Cologne Cathedral kwa nthawi yayitali sinali yoyamba pamndandanda wa nyumba zazitali kwambiri padziko lapansi, koma lero ndiyofunika kukhala wachitatu pamatchalitchi onse. Sikuti mpingo wa Gothic umadziwika ndi izi: uli ndi zotsalira zambiri, zomwe nthumwi za anthu osiyanasiyana omwe amabwera ku Germany akufuna kuziwona. Chilichonse ndichosangalatsa: kutalika kwa nsanja, mbiri yazachilengedwe, zomangamanga, zokongoletsa mkati.
Mwachidule za Cologne Cathedral
Kwa iwo omwe akudabwabe komwe kuli tchalitchi chachikulu, ndikofunikira kupita mumzinda wa Cologne ku Germany. Adilesi yake: Domkloster, 4. Mwala woyamba udayikidwanso ku 1248, koma kapangidwe kamakono kamatchalitchi kamakhala kofananira ndi Gothic.
Pansipa pali kufotokozera mwachidule za mfundo zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimakhudzana ndikumanga kwa tchalitchichi ndi zomwe zili:
- kutalika kwa nsanja yayikulu kufika 157.18 m;
- kutalika kwa kachisi ndi 144.58 m;
- m'lifupi kachisi - 86.25 m;
- kuchuluka kwa mabelu - 11, yayikulu kwambiri yomwe ndi "Decke Pitter";
- dera la tchalitchi chachikulu ndi pafupifupi 7914 sq. m;
- unyinji wa mwala womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga ndi pafupifupi matani 300,000;
- kukonza pachaka ndalama mayuro 10 miliyoni.
Kwa iwo omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi kuchuluka kwa masitepe omwe amapangitsa kuti awonongeke, ndiyeneranso kuwonjezera chiwerengerochi, chifukwa kuti mufike pa belu tower ndikutenga chithunzi chapamwamba kuchokera pamwamba pa tchalitchi, muyenera kuthana ndi masitepe 509. Zowona, kuyendera nsanja kumalipira, koma aliyense akhoza kungopita kukachisi. Maola otsegulira amasiyanasiyana malinga ndi nyengo. M'chilimwe (Meyi-Okutobala), Cologne Cathedral imatsegulidwa kwa alendo pakati pa 6: 00-21: 00, ndipo nthawi yozizira (Novembara-Epulo) mutha kusilira kukongola kwa tchalitchi pakati pa 6: 00-19: 30.
Magawo omanga kachisi wa Cologne
Tchalitchi chachikulu cha Archbishopric of Cologne adamangidwa magawo angapo. Nthawi ziwiri zazikulu zimasiyanitsidwa pamisonkhano yonse. Yoyamba idayamba 1248-1437, yachiwiri idachitika theka lachiwiri la 19th. Mpaka m'zaka za zana la 13, malo ambiri opatulika adamangidwa m'derali, zotsalira zake zimawoneka kumapeto kwa tchalitchi chamakono. Lero, pakufukula, magawo apansi ndi makoma ochokera nthawi zosiyanasiyana apezeka, koma ndizosatheka kubwezeretsa chithunzi chimodzi cha kusiyanasiyana kwamakachisi akale.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 13, adaganiza zomanga tchalitchi chawo ku Cologne, amodzi mwa malo olemera kwambiri nthawi imeneyo. Archbishop Konrad von Hochstaden adayambitsa ntchito yayikulu yomanga yomwe ikulonjeza kupatsa dziko lapansi kachisi yemwe amaphimba mipingo yomwe ilipo.
Pali malingaliro akuti mawonekedwe a Cologne Cathedral ndi chifukwa chakuti mu 1164 Cologne adapeza zotsalira zazikulu - zotsalira za Amagi Woyera. Sarcophagus wapadera adapangidwira iwo, ndipo chuma choterocho chiyenera kusungidwa pamalo oyenera, omwe amayenera kukhala kachisi wamtsogolo.
Ntchito yomanga tchalitchichi idayamba kuchokera kummawa. Lingaliro lalikulu linali kalembedwe ka Gothic, kamene kanali kotchuka panthawiyi. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa mawindo okhala ndi magalasi ndi zipilala zazitali zinali zophiphiritsa ndikuwonetsa mantha a mphamvu zaumulungu.
Yemwe adapanga chilengedwe chodabwitsa ichi anali Gerhard von Riele; ntchito zonse zotsatirazi zidachitika malinga ndi zojambula zake. M'zaka 70 zoyambirira, makwaya adamangidwa. Mkati, chipindacho chinali chokongoletsedwa ndi mitu yayikulu yokhala ndi masamba otseguka okutidwa ndi zokutira. Kunja, munthu amatha kuwona nsonga zowuluka, zokhala ndi mtanda wagolide wochokera kum'mawa. Yakhala ikukongoletsa tchalitchi chachikulu kwazaka zoposa 700.
M'zaka za zana la 14, gawo lina la zomangamanga lidayamba, popeza izi zinali zofunikira kugwetsa gawo lakumadzulo kwa tchalitchi cha Carolingian. Pakadali pano, anali kugwira nawo ntchito yomanga South Tower, yomwe mapangidwe ake amagogomezedwa ndikukonzanso kwa zinthu. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 16th, nave wapakatikati anali atatsala pang'ono kumaliza, kusiya zochepa chabe pakukongoletsa kwa facade.
