Louis XIV

Louis XIV wa Bourbon, yemwe adalandira dzina loti Louis-Dieudonne, yemwenso amadziwika kuti "Sun King" komanso Louis the Great (1638-1715) - King of France ndi Navarre mchaka cha 1643-1715.

Wothandizira mwamphamvu zaufumu wamtheradi yemwe wakhala ali paulamuliro kwazaka zopitilira 72.

Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Louis XIV, zomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.

Chifukwa chake, musanakhale ndi mbiri yayifupi ya Louis 14.

Mbiri ya Louis XIV

Louis 14 adabadwa pa Seputembara 5, 1638 kunyumba yachifumu yaku France ya Saint-Germain. Iye anakula ndipo anakulira m'banja la King Louis XIII ndi Mfumukazi Anne waku Austria.

Mnyamatayo anali woyamba kubadwa kwa makolo ake m'zaka 23 zaukwati wawo. Ichi ndichifukwa chake adamupatsa dzina loti Louis-Dieudonne, kutanthauza kuti - "wopatsidwa ndi Mulungu". Pambuyo pake, banja lachifumu lidakhala ndi mwana wamwamuna wina, Philip.

Ubwana ndi unyamata

Tsoka loyamba mu mbiri ya Louis lidachitika ali ndi zaka 5, pomwe abambo ake adamwalira. Zotsatira zake, mnyamatayo adalengezedwa kuti ndi mfumu, pomwe amayi ake anali ngati regent.

Anna waku Austria adalamulira dzikolo mofanana ndi Cardinal Mazarin wodziwika. Ndi womaliza yemwe adadzitengera mphamvu m'manja mwake, kupeza mwayi wopita mosungira chuma.

Malinga ndi magwero ena, Mazarin anali wovuta kwambiri mwakuti munali madiresi awiri okha m'chipinda chodyera cha Louis, ndipo ngakhale omwe anali ndi zigamba.

Kadinala adanena kuti chuma ichi chidayambitsidwa ndi nkhondo yapachiweniweni - Fronde. Mu 1649, pothawa achiwawawo, banja lachifumu lidakhazikika m'malo amodzi okhala, 19 km kuchokera ku Paris.

Pambuyo pake, mantha omwe adakumana nawo adzavutika mu Louis XIV chikhumbo chokhala ndi mphamvu zopanda malire.

Patatha zaka 3, zipolowezo zidaponderezedwa, chifukwa chake Mazarin adalanda maulamuliro onse aboma. Atamwalira mu 1661, Louis adasonkhanitsa olemekezeka onse ndikulengeza poyera kuti kuyambira tsiku lomwelo azilamulira pawokha.

Olemba mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti inali nthawi imeneyo pomwe mnyamatayo ananena mawu otchuka akuti: "Boma ndi ine." Akuluakulu, monga, amayi ake anazindikira kuti ayenera kumvera Louis 14 yekha.

Chiyambi cha ulamuliro

Atangotsala pang'ono kukwera mphezi pampando wachifumu, Louis adachita maphunziro aukadaulo, kuyesera kuphunzira mozama kwambiri zanzeru zonse zaboma. Anawerenga mabuku ndipo adayesetsa kulimbikitsa mphamvu zake.

Kuti achite izi, Louis adaika akatswiri andale mumaudindo apamwamba, omwe adapempha kuti amumvere mosakayikira. Nthawi yomweyo, mfumuyi inali ndi kufooka kwakukulu kwazinthu zapamwamba, komanso yodziwika ndi kunyada komanso nkhanza.

Atayendera nyumba zawo zonse zogona, a Louis XIV adadandaula kuti ndiwodzichepetsa. Pachifukwa ichi, mu 1662, adalamula kuti malo osaka nyama ku Versailles akhale nyumba yayikulu yachifumu, yomwe imadzutsa nsanje kwa olamulira onse aku Europe.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti pomanga nyumbayi, yomwe idatenga pafupifupi theka la zana, pafupifupi 13% ya ndalama zomwe zimalandilidwa kuchokera kuzachuma zimaperekedwa chaka chilichonse! Zotsatira zake, khothi ku Versailles lidayamba kuchititsa kaduka ndikudabwitsa pafupifupi pafupifupi olamulira onse, zomwe zidali zomwe mfumu yaku France idafuna.

