Alexander 2 Nikolaevich Romanov - Emperor of All Russia, Tsar waku Poland ndi Grand Duke waku Finland. Munthawi yaulamuliro wake, adasintha zambiri zomwe zidakhudza madera osiyanasiyana. Mu mbiri yakale yaku Russia komanso mbiri yakale yaku Bulgaria amatchedwa Liberator. Izi ndichifukwa kuthetsedwa kwa serfdom ndikupambana pankhondo yodziyimira pawokha ku Bulgaria.
Wambiri Alexander 2 lili mfundo zambiri zosangalatsa za moyo panokha ndi ndale.
Kotero, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yochepa ya Alexander Nikolaevich Romanov.
Wambiri Alexander 2
Alexander Romanov anabadwa pa 17 April (29), 1818 ku Moscow. Polemekeza kubadwa kwake, chikondwerero cha mfuti 201 chinaponyedwa.
Adabadwa m'banja la Emperor waku Russia wamtsogolo Nicholas 1 ndi mkazi wake Alexandra Feodorovna.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Ali mwana, Alexander Romanov anaphunzira kunyumba, moyang'aniridwa ndi bambo ake. Nicholas 1 anali tcheru kwambiri polera mwana wake, pozindikira kuti m'tsogolo amayenera kuyang'anira boma lalikulu.
Wolemba ndakatulo komanso womasulira wotchuka waku Russia Vasily Zhukovsky anali mlangizi wa Tsarevich.
Kuphatikiza pa maphunziro oyambira, Alexander adaphunzira zankhondo motsogozedwa ndi Karl Merder.
Mnyamatayo anali ndi luso labwino kwambiri, chifukwa chake adakwanitsa kuphunzira sayansi zosiyanasiyana.
Malinga ndi maumboni ambiri, ali mwana anali wosangalatsa komanso wosangalatsa. Paulendo wopita ku London (mu 1839), adakumana ndi Mfumukazi Victoria yachichepere.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti akamalamulira Ufumu wa Russia, Victoria adzakhala pamndandanda wa mdani wake wamkulu.
Ulamuliro ndikusintha kwa Alexander II
Atafika pokhwima, Alexander, atakakamizidwa ndi abambo ake, adayamba kutenga nawo mbali pazinthu zaboma.
Mu 1834, mnyamatayo anali ku Senate, kenako adakhala membala wa Sinodi Yoyera. Pambuyo pake adatenga nawo gawo mu Komiti ya Atumiki.
Nthawi imeneyi, Alexander 2 adayendera mizinda yambiri ku Russia, komanso adayendera mayiko ambiri aku Europe. Posakhalitsa adakwanitsa kumaliza ntchito yankhondo ndipo mu 1844 adapatsidwa ulemu wa general.
Atakhala wamkulu wa alonda Infantry, Alexander Romanov anayambitsa sukulu usilikali.
Kuphatikiza apo, mwamunayo adaphunzira zovuta za alimi, powona moyo wawo wovuta. Apa ndipamene malingaliro azosintha zingapo adakhwima m'mutu mwake.
Nkhondo ya Crimea itayamba (1853-1856), Alexander II adatsogolera nthambi zonse zankhondo zomwe zili ku Moscow.
Kumapeto kwa nkhondo mu 1855, Alexander anakhala pa mpando wachifumu. Iyi inali nthawi yovuta kwambiri mu mbiri yake. Zinali zowonekeratu kuti Russia silingapambane nkhondoyi.
Kuphatikiza apo, momwe zinthu zinalili zidakulirakulira chifukwa chakuchepa kwa ndalama mu bajeti. Alexander amayenera kupanga pulani yomwe ingathandize dzikolo ndi anthu amtundu wake kupeza chitukuko.
Mu 1856, mwalamulo la olamulira, akazembe aku Russia adamaliza Mtendere wa Paris. Ndipo ngakhale zigawo zambiri zamgwirizanowu sizinali zopindulitsa ku Russia, Alexander II adakakamizidwa kuchita chilichonse kuti athetse nkhondo.
Chaka chomwecho, mfumuyo idapita ku Germany kukakumana ndi mfumu Friedrich Wilhelm 4. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti Frederick anali amalume ake a Alexander, mbali ya amayi.
Pambuyo pokambirana mwamphamvu, olamulira aku Germany ndi Russia adalowa "mgwirizanowu" wachinsinsi. Chifukwa cha mgwirizanowu, mfundo zakunja kwa Ufumu wa Russia zidatha.
Tsopano Alexander 2 amayenera kuthetsa zochitika zonse zandale m'boma.
M'chilimwe cha 1856, mfumuyo idalamula kuti Decembrists, Petrashevists, komanso omwe akuchita nawo ziwopsezo zaku Poland. Kenako adasiya kulembetsa usilikali kwa zaka zitatu ndikuchotsa malo okhala ankhondo.
