Solon (pafupifupi. Iye anali wolemba ndakatulo woyamba ku Atene, ndipo pofika 594 BC adakhala wandale wotchuka kwambiri ku Atene. Wolemba zinthu zingapo zofunika kusintha zomwe zidakopa kukhazikitsidwa kwa dziko la Atene.
Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Solon, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, musanakhale ndi mbiri yayifupi ya Solon.
Mbiri ya Solon
Solon adabadwa cha m'ma 640 BC. ku Atene. Adachokera ku banja lolemekezeka la ma Codrids. Kukula, adakakamizidwa kuchita nawo malonda apanyanja, popeza adakumana ndi mavuto azachuma.
Mnyamatayo adayenda kwambiri, akuwonetsa chidwi ndi chikhalidwe ndi miyambo ya mayiko osiyanasiyana. Anthu ena olemba mbiri yakale amati ngakhale asanakhale wandale, amadziwika kuti anali wolemba ndakatulo waluso. Pa nthawi imeneyo mu mbiri yake, mkhalidwe wosakhazikika unachitikira kwawo.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri BC. Atene anali amodzi mwamatauni ambiri achi Greek komwe machitidwe andale amzinda wakale wa Athenian anali kugwira ntchito. Dzikoli lidalamulidwa ndi koleji ya akulu akulu 9, omwe adagwira ntchito chaka chimodzi.
Udindo wofunikira kwambiri pakuwongolera unaseweredwa ndi Areopagus Council, komwe ma archon akale anali amoyo. Bwalo la Areopagi linali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa moyo wonse wa apolisi.
Mademo a Atene anali odalira mwachindunji akuluakulu, omwe adabweretsa chisokonezo pagulu. Nthawi yomweyo, anthu aku Atene adamenya nkhondo ndi Megara pachilumba cha Salamis. Kusamvana kosalekeza pakati pa nthumwi zachifumu komanso ukapolo wa demos zidakhudza kwambiri chitukuko cha polisi ya Atene.
Solon Nkhondo
Kwa nthawi yoyamba, dzina la Solon limatchulidwa m'malemba okhudzana ndi nkhondo yapakati pa Atene ndi Megara ya ku Salamis. Ngakhale nzika za ndakatuloyi zidatopa ndimikangano yazankhondo yomwe idatenga nthawi yayitali, adawalimbikitsa kuti asataye mtima ndikumenyera madera mpaka kumapeto.
Kuphatikiza apo, Solon adalemba ngakhale elegy "Salamis", yomwe idalankhula zakufunika kopitilizabe nkhondo pachilumbachi. Zotsatira zake, adatsogolera ulendo wopita ku Salami, kugonjetsa mdani.
Pambuyo paulendo wopambana pomwe Solon adayamba ntchito yake yandale yanzeru. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti chilumbachi, chomwe chidakhala gawo la apolisi aku Atene, chakhala ndichosewerera chofunikira kwambiri m'mbiri yake kangapo.
Pambuyo pake Solon adatenga nawo gawo pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yopatulika, yomwe idabuka pakati pa mizinda ina yaku Greece ndi mzinda wa Chris, yemwe adalamulira Kachisi wa Delphic. Mkangano, momwe Agiriki adapambana, udatha zaka 10.
Zosintha za Solon
Ndi udindo wa 594 BC. Solon amadziwika kuti ndi wandale wodalirika kwambiri, wothandizidwa ndi Delphic Oracle. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti olemekezeka komanso anthu wamba amamukonda.
Panthawiyo mu mbiri yake, mwamunayo adasankhidwa kukhala mkulu wodziwika, yemwe anali ndi mphamvu zambiri mmanja mwake. Munthawi imeneyo, ma archon adasankhidwa ndi Areopagus, koma Solon, mwachiwonekere, adasankhidwa ndi msonkhano wotchuka chifukwa chapadera.
Malinga ndi olemba mbiri yakale, ndale zimayenera kuyanjanitsa magulu omenyera nkhondo kuti boma litukuke mwachangu komanso moyenera momwe zingathere. Kukonzanso koyamba kwa Solon kunali sisakhfia, komwe adatcha kupambana kwake kofunikira kwambiri.
Chifukwa cha kusinthaku, ngongole zonse m'boma zidathetsedwa komanso kuletsa ukapolo wa ngongole. Izi zidapangitsa kuti athetse mavuto angapo azachuma komanso chitukuko chachuma. Pambuyo pake, wolamulirayo adalamula kuti asaletse katundu kuchokera kunja kuti athandizire amalonda am'deralo.
Kenako Solon adayang'ana kwambiri pakukula kwa gawo laulimi ndikupanga manja. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti makolo omwe samatha kuphunzitsa ana awo ntchito iliyonse amaletsedwa kupempha ana awo kuti aziwasamalira atakalamba.
