Wobadwa ndi mpweya wamoto woyaka moto komanso womangirizidwa ndi mphamvu yayitali yakumpoto kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Tanzania, kudutsa m'mitambo, kukwera phiri la Kilimanjaro - phiri lalitali kwambiri ku Africa - chizindikiro cha kukongola ndi zozizwitsa zosadziwika.
Anthu achiSwahili, omwe kale ankakhala m'malo obiriwira osatha a ku Africa, sankadziwa za chipale chofewa, choncho ankawona chipewa choyera ngati chipale chofewa pamwamba pa phirilo ngati siliva weniweni, wonyezimira pansi pa kuwala kwa dzuwa. Nthanoyi inasungunuka m'manja mwa mtsogoleri wolimba mtima, yemwe adaganiza zokwera Kilimanjaro kuti akafufuze malo otsetsereka a msonkhanowo. Amwenyewo, atakumana ndi mpweya wozizira wa chipale chofewa chaphalaphala, adayamba kuyitcha "Malo Okhalamo Mulungu Wakuzizira".
Volcano Kilimanjaro - phiri lalitali kwambiri ku Africa
Phirili ndi lokongola kwambiri kwakuti ndi kutalika kwake kwa 5895 m ndiye malo otsogola mdziko lonse la Africa. Mutha kupeza chiphalaphala pamapu ndi zigawo zotsatirazi:
- Kumwera chakummwera - 3 ° 4 '32 ″ (3 ° 4 '54).
- Kutalika kwakum'mawa - 37 ° 21 '11 ″ (37 ° 21 '19).
Phiri la ku Africa (lomwe limatchedwanso kuti kuphulika kwa mapiri), chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa mapiri, lili ndi mawonekedwe amalo otsetsereka othamangira kumsonkhano waukulu, wopangidwa ndi mapiri atatu osiyana, olumikizidwa kukhala umodzi wonse:
Mbiri ya phiri la Kilimanjaro
Kuti mudziwe mbiri ya komwe phiri la Kilimanjaro limayambira komanso chiyambi cha kukula kwa munthu, muyenera kupita zaka mazana ambiri pomwe tectonic plate yaku Africa idasweka. Madzi otentha anakwera kuchokera pansi pa nthaka ndikudutsamo. Phiri lopangidwa pakati pa chigwa, kuchokera pamwamba pake chiphalaphala chomwe chidaphulika. Kukula kwa phirilo kunayamba kuwonjezeka chifukwa cha kuzizira kwamphamvu kwa mtsinje wamoto, pamwamba pa chipolopolo cholimba chomwe mitsinje yatsopano imayenda. Pambuyo pazaka zambiri, malo otsetsereka a Kilimanjaro adakutidwa ndi masamba ndikupeza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama, ndipo pambuyo pake anthu adakhazikika pafupi.
Chifukwa chazopeka zomwe zidapezeka, nthawi yokhalamo anthu a Huachagga, omwe amakhala "mumtima" wa Africa pafupifupi zaka 400 zapitazo, yatsatiridwa. Ndipo zinthu zina zapakhomo ndizaka 2000 zokha.
Malinga ndi nthano, munthu woyamba yemwe amatha kuthana ndi nyengo ndi zodabwitsa za phiri la Kilimanjaro anali mwana wa Mfumukazi ya Sheba - Tsar Menelik I, yemwe adafuna kupita kudziko lina ndi ulemu wonse pamwamba pa phiri. Pambuyo pake, m'modzi mwa olowa m'malo mwa mfumu adabwerera kumtunda kukafunafuna chuma, kuphatikiza mphete yodziwika ya Solomo, yomwe imapatsa wosunga nzeru zambiri.
Panali kutsutsana komwe sikunachitikepo pakati pa olemba mbiri ku Europe osati kokha zakupezeka kwa chipale chofewa pamwambapa, komanso za kukhalapo kwa chiphalaphala chomwecho. Mmishonale Charles New anali woyamba kulemba mwalamulo kukwera kwake mu 1871 mpaka kutalika pafupifupi 4000 m. Ndipo kugonjetsedwa kwa malo okwera kwambiri ku Africa (5895 m) kunachitika mu 1889 ndi Ludwig Purtsheller ndi Hans Meyer, chifukwa cha njira zomwe zidakwera. Komabe, kukwererako kusanachitike, kunali kutchulidwapo koyambirira kwa phiri lokutidwa ndi chipale chofewa pamapu a Ptolemy kuyambira mchaka cha II AD, ndipo tsiku loti phalalo lipezeke ndilovomerezeka 1848 chifukwa cha m'busa waku Germany a Johannes Rebman.
Yogwira kapena yotayika
Ambiri ali ndi chidwi ndi funsoli: kodi phiri la Kilimanjaro limaphulika kapena siligonapo? Kupatula apo, mabowo ena nthawi ndi nthawi amatulutsa mpweya wambiri panja. Akatswiri, poyankha funso loti kuphulika ndikotheka, akuti: "Ngakhale kugwa kwakung'ono kungakhudze kudzuka kwa chiphalaphala, chifukwa chake miyala idzafooka."
Mu 2003, asayansi adazindikira kuti misa yosungunuka ili pamtunda wa mamita 400 kuchokera pamwamba pa Kibo. Kuphatikiza apo, zovuta zomwe zimakhudzana ndikusungunuka kwachisanu zimakopa chidwi chachikulu. Chivundikiro cha matalala chikuchepa, posakhalitsa akatswiri amaganiza kuti chipale chofewa pamwamba pa Kilimanjaro chimazimiririka. Mu 2005, kwa nthawi yoyamba, nsonga ya phirili idamasulidwa pachikuto choyera ngati chipale chofewa chifukwa chakugwa pang'ono kwa chipale chofewa.