Zaka 20 zoyambirira zaulamuliro wake, Louis 14 adakhala ku Louvre, pambuyo pake adakhazikika ku Tuileries. Versailles inakhalanso nyumba yokhazikika ya amfumu mu 1682. Onse ogwira ntchito kunyumba ndi antchito amatsatira malamulo okhwima. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti amfumu atafuna kapu yamadzi kapena vinyo, antchito asanu adatenga nawo gawo popereka galasi.

Kuchokera apa titha kumaliza momwe chakudya cham'mawa chambiri, chakudya chamasana ndi chamadzulo cha Louis chinali chambiri. Madzulo, ankakonda kukonza mipira ndi zina zosangalatsa ku Versailles, zomwe kunkakhala nawo akatswiri onse aku France.

Ma salon amnyumba yachifumu anali ndi mayina awo, malinga ndi momwe amapangidwira mipando yoyenera. Mirror Gallery inali yabwino mamita 70 m'litali ndi mamita 10. Kukula kwa nsangalabwi, makandulo zikwizikwi ndi magalasi apansi mpaka padengapo mkati mwa chipindacho.

Ku bwalo lamilandu la Louis the Great, olemba, akatswiri azikhalidwe ndi zaluso adavomereza. Zochita nthawi zambiri zinkachitika ku Versailles, masquerade ndi zikondwerero zina zambiri. Olamulira ochepa okha padziko lapansi ndi omwe amatha kuchita zinthu zoterezi.

Ndale

Chifukwa cha luntha ndi kuzindikira, a Louis XIV adatha kusankha ofuna kuchita izi kapena izi. Mwachitsanzo, kudzera mu zoyesayesa za Minister of Finance, a Jean-Baptiste Colbert, chuma chaku France chidalimbikitsidwa chaka chilichonse.

Malonda, chuma, navy ndi magawo ena ambiri adakula bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, France yafika pachimake pamasayansi, makamaka mayiko ena. Pansi pa Louis, nyumba zazikulu zidamangidwa, zomwe masiku ano zili pansi pa chitetezo cha UNESCO.

Asitikali aku France anali gulu lalikulu kwambiri, lotsogola kwambiri komanso lotsogozedwa ku Europe konse. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti Louis 14 adasankha atsogoleri mchigawochi, kusankha osankhidwa bwino.

Atsogoleriwo amayenera osati kuti azisungitsa bata, komanso, ngati kuli kofunikira, kuti akhale okonzekera nkhondo nthawi zonse. Momwemonso, mizindayo inali kuyang'aniridwa ndi mabungwe kapena makhonsolo omwe amapangidwa kuchokera kwa obera nyumba.

Pansi pa Louis XIV, Commerce Code (Ordinance) idapangidwa kuti ichepetse kusamuka kwa anthu. Katundu yense adalandidwa kwa aku France omwe akufuna kuchoka mdzikolo. Ndipo nzika zomwe zidayamba kugwira ntchito yopanga zombo zakunja anali ataweruzidwa kuti aphedwe.

Zolemba zaboma zidagulitsidwa kapena kulandira cholowa. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti akuluakulu adalandira ndalama zawo osati kuchokera ku bajeti, koma kuchokera kumisonkho. Ndiye kuti, amangodalira kuchuluka kwa chilichonse chogulidwa kapena chogulitsidwa. Izi zinawapangitsa kukhala ndi chidwi ndi malonda.

Mucikonzyanyo cakwe cabukombi, Louis 14 wakatobela njiisyo zya BaJesuiti, eezyo zyakamupa kuba cikozyanyo cibotu caba Katolika. Izi zidapangitsa kuti ku France zipembedzo zina zilizonse zipembedzo ziletsedwe, chifukwa chake aliyense amayenera kunena kuti ndi Akatolika okha.

Pachifukwa ichi, a Huguenot - otsatira chiphunzitso cha Calvin, adazunzidwa kwambiri. Ma temple adachotsedwa kwa iwo, kunali koletsedwa kugwira ntchito zaumulungu, komanso kubweretsa nzika zawo mchikhulupiriro chawo. Komanso, ngakhale maukwati pakati pa Akatolika ndi Aprotestanti anali oletsedwa.