Pakati pa Middle Ages, si malingaliro onse omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo mzaka zomwe idakhalapo, Cologne Cathedral pang'onopang'ono idayamba kuwonongeka. Zotsatira zake, mu 1842, kudabuka funso lofunikira pakukonzanso kachisi ndikumaliza ntchito yomanga, kuphatikiza yomwe idakhudzana ndi kukongoletsa kwake komaliza. Pa Seputembala 4, chifukwa chothandizidwa ndi mfumu ya Prussian komanso gulu la anthu okhala mzindawu, ntchito idayambiranso, ndipo ulemu woyika mwala woyamba udagwera Frederick William IV, woyambitsa wamkulu.
Tikukulangizani kuti muyang'ane ku Cathedral ya Milan.
Pakumanga, malingaliro oyamba ndi zojambula zomwe zidalipo zidagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chipindacho chinali chokongoletsedwa ndi ziboliboli, nsanja zazitali zidawonekera, mpaka kutalika mamita 157. Ogasiti 15, 1880 amadziwika kuti ndi tsiku lomaliza ntchito yomanga, kenako tchuthi chachikulu chidakonzedwa, ndipo anthu ochokera kudera lonselo adapita ku Cologne kuti adzaone chilengedwechi ndi maso awo.
Ngakhale ndizodziwika bwino kuti tempileyo idamangidwa nthawi yayitali bwanji komanso kuti idamangidwa liti, ntchito idakalipobe kuti kukopako kusungidwe kwazaka zambiri. Zinthu zazikulu zingapo zidasinthidwa m'zaka za zana la 20, ndipo kukonzanso kukupitilira mpaka pano, chifukwa kuipitsa mzindawu kumakhudza kuwonekera kwa tchalitchichi.
Chuma chomwe chimasungidwa mkachisi
Cologne Cathedral ndi nkhokwe yeniyeni yazopanga zaluso zapadera ndi zisonyezo zolambira zachipembedzo. Zina mwa zofunika kwambiri ndi izi:
Palibe chithunzi chimodzi chomwe chimatha kufotokoza zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndikuphunzira zonse zomwe zasungidwa mu tchalitchichi. Kuphatikiza apo, zithunzi zomwe zaikidwa m'mawindo a magalasi othimbirira zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chipinda chapadera, ndipo nyimbo za limba zikuwoneka kuti zikukwera m'mitambo, ndizakuya komanso zosangalatsa.
Nthano za tchalitchi chachikulu cha Cologne
Pali nthano yosangalatsa yokhudza tchalitchi chachikulu, chomwe chimafotokozedwanso m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Wina amakhulupirira zowona zake, wina amapanga mtambo wachinsinsi kuzungulira nkhaniyi. Panthawi yopanga ntchitoyi, wamanga Gerhard von Riele amangokhalira kuthamangathamanga, osadziwa kuti ndi zojambula ziti zomwe angakonde. Mbuyeyo adathedwa nzeru ndi chisankhochi ndipo adaganiza zopempha satana kuti amuthandize.
Mdyerekezi nthawi yomweyo adayankha zopemphazo ndipo adapereka mgwirizano: wopanga mapulani adzalandira zojambula zomwe zidzasandulike tchalitchichi kukhala chimodzi mwazinthu zolengedwa zazikulu kwambiri, ndipo chifukwa chake apereka moyo wake. Chisankho chidayenera kupangidwa atalira tambala woyamba. Gerhard adalonjeza kuti adzaganiza, koma chifukwa cha ukulu amakonda kusankha bwino.
Mkazi wa ambuye adamva zokambirana ndi Satana ndipo adaganiza zopulumutsa moyo wamwamuna wake. Anabisala ndikulira ngati tambala. Mdierekezi adapereka zojambulazo, ndipo pambuyo pake adazindikira kuti mgwirizano sunachitike. Nkhani yomwe yasinthidwa idaperekedwa ndi Platon Alexandrovich Kuskov mu ndakatulo "Cathedral ya Cologne".
Sizachilendo kumva kupitilizabe kwa nthanoyo, yomwe imati Satana adakwiya kwambiri mpaka adatemberera kachisiyo. Anati ndi mwala womaliza wa tchalitchi chachikulu padzakhala chivomerezi padziko lonse lapansi. Malingana ndi matembenuzidwe ena, chiwonongeko chinawopseza Cologne yekha, koma mwina sizangochitika mwangozi kuti kachisi wamkulu waku Germany amangomalizidwa ndikukulitsidwa.
Zosangalatsa nthawi zambiri zimafotokozedwa ngati nkhani zachilendo za alendo. Chifukwa chake, owongolera ochokera ku Cologne amakonda kunena za nthawi yankhondo, yomwe kachisi adapulumuka popanda kuwonongeka konse. Munthawi ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, mzindawu udazunzidwa kwambiri ndimabomba, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti nyumba zonse ziwonongedwe, ndipo ndi mpingo wokha womwe udatsalira. Amakhulupirira kuti chifukwa cha ichi chinali chakuti oyendetsa ndegewo adasankha nyumbayo yayitali ngati malo ozungulira.