Tikukulangizani kuti muyang'ane phiri la Vesuvius.
Ndizosatheka kudziwa kuti kuphulika kwa mapiri kunayambika kangati, koma malinga ndi kufotokoza kwa katswiri wa sayansi ya nthaka, Hans Mayer, yemwe adawona phirilo lodzaza ndi ayezi, palibe phala lomwe limaphulika.
Flora ndi zinyama
Nyengo yozungulira phiri lophulika la Kilimanjaro ndiyapadera: kutentha kwamalo otentha ndipo ufumu wa mphepo yozizira kwambiri ili pamtunda wa mamitala zikwi zingapo. Mukakwera phirilo, apaulendo amalimbana ndi nyengo zosiyanasiyana ndi nyengo komanso zomera.
Bushland - 800-1800 m... Phazi la phiri lamapiri la Kilimanjaro limazungulira malo okhala ndi udzu, womwe nthawi zina umabalalitsa mitengo ndi tchire. Masheya amagawidwa nyengo: nthawi yozizira - yotentha, chilimwe - equator. Pafupifupi, kutentha sikupitilira 32 ° C. Chifukwa chaphalaphala lomwe lili pafupi ndi equator, mvula imagwa kwambiri kuposa malo akutali kwambiri am'derali. Ntchito yaikulu ya anthu akumaloko ndi ulimi. Anthu amalima nyemba, mtedza, chimanga, khofi, mpunga. Minda ya shuga imapezeka pansi pa phirili. Mwa nyama zomwe zili mdera lino, pali anyani, ma badger, servals ndi akambuku. Dera lolimidwa lomwe lili ndi ngalande zothirira zambiri ndi dera lokhala ndi anthu ambiri ku Kilimanjaro. Anthu akumaloko samasunga zachilengedwe, akudula zopanda chifundo zomera kuti zitheke.
Nkhalango yamvula - 1800-2800 m... Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mvula (2000 mm), zomera zosiyanasiyana zimawonedwa pamlingo uwu, ngakhale mitundu yosawerengeka imapezeka pano. Mbali yapadera ya lamba ndikutuluka kwakuthwa kwa mpweya usiku, koma nthawi zambiri kumakhala kotentha mdera lino chaka chonse.
Madera a Heather - 2800-4000 m... Pamalo okwerawa, malo otsetsereka a Kilimanjaro ali ndi chifunga chadzaoneni, choncho mbewuzo zimadzaza ndi chinyezi, zomwe zimawathandiza kuti azikula munyengo youma yotereyi. Pali minda ya eucalyptus, cypresses, ndipo nzika zakomweko zimakwera phompho kuti zikalime masamba m'malo amdima. Alendo ali ndi mwayi woyang'ana m'minda yomwe Lanurian lobelia imakula, mpaka kutalika kwa mamitala 10. Palinso duwa lamtchire, koma osati wamba, koma lalikulu. Kuti mumvetse bwino kukula ndi kukongola kwa nkhalango yayikulu, ndikofunikira kuyang'ana pazithunzi za alendo. Nthaka yotentha, yodzaza ndi mpweya, imalola kuti mbewu zambiri zikule.
Alpine bwinja - 4000-5000 m... Malo osiyana kwambiri kutentha. Masana, mpweya umafunda mpaka 35 ° C, ndipo usiku chizindikirocho chimatsika pansi pa 0 ° C. Kuperewera kwa zomera kumakhudzidwa ndi mpweya wochepa. Pamalo okwerawa, okwera phiri amamva kutsika kwa mpweya wamlengalenga komanso kutsika kwakanthawi kwa kutentha kwamlengalenga. Zikatero, zimakhala zovuta kupuma mozama.
Malo ozungulira Arctic - 5000-5895 m... Lamba ameneyu amakhala ndi ayezi wokulirapo komanso miyala. Zomera ndi zinyama kumtunda kulibiretu. Kutentha kwa mpweya kumatsikira ku -9 ° C.
Zosangalatsa
- Kuti mukwere pamwamba pa Kibo, palibe maphunziro apadera okhudza kukwera mapiri omwe amafunikira, mawonekedwe abwino ndi okwanira. Malo otsetsereka a phirili ndi ena mwa nsonga zisanu ndi ziŵiri zomwe okwera ndi alendo amakonda kugonjetsa. Kukwera ku Kilimanjaro kumawerengedwa kuti ndikosavuta, koma ndi 40% yokha mwa iwo omwe akufuna kupambana pamwamba omwe amafikira cholinga chomaliza.
- Aliyense amadziwa komwe kuli phiri lomwe lingathe kuphulika, koma ndi ochepa omwe amadziwa kuti lili m'malire a mayiko awiri - Tanzania ndi Kenya.
- Mu 2009, monga gawo la zochitika zachifundo, okwera 8 osawona adakwera pamwambowu. Ndipo mu 2003 ndi 2007, wapaulendo Bernard Gusen adagonjetsa phirili ndi chikuku.
- Chaka chilichonse anthu 10 amaphedwa pamapiri a phirili.
- M'malo achinyezi, nthunzi ikamazungulira tsinde la phirili, pamakhala kukomoka, ngati kuti Kilimanjaro ndi nsonga yopanda kulemera, yotalikirana ndi zigwa zobiriwira zosatha.
- Dera lomwe lili ndi kuphulika kwa mapiri limatha kukhala ndimipweya yochokera ku Indian Ocean.
- "Sparkling Mountain" ndiyabwino kwambiri kotero kuti ngati msonkhano wachisanu uleka kupanga mitsinje ndi mitsinje, ndiye kuti madera adzauma, nkhalango zowirira zitha. Anthu amderalo adzasiya nyumba zawo ndikunyamuka, kusiya chipululu momwe nyama zilibe.
