale ndi mizere yolumikizana. Njira yozizira yazomanga konkriti idapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito madzi othamangitsira kuumitsa konkire. Kafukufuku mu 1995 adawonetsa kuti konkriti wa dziwe akupezabe mphamvu.
- Ponseponse, matani opitilira 600,000 a simenti ndi 3.44 miliyoni cubic metres amafunikira kuponyera damu. mita yodzaza. Pomaliza ntchito yomanga, Dziwe la Hoover limawerengedwa kuti ndi chinthu chopangidwa ndi anthu chachikulu kwambiri kuyambira mapiramidi aku Egypt. Kuti athetse ntchito yayikuluyi, mafakitale awiri a konkriti adamangidwa.
Ntchito ya omanga
Ntchito yomangayo idachitika panthawi yovuta, pomwe panali anthu ambiri mdzikolo opanda ntchito komanso malo okhala. Ntchito yomangayi yapulumutsa mabanja ambiri popanga ntchito masauzande ambiri. Ngakhale zinali zovuta komanso kusowa kwa zinthu zoyambira koyambirira, otaya omwe akusowa ntchito sanaume. Anthu amabwera m'mabanja ndikukhala m'mahema pafupi ndi malo omangapo.
Malipiro ake anali ola lililonse ndipo amayamba ndi masenti 50. Kubetcherako kwakukulu kudakhazikitsidwa pa $ 1.25. Panthawiyo, inali ndalama zabwino zomwe anthu zikwizikwi osagwira ntchito aku America amafuna. Pafupifupi, anthu zikwi 3-4 amagwirira ntchito malowa tsiku lililonse, koma kuwonjezera pa izi, ntchito zowonjezera zidawonekera m'mafakitale ena. Kukula uku kumamveka m'maiko oyandikana nawo, pomwe panali mphero zachitsulo, migodi, mafakitale.
Malinga ndi mgwirizano, malamulo adakambirana pakati pa oimira makontrakitala ndi boma kuti aletse kulemba anthu ntchito kutengera mtundu. Wolemba ntchitoyo adayika patsogolo akatswiri, omenyera nkhondo, azungu ndi akazi. Chigawo chochepa chinaperekedwa kwa a Mexico ndi aku America aku America omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ntchito yotsika mtengo kwambiri. Zinali zoletsedwa konse kulandira anthu ochokera ku Asia, makamaka achi China, kuti amange. Boma linali ndi mbiri yoyipa yomanga ndi kumanganso San Francisco, komwe anthu ogwira ntchito ku China adakula kukhala akulu kwambiri ku United States.
Kampu yakanthawi idakonzedwera omanga, koma omanga asintha ndondomekoyi pofuna kuwonjezera kuthamanga ndi ntchito. Kukhazikikaku kunamangidwa kokha chaka chotsatira. Ogwira ntchito a Big Six amakhazikitsanso nyumba zikuluzikulu, ndikuletsa nzika zingapo. Damu litamangidwa, mzindawu udatha kukhala wovomerezeka.
Sizinali zovuta mkate kwa omanga. M'miyezi yotentha, kutentha kumatha kukhala madigiri 40-50 kwanthawi yayitali. Madalaivala ndi okwera mapiri anaika miyoyo yawo pachiswe pafupifupi nthawi iliyonse. Imfa za 114 zidalembetsedwa mwalamulo, koma zowonadi zake zinali zochulukirapo.
Mtengo wa polojekiti
Ntchito yomanga Damu la Hoover idawononga America ndalama zochuluka panthawiyo - madola 49 miliyoni. M'zaka zisanu zokha, ntchito yomanga ya sikelo yapadera idamalizidwa. Chifukwa cha dziwe, minda ku Nevada, California ndi Arizona lero ili ndi madzi ofunikira ndipo imatha kupanga ulimi wothirira. Mizinda yonse idalandira magetsi wotsika mtengo, zomwe zidalimbikitsa chitukuko cha mafakitale komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu. Malinga ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale, ntchito yomanga Damu la Hoover limalumikizidwa ndi chitukuko chofulumira cha Las Vegas, likulu la njuga ku America, lomwe munthawi yochepa yasintha kuchoka m'tawuni yaying'ono yaying'ono kukhala mzinda wodziwika bwino.
Mpaka 1949, malo opangira magetsi ndi damu adawonedwa kuti ndi akulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Damu la Hoover ndi la boma la US ndipo limagwira gawo lofunikira pakusunga magetsi moyenera kumadera akumadzulo kwa dzikolo. Makina oyendetsa masiteshoni adayambitsidwa mu 1991 ndipo imagwira bwino ntchito ngakhale osagwira nawo ntchito.
Damu la Hoover ndi lokongola osati kokha monga kapangidwe kapangidwe kaukadaulo. Ntchito yake yomanga imadziwikanso, yomwe imagwirizanitsidwa ndi dzina la katswiri wodziwika bwino waku America Gordon Kaufman. Mapangidwe akunja a damu, nsanja zolandirira madzi, nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale ndi malo okumbukirako adalola kapangidwe kopangidwa ndi anthu kuti kukhale koyenera mu panorama ya canyon. Damu ndi chinthu chotchuka kwambiri komanso chodziwika. Ndizovuta kulingalira munthu yemwe angakane kujambula chithunzi ali ndi mbiri yakuwala kokongola koteroko.
Ichi ndichifukwa chake makampani ndi mabungwe ammadera amakonda kukweza kapena kuchita ziwonetsero kuzungulira Hoover Dam. Hoover Dam ndiyodziwika kwambiri ndi opanga mafilimu. Adapulumutsidwa ndi Superman komanso ngwazi yaku kanema "Universal Soldier", adayesera kuwononga achiwembu Beavis ndi Butthet. Wokhudzidwa Homer Simpson ndi gulu lowopsa la Transformers adasokoneza kukhulupirika kwa khoma la konkriti. Ndipo opanga masewera apakompyuta adayang'ana mtsogolo mwa Damu la Hoover ndipo adapeza njira yatsopano yopezeka pambuyo pa nkhondo ya zida za nyukiliya komanso apocalypse yapadziko lonse.
Ngakhale patadutsa zaka makumi ambiri, ndikubwera kwa ntchito zopitilira muyeso, damu lidapitilizabe kudabwitsa. Zinatengera kupirira komanso kulimba mtima kuti apange ndikumanga zomangamanga zapaderazi.
