Msonkhano wa Potsdam (komanso Msonkhano waku Berlin) - msonkhano wachitatu komanso womaliza wa atsogoleri atatu a Big Three - mutu waku Soviet a Joseph Stalin, Purezidenti waku America Harry Truman (USA) ndi Prime Minister waku Britain a Winston Churchill (kuyambira Julayi 28, Clement Attlee adayimira Britain pamsonkhano m'malo mwa Churchill).
Msonkhanowu udachitika kuyambira pa Julayi 17 mpaka Ogasiti 2, 1945 pafupi ndi Berlin mumzinda wa Potsdam ku Cecilienhof Palace. Idawunikiranso nkhani zingapo zokhudzana ndi bata ndi chitetezo pambuyo pa nkhondo.
Kukambirana kumapita
Msonkhanowu usanachitike ku Potsdam, "akulu atatu" adakumana pamisonkhano ya Tehran ndi Yalta, yoyamba yomwe idachitika kumapeto kwa 1943, ndipo yachiwiri kumayambiriro kwa 1945. Oyimira mayiko opambana amayenera kukambirana momwe zinthu zidzakhalire Germany itadzipereka.
Mosiyana ndi msonkhano wapitawu ku Yalta, nthawi ino atsogoleri a USSR, USA ndi Great Britain sanachite bwino. Aliyense amafuna kupeza phindu lawo pamsonkhanowo, akuumirira pamalingaliro awo. Malinga ndi a George Zhukov, nkhanza zazikulu zidachokera kwa Prime Minister waku Britain, koma Stalin modekha adakwanitsa kukopa mnzake mwachangu.
Malinga ndi akatswiri ena Akumadzulo, a Truman adachita mwano. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti adasankhidwa kukhala tcheyamani pamsonkhanowu povomereza mtsogoleri wa Soviet.
Pamsonkhano wa Potsdam, misonkhano 13 idachitika ndi nthawi yopuma yaying'ono yokhudzana ndi zisankho zanyumba yamalamulo ku Britain. Chifukwa chake, Churchill adapezeka pamisonkhano 9, pambuyo pake adasinthidwa kukhala Prime Minister Clement Attlee.
Kulengedwa kwa Khonsolo ya Nduna Zakunja
Pamsonkhano uwu, Akuluakulu Atatu adagwirizana pakupanga kwa Council of Foreign Minister (CFM). Zinali zofunikira kukambirana za pambuyo pa nkhondo ku Europe.
Council yomwe idangokhazikitsidwa kumene idayenera kupanga mapangano amtendere ndi mabungwe aku Germany. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti thupi ili ndi oimira USSR, Britain, America, France ndi China.
Zothetsera vuto la Germany
Chidwi chachikulu pamsonkhano wa Potsdam chidaperekedwa pazokhudza kuwononga zida ku Germany, demokalase ndikuchotsa chiwonetsero chilichonse cha Nazi. Ku Germany, kunali koyenera kuwononga makampani onse ankhondo komanso ngakhale mabizinesi omwe akanatha kupanga zida zankhondo kapena zipolopolo.
Nthawi yomweyo, atsogoleri a USSR, USA ndi Great Britain adakambirana za tsogolo lazandale ku Germany. Pambuyo pakuchotsa kuthekera kwa asirikali, dzikolo limayenera kuyang'ana kwambiri pakukula kwaulimi ndi msika wamtendere wogwiritsa ntchito zoweta.
Andale adagwirizana kuti athetse kuyambiranso kwa chipani cha Nazi, komanso kuti dziko la Germany lingasokoneze bata padziko lapansi.
Njira zowongolera ku Germany
Pamsonkhano wa Potsdam, zidatsimikiziridwa kuti mphamvu zonse zazikulu ku Germany zidzagwiritsidwa ntchito moyang'aniridwa ndi Soviet Union, America, Britain ndi France. Mayiko aliwonse adapatsidwa gawo losiyana, lomwe limayenera kukhazikitsidwa malinga ndi malamulo omwe agwirizana.
Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti omwe atenga nawo mbali pamsonkhanowu adaganizira Germany ngati chuma chonse, kuyesetsa kupanga njira yomwe ingalole kuwongolera mafakitale osiyanasiyana: mafakitale, ntchito zaulimi, nkhalango, magalimoto, kulumikizana, ndi zina zambiri.