Chifukwa cha kuzunzidwa kwachipembedzo, Aprotestanti pafupifupi 200,000 adathawa mdzikolo. Panthawi ya ulamuliro wa Louis 14, France idachita nkhondo mwamphamvu ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana, chifukwa idatha kukulitsa gawo lake.

Izi zidapangitsa kuti mayiko aku Europe ayanjane. Chifukwa chake, Austria, Sweden, Holland ndi Spain, komanso maboma aku Germany, adatsutsa French. Ndipo ngakhale poyambilira Louis adapambana nkhondo pomenyera nkhondo ndi omwe adagwirizana nawo, pambuyo pake adayamba kuvutikanso kwambiri.

Mu 1692, Allies adagonjetsa zombo zaku France padoko la Cherbourg. Alimi sanakondwere ndi kuwonjezeka kwa misonkho, chifukwa Louis Wamkulu amafunikira ndalama zochulukirapo kuti amenye nkhondo. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti zinthu zambiri zasiliva zochokera ku Versailles zidasungunukanso pansi kuti zikwaniritse chuma chawo.

Pambuyo pake, mfumuyo idayitanitsa adaniwo kuti achite nawo mgwirizano, akuvomera kuti asinthane. Makamaka, adalandanso malo omwe adagonjetsedwa, kuphatikiza Luxembourg ndi Catalonia.

Mwina nkhondo yowopsa kwambiri inali Nkhondo Yotsatira ya Spain mu 1701. Kulimbana ndi Louis, Britain, Austria ndi Holland adatenga zida. Patatha zaka 6, ogwirizanawo adadutsa Alps ndikuukira katundu wa Louis.

Kuti adziteteze kwa otsutsa, mfumuyo idafunikira njira zazikulu, zomwe sizinapezeke. Zotsatira zake, adalamula kuti ziwiya zonse zagolide za ku Versailles zisungunuke kuti zitenge zida zosiyanasiyana. Dziko la France lomwe kale linali lolemera ladzaza ndi umphawi.

Anthu sakanatha kudzipezera zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Komabe, pambuyo pa mkangano wanthawi yayitali, magulu ankhondo a Allies adauma, ndipo mu 1713 aku France adakhazikitsa Mtendere wa Utrecht ndi aku Britain, ndipo patatha chaka chimodzi ndi a Austrian.

Moyo waumwini

Louis XIV ali ndi zaka 20, adakondana ndi Maria Mancini, mphwake wa Cardinal Mazarin. Koma chifukwa chazovuta zandale, amayi ake ndi kadinala adamukakamiza kuti akwatire Infanta Maria Theresa. Ukwati uwu unkafunika kuti France ipange mgwirizano ndi anthu aku Spain.

Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti mkazi wosakondedwa anali msuwani wa Louis. Popeza mfumu yamtsogolo sinakonde mkazi wake, anali ndi ambuye ambiri komanso okondedwa. Komabe, muukwatiwu, banjali linali ndi ana asanu ndi mmodzi, asanu mwa iwo adamwalira ali ana.

Mu 1684, Louis 14 anali ndi wokondedwa, ndipo pambuyo pake anali mkazi wamisala, Françoise d'Aubigne. Nthawi yomweyo, anali ndiubwenzi ndi Louise de La Baume Le Blanc, yemwe adamuberekera ana 4, awiri mwa iwo adamwalira ali mwana.

Kenako amfumu adachita chidwi ndi Marquise de Montespan, yemwe adamukonda kwambiri. Zotsatira za ubale wawo zinali kubadwa kwa ana 7. Atatu mwa iwo sanakwanitse kukhala ndi moyo mpaka atakula.

M'zaka zotsatira, Louis 14 anali ndi mbuye wina - ma Duchess a Fontanges. Mu 1679, mayi adabereka mwana wobadwa atamwalira. Kenako mfumu idawonetsa mwana wamkazi wina wapathengo wochokera ku Claude de Ven, yemwe amatchedwa Louise. Komabe, mtsikanayo adamwalira zaka zingapo atabadwa.

Imfa

Mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku ake, amfumu anali ndi chidwi ndi zochitika zaboma ndipo amafuna kuti azisunga ulemu. Louis XIV adamwalira pa Seputembara 1, 1715 ali ndi zaka 76. Adamwalira patatha masiku angapo akumva kuwawa ndi chotupa cha mwendo. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti adawona kuti kudula mwendo wopweteka sikuyenera kulandira ulemu wachifumu.