Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov (1810-1881) - Dokotala wa ku Russia wochita maopareshoni ndi wasayansi ya anatomical, katswiri wachilengedwe, mphunzitsi, pulofesa, wolemba buku loyamba la anatomiki ya malo, amene anayambitsa opareshoni yankhondo yaku Russia komanso woyambitsa sukulu yaku Russia ya anesthesia. Mlangizi Waumwini.
Pirogov yonena za zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa, zomwe tikambirana m'nkhani ino.
Kotero, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yochepa ya Nikolai Pirogov.
Wambiri Pirogov
Nikolai Pirogov adabadwa Novembala 13 (25), 1810 ku Moscow. Iye anakulira ndipo anakulira m'banja wopembedza wa msungichuma wankhondo Ivan Ivanovich ndi mkazi wake Elizaveta Ivanovna.
Kuphatikiza pa Nikolai, banja la Pirogov lidabadwa ana ena 13, omwe ambiri mwa iwo adamwalira ali mwana.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Chowunikira sayansi yamtsogolo adalandira maphunziro ake oyambira kunyumba. Ali ndi zaka 12 adatumizidwa kunyumba yabizinesi yanyumba. Pambuyo pake, amayenera kusiya sukuluyi, popeza makolo ake sakanatha kulipirira maphunziro a mwana wawo.
Ali mnyamata, Pirogov anayamba kuganiza zosankha ntchito. Zotsatira zake, motsogozedwa ndi pulofesa wa zamankhwala Erem Mukhin, yemwe anali mnzake ndi makolo a mnyamatayo, Nikolai adafuna kukhala dokotala. Pambuyo pake, adzaitana pulofesayo kuti akhale mlangizi wake wauzimu.
Pirogov amakonda kuwerenga, motero amakhala nthawi yayitali mulaibulale yakunyumba, yomwe inali yayikulu kwambiri. Powona luso lapadera la Nikolai, Mukhin anayesetsa kwambiri kuti amupatse maphunziro apamwamba azachipatala.
Kuphatikiza apo, mwamunayo nthawi ndi nthawi anali kupereka ndalama zothandizira banja la a Pirogov. Pamene Nikolai anali ndi zaka 14, analowa dipatimenti ya zachipatala ya Imperial Moscow University. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti m'makalatawo adawonetsa kuti anali kale ndi zaka 16.
Nthawi imeneyi a Pirogov anali pamavuto akulu. Makolo sanathe kugula yunifolomu ya mwana wawo wamwamuna, chifukwa chake amayenera kupita kumakalasi atavala chikhoto, akuvutika ndi kutentha.
Atamaliza maphunziro awo, Nikolai adateteza bwino zomwe adalemba pamutuwu kuti: "Kodi kulumikizana kwa mimba ya m'mimba ngati vuto la aneurysm la kubowola ndikulowererapo kosavuta komanso kotetezeka?"
Mankhwala ndi maphunziro
Pofuna kupeza digiri ya udokotala Pirogov adapatsidwa gawo kukaphunzira ku University of Berlin, pamodzi ndi ophunzira ena. Watsiriza kuchita bwino mogwirizana ndi madotolo odziwa bwino ntchito aku Germany.
Ku Germany, Nikolai adakwanitsa kuwonetsa luso lake pakuchita bwino ndikudziwika kuti ndi katswiri wodziwa bwino ntchito zake. Anapatsidwa ntchito zovuta kwambiri zomwe palibe amene adachitapo kale.
Ali ndi zaka 26, Pirogov adapatsidwa ntchito ya pulofesa wa Dipatimenti Yopanga Opaleshoni ku Imperial Dorpat University. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti anali pulofesa woyamba waku Russia kukhala wamkulu wa dipatimenti.
Popita nthawi, Nikolai Ivanovich adapita ku France, komwe amafuna kuyendera zipatala zakomweko ndikuwona mulingo wamankhwala am'deralo. Komabe, palibe mabungwe omwe adayendera omwe adachita chidwi ndi dokotala waku Russia. Kuphatikiza apo, adapeza dokotala wotchuka waku France Velpeau akuphunzira monograph yake.
Mu 1841 Pirogov adabwerera ku Russia, komwe adamupempha kuti atsogolere dipatimenti yochita opaleshoni ku Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy. Limodzi ndi izi, adapita kuchipatala cha chipatala chomwe adayambitsa.
Panthawi imeneyi, mbiri yolembedwa ndi Nikolai Pirogov anaphunzitsa madokotala opaleshoni, komanso anaphunzira mozama njira zonse za opaleshoni zomwe zimadziwika panthawiyo. Zotsatira zake, adasintha njira zambiri ndikudziwitsira njira zambiri zatsopano. Chifukwa cha izi, anali ocheperako kuposa anzawo kuti angodulidwa ziwalo.
Imodzi mwa njirazi imatchedwanso "Operation Pirogov". Pofuna kuchepetsa ndi kukonza magwiridwe antchito, a Pirogov nawonso adachita zoyeserera pamitembo yachisanu. Zotsatira zake, izi zidapangitsa kuti pakhale njira yatsopano yazachipatala - anatomy topographic.
Ataphunzira mwatsatanetsatane zonse zomwe zimachitika m'thupi la munthu, Nikolai Pirogov adafalitsa ma Atlas 1, omwe anali ndi zithunzi zowoneka bwino. Ntchitoyi yakhala buku lothandizira madokotala onse ochita opaleshoni.
Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, madotolo akhala akuchita opareshoni popanda zovuta zowopsa kwa wodwala. Kenako, adakhala membala wa Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Science.
Pirogov ali ndi zaka 27, adapita kutsogolo, akufuna kuyesa njira zake zamankhwala pochita. Atafika ku Caucasus, adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mabandeji oviikidwa wowuma ndi ma bandeji. Zotsatira zake, mavalidwe otere adapezeka kuti ndi okhazikika komanso omasuka.
Nikolai adakhalanso dokotala woyamba m'mbiri yemwe adachita opareshoni wodwala m'munda pogwiritsa ntchito ether anesthesia. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mzaka zotsatira za mbiri yake, adzachita ngati 10,000 izi. M'dzinja la 1847 adapatsidwa ulemu wokhala khansala weniweni waboma.
Pambuyo pake, Pirogov anali dokotala woyamba waku Russia yemwe adayamba kupanga pulasitala, yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi. Izi zidachitika pa Nkhondo ya Crimea (1853-1856). Kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha omwalira ndi kudula ziwalo, adagawa anamwino m'magulu anayi, lililonse limagwira ntchito yosiyana.
Chofunika kwambiri kwa dokotalayo ndi kukhazikitsa njira yatsopano yogawira ovulalawo. Apanso, anali woyamba kuyamba kusankha anthu ovulala malinga ndi kuchuluka kwamavuto awo m'magulu asanu:
- Wopanda chiyembekezo komanso ovulala modetsa nkhawa.
- Kufuna thandizo mwachangu.
- Ndolemera, koma ndimatha kupulumuka ndikumutengera kuchipatala.
- Kutumizidwa kuchipatala.
- Omwe ali ndi zilonda zazing'ono zomwe zitha kuchiritsidwa pomwepo.
Mchitidwewu mtsogolomo udasandulika kukhala ntchito zamankhwala ndi zochotsa asitikali ankhondo. Komabe, tisaiwale kuti Pirogov mwaluso bungwe mayendedwe yabwino kwambiri ndi omasuka ntchito akavalo. Pazifukwa izi ndi zina, amatchedwa kholo la opareshoni kumunda.
Atabwerera ku St. Petersburg, Nikolai Pirogov adakumana ndi mfumuyo, ndikumuuza za zovuta zomwe zimakumananso ndi gulu lankhondo. Upangiri wa dokotala ndi zonyoza zidakwiyitsa Alexander II, pachifukwa chomwecho adakana kumumvera.
Pirogov adakomedwa ndi tsar ndipo adasankhidwa kukhala trastii wamaboma a Odessa ndi Kiev. Nthawi yonseyi ya mbiri yake, adayesa kuchita zingapo zosintha zamaphunziro, zomwe zidakwiyitsa akuluakulu aboma.
Mu 1866, Nikolai Ivanovich ndi banja lake anasamukira ku malo ake m'chigawo Vinnitsa, kumene anatsegula chipatala chaulere. Osati okhawo am'deralo omwe amathandizidwa pano, komanso nzika zake zambiri, zomwe zimadziwa za luso lodabwitsa la dokotala.
Imodzi ndi izi, Pirogov anapitiliza kulemba mapepala asayansi pakuchita opaleshoni yankhondo. Ankayitanidwa mobwerezabwereza kuti adzayankhulane kudziko lina ndi zokambirana pamisonkhano yapadziko lonse lapansi. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti paulendo wake wotsatira wabizinesi, adapereka chithandizo chamankhwala ku Garibaldi wodziwika bwino.
Tsar waku Russia adakumbukiranso Pirogov pachimake pa nkhondo yaku Russia ndi Turkey. Atafika ku Bulgaria, adayamba kukonza zipatala ndikunyamula odwala kupita kuzipatala za odwala. Chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito ku Landland, Alexander II adamupatsa Order ya White Eagle ndi bokosi la fodya wokhala ndi diamondi.
M'masiku ake omaliza a mbiri yake, Nikolai Ivanovich adapitilizabe kuchita opaleshoni ya odwala. Atatsala pang'ono kumwalira, adakwanitsa kumaliza kulemba The Diary of an Old Doctor.
Moyo waumwini
Mkazi woyamba wa dokotala wachinyamata anali mdzukulu wa wamkulu wa Nikolai Tatishchev wotchedwa Ekaterina Berezina. Ukwati unatha zaka 4 zokha. Mtsikanayo adamwalira ndi zovuta zobereka pambuyo pobereka, kusiya ana awiri - Nikolai ndi Vladimir.
Patapita zaka 4, Pirogov anakwatira wachikazi komanso wachibale wa woyenda wotchuka Ivan Kruzenshtern. Anakhala wodalirika wothandizira mwamuna wake. Chifukwa cha khama lake, chipatala cha opaleshoni chinatsegulidwa ku Kiev.
Imfa
Nikolai Pirogov adamwalira pa Novembala 23 (Disembala 5) 1881 ali ndi zaka 71. Chifukwa cha imfa yake chinali chotupa choopsa pakamwa. Mkazi wa womwalirayo adalamula kuti akonze mtembo ndikuuika mchipinda choyenera ndi zenera, pomwe tchalitchichi chidamangidwapo.
Lero, gulu lomweli la akatswiri likugwira ntchito yoteteza thupi la dotolo wamkulu, yemwe amayang'anira matupi a Lenin ndi Kim Il Sung. Malo a Nikolai Ivanovich adakalipo mpaka lero, kumene nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale imayikidwa mwaulemu.
Zithunzi za Pirogov