Wolamulira analimbikitsa kupanga azitona munjira iliyonse, chifukwa chomwe kulima azitona kunayamba kubweretsa phindu lalikulu. Munthawi imeneyi ya mbiri yake, Solon anali akuchita nawo ntchito yosintha ndalama, ndikuyambitsa ndalama za Euboean. Ndalama yatsopanoyi yathandizira kukonza malonda pakati pa mfundo zoyandikana.
M'nthawi ya Solon, zinthu zofunikira kwambiri pakusintha anthu zidachitika, kuphatikiza kugawidwa kwa polisi m'magulu anayi azinthu - pentakosiomedimna, hippea, zevgit ndi feta. Kuphatikiza apo, wolamulirayo adapanga Council of Four Hundred, yomwe idali m'malo mwa Areopagus.
Plutarch akuti Khonsolo yatsopanoyo idakonza ngongole zamsonkhanowu, ndipo Areopagus imayang'anira njira zonse ndikutsimikizira kutetezedwa kwa malamulo. Ngakhale Solon adakhala wolemba lamuloli malinga ndi momwe munthu aliyense wopanda mwana anali ndi ufulu wopereka cholowa chake kwa aliyense amene angafune.
Pofuna kuteteza kufanana pakati pa wandale, wandale adasaina lamulo lokhazikitsa malo okwanira. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, nzika zolemera sizimatha kukhala ndi malo opitilira malamulo. Kwazaka zambiri za mbiri yake, adakhala wolemba zolemba zingapo zofunika kusintha zomwe zidakopa kukhazikitsidwa kwa boma la Atene.
Utatha ukadaulo, kusintha kwa Solon nthawi zambiri kumatsutsidwa ndimagulu osiyanasiyana azikhalidwe. Anthu olemerawo adadandaula kuti ufulu wawo udachepetsedwa, pomwe anthu wamba amafunanso kusintha zina ndi zina.
Ambiri adalangiza Solon kuti akhazikitse nkhanza, koma adakana malingaliro amenewo. Popeza kuti panthawiyo olamulira ankhanza ankalamulira m'mizinda yambiri, kukana ufulu wodziimira pawokha kunali kovuta kwambiri.
Solon adalongosola chisankho chake poti kuponderezana kumadzichititsa manyazi iyeyo komanso mbadwa zake. Kuphatikiza apo, anali wotsutsa zachiwawa zilizonse. Zotsatira zake, mwamunayo adaganiza zosiya ndale ndikupita kukayenda.
Kwazaka khumi (593-583 BC) Solon adapita kumizinda yambiri ku Mediterranean, kuphatikiza Egypt, Cyprus ndi Lydia. Pambuyo pake, adabwerera ku Athens, komwe kusintha kwake kudapitilirabe bwino.
Malinga ndi umboni wa Plutarch, atayenda ulendo wautali, Solon analibe chidwi ndi ndale.
Moyo waumwini
Olemba mbiri ina ananena kuti ali mwana, wokondedwa wa Solon anali wachibale wake Pisistratus. Pa nthawi yomweyi, Plutarch yemweyo analemba kuti wolamulira anali ndi zofooka kwa atsikana okongola.
Olemba mbiri yakale sanapezepo chilichonse chonena za mbadwa za Solon. Mwachidziwikire, analibe ana. Osachepera mzaka zotsatirazi, palibe munthu m'modzi yemwe adapezeka yemwe anali wa makolo ake.
Solon anali munthu wopembedza kwambiri, monga tingawonere mu ndakatulo zake. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti adawona zoyambitsa mavuto ndi zovuta osati mwa milungu, koma mwa anthu omwe, omwe amayesetsa kukwaniritsa zokhumba zawo, komanso amasiyanitsidwa ndi zachabechabe ndi kudzikuza.
Zikuwoneka kuti, ngakhale asanayambe ntchito yake yandale, Solon anali wolemba ndakatulo woyamba ku Atene. Zidutswa zambiri za zolembedwa zake zosiyanasiyana zidakalipobe mpaka pano. Zonse pamodzi, mizere 283 yopitilira mizere 5,000 yasungidwa.
Mwachitsanzo, Elegy "Kwa Ine Ndekha" yatsikira kwa ife kwathunthu mu "Eclogs" ya wolemba Byzantine Stobey, ndipo kuchokera ku 100-line elegy "Salamis" zidutswa zitatu zapulumuka, zangokhala mizere 8 yokha.
Imfa
Solon adamwalira mu 560 kapena 559 BC. Zolemba zakale zimakhala ndi zotsutsana zokhudzana ndi imfa ya anzeru. Malinga ndi Valery Maxim, adamwalira ku Cyprus ndipo adayikidwa komweko.
Pomwepo, Elian analemba kuti Solon anaikidwa m'manda mwachinyengo pafupi ndi khoma la mzinda wa Atene. Mwinanso, mtunduwu ndiwotheka kwambiri. Malinga ndi a Phanius Lesbos, a Solon amwalira ku Athens.
Zithunzi za Solon