Nthawi yakwana yakusintha kofunikira kwambiri mu mbiri yandale ya Alexander Nikolaevich. Adalamula kuti atenge nkhani yothetsa serfdom, kudzera pakumasulidwa kwa anthu wamba.
Mu 1858, lamulo linaperekedwa, malinga ndi momwe alimi anali ndi ufulu wogula malo omwe anapatsidwa. Pambuyo pake, malo ogulidwawo adakhala chuma chake.
Mu nthawi ya 1864-1870. Alexander Wachiwiri adathandizira malamulo a Zemsky ndi City. Pakadali pano, kusintha kwakukulu kunachitika mu gawo la maphunziro. Amfumu adathetsanso mchitidwe wopeputsa wogwetsa anzawo.
Nthawi yomweyo, Alexander II adapambana pa Nkhondo ya Caucasus ndipo adalumikiza anthu ambiri aku Turkestan kudera ladziko. Pambuyo pake, adaganiza zopita kunkhondo ndi Turkey.
Komanso, mfumu yaku Russia idakwaniritsanso bajeti yaboma pogulitsa Alaska ku United States. Werengani zambiri za izi Pano.
Olemba mbiri ambiri amati ulamuliro wa Alexander II, pazabwino zake zonse, unali ndi zoyipa zazikulu: wolamulirayo amatsata "mfundo yaku Germany" yomwe imatsutsana ndi zofuna za Russia.
Romanov adachita mantha ndi Frederick, zomwe zidamuthandiza kuti apange gulu logwirizana lankhondo ku Germany.
Komabe, kumayambiriro kwa ulamuliro wake, mfumuyo idasintha zinthu zambiri zofunika, chifukwa chake amayenera kutchedwa "Liberator".
Moyo waumwini
Alexander 2 amadziwika ndi kukondana kwake kwapadera. Ali mnyamata, iye adatengeka kwambiri ndi mdzakazi wa ulemu Borodzina kuti makolo a mtsikanayo adayenera kumukwatira mwachangu.
Pambuyo pake, wantchito wa ulemu Maria Trubetskaya anakhala wokondedwa watsopano wa Tsarevich. Posakhalitsa anayamba chibwenzi mobwerezabwereza ndi wantchito wa ulemu - Olga Kalinovskaya.
Mnyamatayo ankamukonda mtsikanayo kotero kuti chifukwa chaukwati ndi iye, anali wokonzeka kusiya mpando wachifumu.
Zotsatira zake, makolo a wolowa pampando wachifumuwo adalowererapo, akuumiriza kuti akwatire Maximiliana waku Hesse, yemwe pambuyo pake adadziwika kuti Maria Alexandrovna.
Ukwatiwu udakhala wopambana kwambiri. Banja lachifumu linali ndi anyamata a 6 ndi atsikana awiri.
Popita nthawi, mkazi wake wokondedwa adadwala chifuwa chachikulu. Matendawa anakula tsiku lililonse, kukhala chifukwa cha imfa ya Mfumukazi mu 1880.
Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti panthawi ya moyo wa mkazi wake, Alexander 2 adamunyenga mobwerezabwereza ndi akazi osiyanasiyana. Komanso, ana apathengo anabadwira kuchokera kwa okondedwa ake.
Wamasiye, tsar adakwatirana ndi mtsikana wazaka 18 wa ulemu Ekaterina Dolgorukova. Unali ukwati wamtendere, ndiye kuti, unamalizidwa pakati pa anthu azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana.
Ana anayi obadwira mgwirizanowu analibe ufulu wokhala pampando wachifumu. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti ana onse adabadwa panthawi yomwe mkazi wa amfumu akadali moyo.
Imfa
Kwa zaka zambiri za mbiri yake, Alexander 2 adakumana ndi zoyesayesa zingapo zakupha. Kwa nthawi yoyamba wotchedwa Dmitry Karakozov adasokoneza moyo wa tsar. Kenako amafuna kupha mfumu ku Paris, koma nthawi ino adakhalabe wamoyo.
Kuyesanso kwina kunachitika mu Epulo 1879 ku St. Oyambitsa ake anali mamembala a komiti yayikulu ya "Narodnaya Volya". Adaganiza zophulitsa sitima yachifumu, koma molakwitsa adaphulitsa galimoto yolakwika.
Pambuyo pake, chitetezo cha Alexander II chidalimbikitsidwa, koma izi sizinamuthandize. Ngolo yachifumu itakwera m'mbali mwa Catherine Canal, Ignatius Grinevetsky adaponya bomba pamapazi a akavalo.
Komabe, mfumuyi idafa chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa bomba lachiwiri. Wopha mnzakeyo anamuponyera pamapazi amfumu atatuluka m'galimoto. Alexander 2 Nikolaevich Romanov adamwalira pa Marichi 1 (13), 1881 ali ndi zaka 62.
Chithunzi cha Alexander 2
