Albert Camus (1913-1960) - Wolemba ndakatulo waku France, wafilosofi, wolemba nkhani komanso wofalitsa nkhani, pafupi ndi kukhalapo. Pa nthawi ya moyo wake adalandira dzina lodziwika kuti "Chikumbumtima chakumadzulo". Laureate wa Mphoto ya Nobel mu Literature (1957).
Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Albert Camus, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, nayi mbiri yayifupi ya Camus.
Mbiri ya Albert Camus
Albert Camus adabadwa pa Novembala 7, 1913 ku Algeria, yomwe panthawiyo inali gawo la France. Iye anabadwira m'banja la wosamalira kampani ya vinyo Lucien Camus ndi mkazi wake Coutrin Sante, yemwe anali mkazi wosaphunzira. Anali ndi mchimwene wake wamkulu, Lucien.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Vuto loyamba mu mbiri ya Albert Camus lidachitika ali wakhanda, pomwe abambo ake adamwalira ndi bala lowopsa pa Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse (1914-1918).
Zotsatira zake, mayi amayenera kusamalira ana ake aamuna okha. Poyamba, mkaziyo ankagwira ntchito fakitale, kenako ntchito kuyeretsa. Banjali linali ndi mavuto azachuma, nthawi zambiri limasowa zofunika pamoyo.
Albert Camus ali ndi zaka 5, adapita ku pulayimale, komwe adamaliza maphunziro ake mu 1923. Monga lamulo, ana am'badwo uwo sanapitirize kuphunzira. M'malo mwake, anayamba kugwira ntchito kuti athandize makolo awo.
Komabe, mphunzitsiyo adakwanitsa kutsimikizira amayi a Albert kuti mnyamatayo apitiliza maphunziro ake. Kuphatikiza apo, adamuthandiza kulowa mu Lyceum ndipo adapeza maphunziro. Nthawi yonseyi ya mbiri yake, mnyamatayo adawerenga zambiri ndipo amakonda mpira, akusewera timu yakomweko.
Ali ndi zaka 17, Camus adapezeka ndi chifuwa chachikulu. Izi zidapangitsa kuti adasokoneza maphunziro ake ndikuti "asiye" ndimasewera. Ndipo ngakhale adakwanitsa kuthana ndi matendawa, adakumana ndi zotulukapo zake kwazaka zambiri.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti chifukwa chodwala, Albert adamasulidwa kunkhondo. Cha m'ma 30s, adaphunzira ku yunivesite, komwe adaphunzirira filosofi. Pofika nthawi imeneyo, anali atalemba kale zolemba ndi zolemba.
Kulenga ndi nzeru
Mu 1936, Albert Camus adapatsidwa digiri ya master mu filosofi. Amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi vuto la tanthauzo la moyo, pomwe adaganizira poyerekeza malingaliro a Hellenism ndi Chikhristu.
Nthawi yomweyo, Camus adalankhula zamavuto a kukhalapo kwanthawi yayitali - zomwe zimachitika mufilosofi yazaka za zana la 20, kuyang'ana chidwi chake pakukhalapo kwaumunthu.
Zina mwa ntchito zoyambirira zosindikizidwa ndi Albert anali The Inside Out ndi Face ndi Phwando la Ukwati. Mu ntchito yomaliza, chidwi chidaperekedwa ku tanthauzo la kukhalapo kwa munthu ndi zisangalalo zake. M'tsogolomu, adzalimbikitsa lingaliro la zopanda pake, zomwe adzafotokoze m'mabuku angapo.
Zachabechabe, Camus amatanthauza kusiyana pakati pa chikhumbo cha munthu chokhala ndi mtendere ndi mtendere, chomwe amatha kudziwa mothandizidwa ndi kulingalira komanso zenizeni, zomwe zimasokonekera komanso zopanda nzeru.
Gawo lachiwiri la malingaliro lidatuluka koyambirira: munthu ali ndi udindo osati kungovomereza chilengedwe chopanda pake, komanso "kuupandukira" mogwirizana ndi miyambo.
Munthawi ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse (1939-1945), Albert Camus adapitilizabe kulemba, komanso kutenga nawo mbali m'magulu olimbana ndi fascist. Munthawi imeneyi adakhala wolemba buku "The Mliri", nkhani "The Stranger" ndi nthano yafilosofi "Nthano ya Sisyphus."
Mu Nthano ya Sisyphus, wolemba adafotokozanso mutu wamakhalidwe opanda tanthauzo la moyo. Wopambana m'bukuli, Sisyphus, wolamulidwa kwamuyaya, akugudubuza mwala wolimba chifukwa udabweranso pansi.
M'zaka zapambuyo pa nkhondo, Camus adagwira ntchito ngati mtolankhani wodziyimira pawokha, adalemba zisudzo, ndipo adagwirizana ndi anarchists komanso syndicalists. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, adafalitsa The Rebel Man, komwe adasanthula kupanduka kwa munthu kutsutsana ndi kupusa kwa kukhalapo.
Anzake a Albert, kuphatikiza a Jean-Paul Sartre, posakhalitsa adamutsutsa chifukwa chothandizira gulu lachifalansa ku Algeria pambuyo pa 1954 Nkhondo yaku Algeria.
Camus adatsata motsatira zandale ku Europe. Anakhumudwa kwambiri ndikukula kwa malingaliro omwe ankalimbikitsa ma Soviet ku France. Nthawi yomweyo, amayamba kuchita chidwi kwambiri ndi zisudzo, chifukwa amalemba zisudzo zatsopano.
Mu 1957, Albert Camus adalandira Mphotho ya Nobel mu Literature "chifukwa chothandizira kwambiri pazolemba, posonyeza kufunikira kwa chikumbumtima chaumunthu." Chosangalatsa ndichakuti ngakhale aliyense amamuwona ngati wafilosofi komanso wopezekapo, iye sanadzitchule yekha.
Albert adawona chiwonetsero chapamwamba kwambiri cha zopanda pake - kusintha kwachiwawa kwa anthu mothandizidwa ndi boma limodzi kapena lina. Anatinso kulimbana ndi ziwawa komanso kupanda chilungamo "pogwiritsa ntchito njira zawo" kumabweretsa ziwawa komanso kupanda chilungamo.
Mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake, Camus anali wotsimikiza kuti munthu sangathe kuthetsa zoipa. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti ngakhale amadziwika kuti ndi nthumwi yoti kulibe Mulungu, khalidweli limangokhala lokakamira.
Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, koma iye mwini, komanso kusakhulupirira Mulungu, adalengeza tanthauzo la moyo wopanda Mulungu. Kuphatikiza apo, Achifalansa sanayimbe konse ndipo samadziona ngati okhulupirira kuti kulibe Mulungu.
Moyo waumwini
Albert ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 21, adakwatirana ndi Simone Iye, yemwe adakhala naye zaka zosakwana 5. Pambuyo pake, adakwatirana ndi wamasamu Francine Faure. Mgwirizanowu, banjali linali ndi mapasa Catherine ndi Jean.
Imfa
Albert Camus adamwalira pa 4 Januware 1960 pangozi yagalimoto. Galimoto, momwe anali ndi banja la mnzake, idawuluka mumsewu ndikukagwera mumtengo.
Wolemba adamwalira pomwepo. Pa nthawi ya imfa yake, anali ndi zaka 46. Pali matembenuzidwe omwe ngozi yagalimoto idasokonekera chifukwa cha kuyesayesa kwapadera kwa Soviet, monga kubwezera chifukwa choti Mfalansa adatsutsa kuwukira kwa Soviet ku Hungary.
Zithunzi za Camus