Kubwezera
Pakukambirana kwanthawi yayitali pakati pa atsogoleri amayiko olimbana ndi Hitler, zidagamulidwa kuti zibwezeredwe pamalingaliro akuti mayiko onse anayi omwe amakhala ku Germany abwezera ndalama zawo m'malo awo okha.
Popeza USSR idawonongeka kwambiri, idapeza madera akumadzulo a Germany, komwe mabizinesi amakampani anali. Kuphatikiza apo, Stalin adawonetsetsa kuti Moscow ikulandila ndalama kuchokera kuzogulitsa zaku Germany zakunja - ku Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Finland ndi Eastern Austria.
Kuchokera kumadera akumadzulo kwa ntchitoyi, Russia idalandira 15% yazida zamagetsi zomwe zidalandidwa, ndikupatsa Ajeremani chakudya choyenera, chomwe chidaperekedwa kuchokera ku USSR. Komanso, mzinda wa Konigsberg (tsopano Kaliningrad) adapita ku Soviet Union, yomwe idakambidwa ndi "Big Three" ku Tehran.
Funso laku Poland
Pamsonkhano wa Potsdam, adavomerezedwa kuti akhazikitse boma kwakanthawi lachigwirizano ku Poland. Pachifukwa ichi, Stalin adanenetsa kuti United States ndi Britain athetse ubale uliwonse ndi boma la Poland lomwe lidathawira ku London.
Kuphatikiza apo, America ndi Britain adalonjeza kuthandizira boma lakanthawi ndikuthandizira kusamutsa katundu yense ndi katundu yemwe anali m'manja mwa boma lomwe linali kumayiko ena.
Izi zidapangitsa kuti msonkhanowu udaganiza zothetsa boma la Poland ku ukapolo ndikuteteza zofuna za boma laling'ono laku Poland. Malire atsopano a Poland adakhazikitsidwanso, zomwe zidadzetsa mkangano wautali pakati pa Big Three.
Kutsiliza kwamgwirizano wamtendere ndikuvomerezedwa ku UN
Pamsonkhano wa Potsdam, chidwi chachikulu chidaperekedwa pazandale zokhudzana ndi mayiko omwe anali ogwirizana ndi Nazi Germany panthawi ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse (1939-1945), koma kenako adaswa nawo ndikuthandizira kulimbana ndi Ulamuliro Wachitatu.
Makamaka, Italy idadziwika ngati dziko lomwe, pachimake pankhondo, lidathandizira kuwonongedwa kwa fascism. Pachifukwa ichi, maphwando onse adagwirizana kuti amuvomereze ku United Nations Organisation yatsopano, yomwe idapangidwa kuti izithandiza mtendere ndi chitetezo padziko lonse lapansi.
Malinga ndi malingaliro a akazembe aku Britain, adagwirizana kuti akwaniritse zopempha zololedwa ku UN za mayiko omwe sanalowerere nawo pankhondo.
Ku Austria, olamulidwa ndi mayiko anayi opambana, zida zoyendetsera mgwirizano zidayambitsidwa, chifukwa chake magawo anayi a ntchito adakhazikitsidwa.
Syria ndi Lebanon zapempha UN kuti ichotse magulu olanda a France ndi Great Britain madera awo. Zotsatira zake, zopempha zawo zidavomerezedwa. Kuphatikiza apo, nthumwi za msonkhano wa Potsdam zidakambirana nkhani zokhudzana ndi Yugoslavia, Greece, Trieste ndi madera ena.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti America ndi Britain anali ndi chidwi chachikulu kuti USSR yalengeza nkhondo ku Japan. Zotsatira zake, Stalin adalonjeza kulowa nawo nkhondo, zomwe zidachitika. Mwa njira, asitikali aku Soviet Union adakwanitsa kugonjetsa achi Japan m'masabata atatu okha, kuwakakamiza kuti adzipereke.
Zotsatira ndikufunika kwa msonkhano wa Potsdam
Msonkhano wa Potsdam udakwanitsa kupanga mapangano angapo ofunikira, omwe amathandizidwa ndi mayiko ena padziko lapansi. Makamaka, zikhalidwe zamtendere ndi chitetezo ku Europe zidakhazikitsidwa, pulogalamu yoyimitsa zida zankhondo ndi chiwonongeko cha Germany idayamba.
Atsogoleri amayiko opambana adagwirizana kuti ubale wapakati uyenera kutengera mfundo za ufulu, kufanana komanso kusasokoneza zochitika zamkati. Msonkhanowo udatsimikiziranso kuthekera kwa mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana andale.
Chithunzi cha Msonkhano wa Potsdam
