Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) - Waku Italiya woganiza, wandale, wafilosofi, wolemba komanso wolemba ntchito zankhondo. Mlembi wa Chancellery Wachiwiri, woyang'anira ubale wazokambirana mdzikolo. Imodzi mwa ntchito zake zofunika kwambiri ndi The Lord.
Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Machiavelli, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, nayi mbiri yayifupi ya Niccolo Machiavelli.
Machiavelli mbiri
Niccolo Machiavelli adabadwa pa Meyi 3, 1469 ku Florence. Anakulira ndipo adaleredwa m'banja la loya Bernardo di Niccolo ndi Bartolomei di Stefano. Kuphatikiza pa iye, makolo a Machiavelli anali ndi ana ena atatu.
Malinga ndi Niccolo, zaka zake zaubwana zidathera muumphawi. Komabe, makolo ake anatha kumupatsa maphunziro abwino, chifukwa chake ankadziwa bwino zolemba zakale zachi Italiya ndi Chilatini, komanso ankakonda ntchito za Josephus, Plutarch, Cicero ndi olemba ena.
Ngakhale ali wachinyamata, Machiavelli adawonetsa chidwi pazandale. Pamene Savonarola adayamba kulamulira ku Florence ndi zikhulupiriro zake za Republican, mnyamatayo adatsutsa zomwe adachita pandale.
Mabuku
Moyo ndi ntchito ya Niccolo zidagwera pachimake cha Renaissance. Panthawiyi, Papa anali ndi gulu lankhondo lalikulu, ndipo mizinda ikuluikulu yaku Italiya inali pansi paulamuliro wa mayiko osiyanasiyana. Pa nthawi yomweyi, mphamvu imodzi idasinthidwa ndi ina, chifukwa chake boma lidang'ambika ndi zipolowe komanso zipolowe zankhondo.
Mu 1494, Machiavelli adalowa nawo Second Chancellery yaku Florentine Republic. Zaka zinayi pambuyo pake, adasankhidwa kukhala Council of Eighty, yomwe idayang'anira zokambirana ndi zochitika zankhondo.
Nthawi yomweyo, Niccolò adakhala mlembi komanso kazembe, akusangalala ndi ulamuliro waukulu Savonarola. Kuyambira 1502, adatsata mosamalitsa kupambana kwa Cesare Borgia, yemwe amafuna kukhazikitsa boma lake pakati pa Italy.
Ndipo ngakhale a Borgia sanathe kukwaniritsa cholinga chake, Machiavelli adalankhula mosangalala za zomwe adachita. Monga wandale wankhanza komanso wolimba, Cesare adapeza phindu munthawi zonse. Ichi ndichifukwa chake Niccolo anali wachifundo pazomwe amachita.
Malinga ndi zomwe zidanenedwapo kale, mchaka chomwe amalumikizana kwambiri ndi Cesare Borgia, Machiavelli anali ndi lingaliro loyendetsa boma. Chifukwa chake, ndipamene akuti akuti adayamba kupanga masomphenya ake otukula boma, omwe adayamba kugwira ntchito yake "The Emperor".
M'nkhaniyi, wolemba adalongosola njira zolanda mphamvu ndi malamulo, komanso maluso angapo ofunikira kwa wolamulira woyenera. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti bukuli lidasindikizidwa zaka 5 zokha atamwalira Machiavelli. Zotsatira zake, "The Emperor" adakhala ntchito yofunikira m'nthawi yake, pokhudzana ndi kusanja chidziwitso chazaboma ndi kayendetsedwe kake.
Panthawi ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano, nzeru zachilengedwe zidatchuka kwambiri. Pachifukwa ichi, ziphunzitso zatsopano zidayamba kuwonekera, zomwe zidasiyana kwambiri ndi malingaliro ndi miyambo ya Middle Ages. Oganiza bwino monga Leonardo da Vinci, Copernicus ndi Cusan adapereka malingaliro atsopano ambiri.
Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, Mulungu adayamba kuzindikira chilengedwe. Mikangano yandale komanso zomwe asayansi atulukira zidakhudza kwambiri zomwe Niccolò Machiavelli analemba.
Mu 1513 kazembeyo adamangidwa pamilandu yokhudza kuchita chiwembu chokhudza a Medici. Izi zidapangitsa kuti azunzidwe pachithandara. Adakana chilichonse chokhudzana ndi chiwembucho, komabe adaweruzidwa kuti aphedwe.
Kungoyamika chifukwa cha chikhululukiro pomwe Machiavelli adamasulidwa. Pambuyo pake, adathawa Florence ndikuyamba kulemba ntchito zatsopano. Ntchito zotsatirazi zidamupangitsa kutchuka kwa wafilosofi waluso.
Komabe, mwamunayo adalemba osati zandale zokha. Ndiye mlembi wamasewera angapo, komanso buku la On the Art of War. M'nkhani yomaliza, adafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za nkhondo zazikulu m'mbiri yapadziko lonse lapansi, ndikuwunikanso magulu osiyanasiyana ankhondo.
Niccolo Machiavelli adalengeza kusadalirika kwamapangidwe ankhondo, kutamanda zomwe asirikali akwaniritsa. Mu 1520 adabwerera kudziko lakwawo, ndikulandila udindo wa wolemba mbiri yakale.
M'malemba ake, wolemba adaganizira tanthauzo la moyo, udindo wa wolamulira, ntchito yankhondo yapadziko lonse, ndi zina zambiri. Adagawa mitundu yonse yaboma m'mitundu isanu ndi umodzi - 3 yoyipa (oligarchy, nkhanza, chisokonezo) ndi 3 zabwino (monarchy, democracy, aristocracy).
Mu 1559, zolemba za Niccolo Machiavelli zidaphatikizidwa ndi Papa Paul 4 mu Index of Forbidden Books. Wachi Italiya ali ndi aphorisms ambiri, kuphatikiza awa:
- Ngati mwamenya kwenikweni, ndiye kuti musaope kubwezera.
- Aliyense amene ali bwenzi labwino iyemwini ali ndi abwenzi abwino.
- Wopambanayo ali ndi abwenzi ambiri, ndipo otayika okha ndi omwe ali ndi abwenzi enieni.
- Zabwino koposa zonse za olamulira siziyenera kudedwa ndi anthu: nyumba zilizonse zomangidwa, sizipulumutsa ngati anthu akudana nanu.
- Anthu amakonda momwe angafunire, koma amawopa monga mfumu ikufuna.
Moyo waumwini
Mkazi wa Machiavelli anali Marietta Di Luigi Corsini, yemwe anali wochokera kubanja losauka. Mgwirizanowu udamalizidwa powerengera, ndipo cholinga chake makamaka ndikusintha moyo wamabanja onse awiri.
Komabe, banjali adatha kupeza chilankhulo chimodzi ndikuphunzira zokondweretsa zonse za banja losangalala. Onse pamodzi anali ndi ana 5. Olemba mbiri ya woganiza akuti panthawi yamaulendo ake, Niccolo nthawi zambiri anali pachibwenzi ndi atsikana osiyanasiyana.
Imfa
Pa moyo wake wonse, mwamunayo adalota za chitukuko cha Florence, koma izi sizinachitike. Mu 1527 asitikali aku Spain adalanda Roma, ndipo boma lomwe lidangokhazikitsidwa kumene silinkafunikanso Niccolo.
Izi ndi zina zidasokoneza thanzi la wafilosofi. Niccolo Machiavelli adamwalira pa June 21, 1527 ali ndi zaka 58. Malo enieni omwe anaikidwa m'manda sakudziwika mpaka pano. Komabe, ku Florentine Church of the Holy Cross, mutha kuwona mwala wokumbukira Machiavelli.
Chithunzi ndi Niccolo Machiavelli
